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E-raamat: Designing Autonomous AI: A Guide for Machine Teaching

  • Formaat: 248 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Jun-2022
  • Kirjastus: O'Reilly Media
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781098110703
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  • Formaat: 248 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Jun-2022
  • Kirjastus: O'Reilly Media
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781098110703
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Early rules-based artificial intelligence demonstrated intriguing decision-making capabilities but lacked perception and didn't learn. AI today, primed with machine learning perception and deep reinforcement learning capabilities, can perform superhuman decision-making for specific tasks. This book shows you how to combine the practicality of early AI with deep learning capabilities and industrial control technologies to make robust decisions in the real world.

Using concrete examples, minimal theory, and a proven architectural framework, author Kence Anderson demonstrates how to teach autonomous AI explicit skills and strategies. You'll learn when and how to use and combine various AI architecture design patterns, as well as how to design advanced AI without needing to manipulate neural networks or machine learning algorithms. Students, process operators, data scientists, machine learning algorithm experts, and engineers who own and manage industrial processes can use the methodology in this book to design autonomous AI.

This book examines:

  • Differences between and limitations of automated, autonomous, and human decision-making
  • Unique advantages of autonomous AI for real-time decision-making, with use cases
  • How to design an autonomous AI from modular components and document your designs

Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Introduction: The Right Brain in the Right Place (Why We Need Autonomous Al) xxv
Part I When Automation Doesn't Work
1 Sometimes Machines Make Bad Decisions
3(24)
Math, Menus, and Manuals: How Machines Make Automated Decisions
5(1)
Control Theory Uses Math to Calculate Decisions
5(4)
Optimization Algorithms Use Menus of Options to Evaluate Decisions
9(12)
Expert Systems Recall Stored Expertise
21(6)
2 The Quest for More Human-Like Decision-Making
27(26)
Augmenting Human Intelligence
28(1)
How Humans Make Decisions and Acquire Skills
29(1)
Humans Act on What They Perceive
30(1)
Humans Build Complex Correlations into Their Intuition with Practice
31(1)
Humans Abstract to Strategy for Complex Tasks
31(5)
There's a New Kind of AI in Town
36(4)
The Superpowers of Autonomous AI
40(1)
Autonomous AI Makes More Human-Like Decisions
41(1)
Autonomous AI Perceives, Then Acts
41(1)
The Difference Between Perception and Action in AI
42(1)
Autonomous AI Learns and Adapts When Things Change
43(1)
Autonomous AI Can Spot Patterns
43(1)
Autonomous AI Infers from Experience
44(1)
Autonomous AI Improvises and Strategizes
44(1)
Autonomous AI Can Plan for the Long-Term Future
45(1)
Autonomous AI Brings Together the Best of All Decision-Making Technologies
46(1)
When Should You Use Autonomous AI?
46(1)
Autonomous AI Is like a Brilliant, Curious Toddler That Needs to Be Taught
47(6)
Part II What Is Machine Teaching?
3 How Brains Learn Best: Teaching Humans and AI
53(20)
Learning Multiple Skills Simultaneously Is Hard for Humans and AI
53(1)
Teaching Skills and Strategies Explicitly
54(4)
Teaching Allows Us to Trust AI
58(2)
The Mindset of a Machine Teacher
60(1)
Teacher More Than Programmer
60(2)
Learner More Than Expert
62(1)
What Is a Brain Design?
62(1)
How Decision-Making Works
63(5)
Acquiring Skill Is like Learning to Navigate by Exploring
68(1)
A Brain Design Is a Mental Map That Guides Exploration with Landmarks
69(4)
4 Building Blocks for Machine Teaching
73(44)
Case Study: Learning to Walk Is Hard to Evolve, Easier to Teach
76(1)
So, Why Do We Walk?
77(1)
Strategy Versus Evolution
78(3)
Teaching Walking as Three Skills
81(3)
Concepts Capture Knowledge
84(1)
Skills Are Specialized Concepts
84(2)
