|
1 The Climate Emergency and the Built Environment |
|
|
1 | (28) |
|
1.1 The Climate Emergency |
|
|
1 | (4) |
|
1.2 Carbon Emissions and the Built Environment |
|
|
5 | (12) |
|
1.2.1 Climate Action in the Built Environment: Towards Net Zero Emissions |
|
|
8 | (5) |
|
1.2.2 Green Building Council of Australia |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
1.2.3 Architecture 2030 Challenge |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
1.2.4 RIBA 2030 Challenge |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
1.2.7 GlobalABC Regional Roadmap for Buildings and Construction in Africa |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
1.2.8 IEA Roadmap for Energy-Efficient Buildings and Construction in ASEAN |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
1.3 Challenges and Gaps in Achieving Net Zero Carbon in the Built Environment |
|
|
17 | (5) |
|
1.3.1 Increasing Global Construction |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
1.3.2 Urban Heating and the Growing Demand for Cooling |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
1.3.3 Lack of Building Codes, Policy and Regulation |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
1.3.4 Upgrading and Retrofitting Existing Buildings |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
1.3.5 Education and Training |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
1.4 Summary and Upcoming Chapters |
|
|
22 | (7) |
|
|
23 | (6) |
|
2 Operational Carbon in the Built Environment: Measurements, Benchmarks and Pathways to Net Zero |
|
|
29 | (50) |
|
2.1 Measuring Operational Energy and Carbon |
|
|
29 | (9) |
|
2.1.1 Benchmarking and Normalisation Factors |
|
|
29 | (4) |
|
2.1.2 Building Performance Ratings |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
2.1.3 Building Performance Assessment Tools |
|
|
34 | (3) |
|
2.1.4 Post-occupancy Evaluation |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
2.2 Factors Impacting Operational Carbon Benchmarks |
|
|
38 | (4) |
|
2.2.1 Overview of Factors |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
2.2.2 Overview of Factors: Australian Context |
|
|
39 | (3) |
|
2.3 Comparison of Published Benchmarks and Targets |
|
|
42 | (18) |
|
2.3.1 The Current State of Operational Energy and Carbon in Australia |
|
|
42 | (13) |
|
|
55 | (2) |
|
|
57 | (3) |
|
2.4 Strategies to Reduce Operational Carbon |
|
|
60 | (12) |
|
2.4.1 Energy-Efficient Design: New Build and Retrofit |
|
|
60 | (9) |
|
|
69 | (3) |
|
2.5 Towards Net Zero Operational Carbon |
|
|
72 | (7) |
|
|
74 | (5) |
|
3 Embodied Carbon in the Built Environment: Measurements, Benchmarks and Pathways to Net Zero |
|
|
79 | (40) |
|
3.1 The History of Measuring Embodied Carbon |
|
|
79 | (2) |
|
3.2 Factors Impacting Embodied Carbon Benchmarks |
|
|
81 | (11) |
|
3.2.1 Functional Unit Area Definition: Estimated Impact on Embodied Carbon Measurement of 12-30% |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
3.2.2 Building Classification: Estimated Impact on Embodied Carbon Measurement of up to 100% |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
3.2.3 Methodology for Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Coefficients: Estimated Impact on Embodied Carbon Measurement of between 2 and 99% |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
3.2.4 Building-Scale Lifecycle Carbon Methodology: Estimated Impact on Embodied Carbon Measurement of up to 77% |
|
|
86 | (2) |
|
3.2.5 Completeness or Scope of Items Included: Estimated Impact on Embodied Carbon of up to 50% |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
3.2.6 Geographic Context: Estimated Impact on Embodied Carbon of 30% or More |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
3.2.7 Case Study Example: Clay Brick |
|
|
89 | (3) |
|
3.3 Existing Embodied Carbon Benchmarks |
|
|
92 | (11) |
|
3.4 Strategies to Reduce Embodied Carbon |
|
|
103 | (5) |
|
3.4.1 Design Strategy 1: Building Nothing/Adaptive Reuse |
|
|
103 | (4) |
|
3.4.2 Design Strategy 2: Optimise and Dematerialise |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
3.4.3 Design Strategy 3: Smart Design |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
3.4.4 Design Strategy 4: Low Carbon Supply Chain |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
3.5 Net Zero Embodied Carbon |
|
|
108 | (11) |
|
|
113 | (6) |
|
4 Delivering a Net Zero Carbon-Built Environment: Synthesis, Measurability, Targets and Reporting |
|
|
119 | (24) |
|
4.1 Methods Used to Determine Climate Emergency Targets |
|
|
119 | (8) |
|
4.1.1 Methods Used to Determine Operational Carbon Targets |
|
|
119 | (5) |
|
4.1.2 Methods Used to Determine Embodied Carbon Targets |
|
|
124 | (3) |
|
4.2 Climate Emergency Targets |
|
|
127 | (6) |
|
4.2.1 Climate Emergency Targets for Operational Carbon Emissions |
|
|
127 | (2) |
|
4.2.2 Climate Emergency Targets for Embodied Carbon Emissions |
|
|
129 | (4) |
|
4.3 Net Zero Whole Life Carbon Pathway |
|
|
133 | (10) |
|
4.3.1 Comparing and Combining Operational and Embodied Data |
|
|
135 | (2) |
|
4.3.2 Implementation and Reporting of the Pathway |
|
|
137 | (3) |
|
|
140 | (3) |
|
5 Case studies: Exemplars to Learn From |
|
|
143 | (58) |
|
|
144 | (32) |
|
5.1.1 New Buildings--Residential |
|
|
144 | (19) |
|
5.1.2 New Buildings--Non-residential |
|
|
163 | (13) |
|
|
176 | (11) |
|
|
176 | (11) |
|
5.3 Exemplars in Embodied Carbon Reduction |
|
|
187 | (14) |
|
|
187 | (6) |
|
|
193 | (5) |
|
|
198 | (3) |
|
6 Policy Pathways to a Net Zero Carbon-Built Environment |
|
|
201 | (34) |
|
6.1 Australia's Zero Carbon Policy |
|
|
201 | (22) |
|
6.1.1 Australia's National Targets, Policies and Programs |
|
|
201 | (5) |
|
6.1.2 State and Territory Governments' Objectives and Action Plans |
|
|
206 | (4) |
|
6.1.3 Local Government Initiatives |
|
|
210 | (2) |
|
6.1.4 Mandatory and Voluntary Approaches to Reducing Operational and Embodied Energy Demand and Increasing the Use of Renewable Energy |
|
|
212 | (6) |
|
6.1.5 Australian Zero Carbon Policy Nexus |
|
|
218 | (5) |
|
6.2 International Policies, Standards and Initiatives |
|
|
223 | (6) |
|
6.2.1 International Mandatory and Voluntary Standards and Policies |
|
|
223 | (2) |
|
6.2.2 Mandatory Standards for the Embodied Carbon of Buildings |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
6.2.3 Leading Groups and Initiatives Worldwide |
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
6.3 Opportunities and Challenges of Existing Zero Carbon Policies |
|
|
229 | (2) |
|
6.4 The Evolution of Zero Carbon Policies |
|
|
231 | (4) |
|
|
232 | (3) |
|
7 Conclusions and Recommendations: Envisioning a Net Zero Carbon Future in the Built Environment |
|
|
235 | (6) |
|
|
235 | (3) |
|
7.2 Recommendations for Future Directions |
|
|
238 | (3) |
|
|
240 | (1) |
Index |
|
241 | |