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E-raamat: Deepening Divide: Inequality in the Information Society

  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Feb-2005
  • Kirjastus: SAGE Publications Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781452263106
  • Formaat - PDF+DRM
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Feb-2005
  • Kirjastus: SAGE Publications Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781452263106

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During the mid 90s, around the time the Internet became popular, it became apparent that there was still one critical issue holding back limitless opportunities. Computer professionals had to find a way to close the gap between those who do not have computer or Internet access and those who do, also known as the digital divide. Suddenly, hundreds of conferences of computer professionals, social scientists, and government policy experts worldwide dedicated themselves to this concern. Then the Internet hype seemed to dissipate, and observers assumed the digital divide would fix itself.

The Deepening Divide: Inequality in the Information Society explains why the digital divide is still widening and, in advanced high-tech societies, deepening. Taken from an international perspective, the book offers full coverage of the literature and research and a theoretical framework from which to analyze and approach the issue. Where most books on the digital divide only describe and analyze the issue, Jan van Dijk presents 26 policy perspectives and instruments designed to close the divide itself.

Written in a simple, thorough, and multidisciplinary approach, The Deepening Divide offers insights to students, researchers, policymakers, and professionals in media and communication studies, sociology, educational policy, public policy, and computer education.

Jan A.G.M. van Dijk is an internationally recognized expert in the field of communication, with new media studies as his primary interest. The author of The Network Society: Social Aspects of the New Media (SAGE, 1999) and co-editor of Digital Democracy: Issues of Theory and Practice (SAGE, 2000), van Dijk is a professor of Communication Science at Twente University, the Netherlands, and serves as an advisor of the European Commission of the Information Society Forum.
1. Introduction
1(8)
A Digital Divide: The Agenda
1(2)
The Pitfalls of a Metaphor
3(3)
Reframing the Digital Divide
6(3)
2. A Framework for Understanding the Digital Divide
9(18)
A Relational View of Inequality
9(5)
Relational and Individualistic Views of Inequality
9(2)
Benefits of the Relational View
11(2)
Problems of the Relational View
13(1)
The Core Argument
14(3)
Central Concepts
17(6)
Categorical Inequalities
17(1)
Resources and Mechanisms of Distribution
18(2)
Successive Kinds of Access
20(2)
Properties of ICT (Hardware, Software, and Content)
22(1)
Fields of Participation in Society
23(1)
A Framework Model and Future Research
23(4)
A Causal and Sequential Model of Access
23(2)
Priorities of Future Research
25(2)
3. Motivational Access
27(18)
Introduction
27(1)
The Have-Nots and the Want-Nots
28(3)
Intermittent Users, Dropouts, Evaders, and the Truly Unconnected
31(4)
Intermittent Users
33(1)
Dropouts
33(1)
Net Evaders
34(1)
The Truly Unconnected
35(1)
Reasons to (Not) Get Access
35(8)
Resources and Motivation
35(4)
Positional Categories and Motivation
39(1)
Personal Categories and Motivation
40(3)
Conclusions
43(2)
4. Material Access
45(26)
Introduction
45(3)
Types and Places of Material Access
48(1)
Widening and Narrowing Physical Access Gaps
49(12)
Material, Mental, and Social Resources
52(2)
Positional Categories
54(5)
Personal Categories
59(2)
Projections of the Evolution of the Digital Divide
61(5)
Problems of Mainstream Diffusion Theory
62(3)
Normalization and Stratification Models of Diffusion
65(1)
Conclusion: The Shifting Divide
66(5)
5. Skills Access
71(24)
Introduction
71(4)
Concepts of Computer Skills
71(3)
Contents of This
Chapter
74(1)
Operational Skills
75(6)
Explanation of Operational Skill Divides
79(2)
Information Skills
81(7)
Formal Information Skills
82(2)
Substantial Information Skills
84(3)
Information Skill Divides
87(1)
Strategic Skills
88(2)
Strategic Skill Divides
89(1)
Why Practice Is More
Important Than Formal Education
90(2)
Conclusions
92(3)
6. Usage Access
95(36)
Introduction
95(11)
Properties of ICT (Hardware and Software)
96(6)
Properties of ICT (Content)
102(4)
A Survey of Computer and Internet Use
106(10)
Actual Use
107(1)
Usage Time
107(3)
Usage Diversity
110(3)
Broadband Use
113(2)
Creative Usage
115(1)
Explanations of Differential Usage Access
116(9)
Resources and Usage Access
116(5)
Positional Categories and Usage Access
121(4)
The "Matthew Effect" and the Rise of Usage Gaps
125(4)
Causes and Characteristics of Usage Gaps
127(2)
Conclusions
129(2)
7. Inequality in the Information Society
131(14)
Introduction
131(1)
What Is an Information Society?
132(3)
Information as a Primary Good
135(3)
Information as a Positional Good
138(2)
Information as a Source of Skills
140(2)
Conclusions
142(3)
8. Inequality in the Network Society
145(18)
Introduction
145(1)
What Is a Network Society?
146(1)
Networks and Social (In)Equality
147(5)
Connectivity
147(1)
Flat Structure
147(1)
Selection and Competition
148(1)
Variation and Differentiation
149(1)
Unequal Distribution of Positions and Positional Goods
150(2)
Differential Mobility and Speed
152(1)
Networks at Work
152(3)
Networks in Education
155(2)
Networks in Social Life
157(2)
Networks in Households
159(1)
Conclusions
160(3)
9. The Stakes: Participation or Exclusion
163(18)
Introduction
163(4)
The Potential Stakes
164(2)
The Stakes Highlighted in This Book
166(1)
Economic Participation
167(3)
Educational Participation
170(1)
Social Participation
171(1)
Spatial Participation
172(1)
Cultural Participation
173(1)
Political Participation
174(2)
Institutional Participation
176(1)
Conclusions
177(4)
10. Policy Perspectives 181(38)
Introduction
181(1)
The Digital Divide as a Comprehensive Social Problem
182(5)
A Background of Rising General Inequality
187(4)
The Digital Divide in North America, Europe, East Asia, and the Third World
191(14)
North America
191(4)
Europe
195(2)
East Asia
197(3)
The Third World
200(5)
Policy Instruments for Closing the Digital Divide
205(14)
Motivational Access
206(3)
Material Access
209(3)
Skills Access
212(2)
Usage Access
214(5)
References 219(14)
Index 233(7)
About the Author 240


Jan A.G.M. van Dijk (1952) is emeritus professor of communication science and sociology of the information society and still working at the University of Twente, the Netherlands.

His main domains of research are the social aspects of the digital media, digital democracy and the digital divide. His best known English books are The Network Society (Four Editions, Sage Publications), Digital Democracy (2000, Sage Publications), The Deepening Divide (2005, Sage Publications), Digital Skills (2014, Palgrave Macmillan), Internet and Democracy (2018, Routledge) and The Digital Divide (2020, Polity Press). Since the year 2020 he is working on an overall work called Power & Technology, combining theories of social and natural power explaining the use of technology in human history. During his long career he was an advisory of many governments and departments as well as the European Commission.