Brains Are Built from Skills
86(1)
Building Skills
86(1)
Expert Rules Inflate into Skills
87(4)
Perceptive Concepts Discern or Recognize
91(5)
Directive Concepts Decide and Act
96(1)
Selective Concepts Supervise and Assign
97(2)
Brains Are Organized by Functions and Strategies
99(1)
Sequences or Parallel Execution for Functional Skills
100(8)
Hierarchies for Strategies
108(5)
Visual Language of Brain Design
113(4)
Part III How Do You Teach a Machine?
Understanding the Process
117(1)
Meet with Experts
118(1)
Ask the Right Questions
118(1)
Case Study: Let's Design a Smart Thermostat
119(2)
5 Teaching Your AI Brain What to Do
121(8)
Determining Which Actions the Brain Will Take
122(1)
Perception Is Required, but It's Not All We Need
122(1)
Sequential Decisions
123(1)
Triggering the Action in Your AI Brain
124(1)
Setting the Decision Frequency
125(1)
Handling Delayed Consequences for Brain Actions
125(2)
Actions for Smart Thermostat
127(2)
6 Setting Goals for Your AI Brain
129(14)
There's Always a Trade-off
129(2)
Throughput Versus Efficiency
131(1)
Supervisors Have Different Goals Than Crews Do
132(1)
Don't Prioritize Goals; Balance Them Instead
133(1)
Watch Out for Expert Rules Disguised as Goals
133(1)
Ideal Versus Available
134(1)
Setting Goals
135(1)
Step 1 Identify Scenarios
135(1)
Step 2 Match Goals to Scenarios
136(1)
Step 3 Teach Strategies for Each Scenario
137(1)
Goal Objectives
137(1)
Maximize
137(1)
Minimize
137(1)
Reach, like the Finish Line for a Race
137(1)
Drive, like the Temperature for a Thermostat
138(1)
Avoid, like Dangerous Conditions
138(1)
Standardize, like the Heat in an Oven
139(1)
Smooth, like a Line
139(1)
Expanding Task Algebra to Include Goal Objectives
140(1)
Setting Goals for a Smart Thermostat
141(2)
7 Teaching Skills to Your AI Brain
143(30)
Teaching Focuses and Guides Practice (Exploration)
144(3)
Skills Can Evolve and Transform
147(1)
Skills Adapt to the Scenario
148(1)
Levels of Teaching Sophistication
148(1)
The Introductory Teacher Conveys the Facts and Goals
149(1)
The Coach Sequences Skills to Practice
149(1)
The Mentor Teaches Strategy
150(1)
The Maestro Democratizes New Paradigms
151(2)
How Maestros Democratize Technology
153(1)
Levels of Autonomous AI Architecture
154(1)
Machine Learning Adds Perception
155(1)
Monolithic Brains Are Advanced Beginners
156(1)
Concept Networks Are Competent Learners
157(2)
Massive Concept Networks Are Proficient Learners
159(1)
Pursuing Expert Skill Acquisition in Autonomous AI
160(1)
Brains That Come with Hardwired Skills
161(1)
Brains That Define Skills as They Learn
162(2)
Brains That Assemble Themselves
164(1)
Brains with Skills That Coordinate
165(1)
Steps to Architect an AI Brain
166(1)
Step 1 Identify the Skills That You Want to Teach
166(2)
Step 2 Orchestrate How the Skills Work Together
168(1)
Step 3 Select Which Technology Should Perform Each Skill
168(1)
Pitfalls to Avoid When Teaching Skills
168(1)
Pitfall 1 Confusing the solution for the problem
169(1)
Pitfall 2 Losing the forest for the trees
169(1)
Example of Teaching Skills to an AI Brain: Rubber Factory
169(2)
Brain Design for Our Smart Thermostat
171(2)
8 Giving Your AI Brain the Information It Needs to Learn and Decide
173(12)
Sensors: The Five Senses for Your AI Brain
174(1)
Variables
174(1)
Proxy Variables
175(1)
Trends
176(1)
Simulators: A Gym for Your Autonomous AI to Practice In
176(3)
Simulating Reality Using Physics and Chemistry
179(1)
Simulating Reality Using Statistics and Events
179(1)
Simulating Reality Using Machine Learning
179(1)
Simulating Reality Using Expert Rules
180(1)
Sensor Variables for Smart Thermostat
180(5)
Part IV Tools for the Machine Teacher
9 Designing AI Brains That Someone Can Actually Build
185(8)
Designers and Builders Working Together in Harmony (Mostly)
185(2)
The Autonomous AI Design Fallacy Designs but Won't Iterate
187(1)
The Autonomous AI Implementation Fallacy Skips Design Altogether
188(1)
Specification for Documenting AI Brain Designs
188(2)
Platform for Machine Teaching
190(1)
Platform for Wiring Multiple Skills Together as Modules
190(1)
What Difference Will You Make with Machine Teaching?
191(2)
Glossary 193(2)
Index 195