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E-raamat: Designing and Engineering Time: The Psychology of Time Perception in Software

  • Formaat: 224 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 29-Apr-2008
  • Kirjastus: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780132702515
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  • Formaat: 224 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 29-Apr-2008
  • Kirjastus: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780132702515
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Build Applications, Websites, and Software Solutions that Feel Faster, More Efficient, and More Considerate of Users Time!

 

One hidden factor powerfully influences the way users react to your software, hardware, User Interfaces (UI), or web applications: how those systems utilize users time. Now, drawing on the nearly 40 years of human computer interaction researchincluding his own pioneering workDr. Steven Seow presents state-of-the-art best practices for reflecting users subjective perceptions of time in your applications and hardware.

Seow begins by introducing a simple model that explains how users perceive and expend time as they interact with technology. He offers specific guidance and recommendations related to several key aspects of time and timingincluding user tolerance, system responsiveness, progress indicators, completion time estimates, and more. Finally, he brings together proven techniques for impacting users perception of time drawn from multiple disciplines and industries, ranging from psychology to retail, animal research to entertainment.

 

         Discover how time and timing powerfully impact user perception, emotions, and behavior

         Systematically make your applications more considerate of users time

         Avoid common mistakes that consistently frustrate or infuriate users

         Manage user perceptions and tolerance, and build systems that are perceived as faster

         Optimize flow to make users feel more productive, empowered, and creative

         Make reasonable and informed tradeoffs that maximize limited development resources

         Learn how to test usability issues related to timeincluding actual vs. perceived task duration

 

Designing and Engineering Time is for every technology developer, designer, engineer, architect, usability specialist, manager, and marketer. Using its insights and techniques, technical and non-technical professionals can work together to build systems and applications that provide far more valueand create much happier users.

 

Steven C. Seow has a unique combination of experience in both experimental psychology and software usability. He joined Microsoft as a User Researcher after completing his Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology at Brown University with a research focus on human timing and information theory models of human performance. Seow holds Bachelors and Masters Degrees in Forensic Psychology from John Jay College of Criminal Justice, and wrote his masters thesis on distortions in time perception. For more information about Steven Seow and his research, visit his website at www.StevenSeow.com.

 

informit.com/aw

 

 

 

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Build Applications, Websites, and Software Solutions that Feel Faster, More Efficient, and More Considerate of Users' Time! One hidden factor powerfully influences the way users react to your software, hardware, User Interfaces (UI), or web applications: how those systems utilize users' time. Now, drawing on the nearly 40 years of human computer interaction research--including his own pioneering work--Dr. Steven Seow presents state-of-the-art best practices for reflecting users' subjective perceptions of time in your applications and hardware. Seow begins by introducing a simple model that explains how users perceive and expend time as they interact with technology. He offers specific guidance and recommendations related to several key aspects of time and timing--including user tolerance, system responsiveness, progress indicators, completion time estimates, and more. Finally, he brings together proven techniques for impacting users' perception of time drawn from multiple disciplines and industries, ranging from psychology to retail, animal research to entertainment. / Discover how time and timing powerfully impact user perception, emotions, and behavior / Systematically make your applications more considerate of users' time / Avoid common mistakes that consistently frustrate or infuriate users / Manage user perceptions and tolerance, and build systems that are perceived as faster / Optimize "flow" to make users feel more productive, empowered, and creative / Make reasonable and informed tradeoffs that maximize limited development resources / Learn how to test usability issues related to time--including actual vs. perceived task duration Designing and Engineering Time is for every technology developer, designer, engineer, architect, usability specialist, manager, and marketer. Using its insights and techniques, technical and non-technical professionals can work together to build systems and applications that provide far more value--and create much happier users. Steven C. Seow has a unique combination of experience in both experimental psychology and software usability. He joined Microsoft as a User Researcher after completing his Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology at Brown University with a research focus on human timing and information theory models of human performance. Seow holds Bachelor's and Master's Degrees in Forensic Psychology from John Jay College of Criminal Justice, and wrote his master's thesis on distortions in time perception. For more information about Steven Seow and his research, visit his website at www.StevenSeow.com. informit.com/aw
Preface xii
Designing and Engineering Time
1(14)
Sounds Familiar?
2(1)
The Funny Thing about Time
2(2)
Can Time be Engineered?
4(1)
Why Design and Engineer Time?
5(3)
Unlike Money, Time Is Variable
7(1)
Perception Drives Everything
7(1)
Who Is the Time Engineer?
8(1)
About This Book
9(3)
Organization of
Chapters
9(1)
Vocabulary
10(1)
Painting a Thousand Words
11(1)
Going Down the Rabbit Hole
11(1)
Rabbit Hole
12(3)
Classic Psychological Experiments Involving Time
12(1)
Seminal Papers on Time Perception
12(1)
Scientific Study and Manipulation of Objective Time
12(1)
Books on Time
13(1)
Time and Money
13(1)
Time Perception and Productivity
13(1)
Time Perception and Satisfaction
13(1)
Time Perception and Software Use
14(1)
Rabbit Holes
14(1)
Perception and Tolerance
15(18)
Perception and Tolerance
16(2)
Real or Perceived?
18(1)
Reality: Actual Time
18(2)
Precision: Objective Time from Objective Measures
18(1)
Data: Volume, Variability, Variety
19(1)
Perception: Psychological Time
20(3)
Subjectivity: Do You See What I See?
20(1)
Distortion: Do Not Trust Your Brain
21(2)
Tolerance: Valued Time
23(7)
Quantity Versus Quality
23(1)
The Mental Benchmark
23(3)
Time-Related Factors Affecting Tolerance
26(1)
Nontime-Related Factors Affecting Tolerance
27(3)
Summary
30(1)
Rabbit Hole
31(2)
Perception Management
31(1)
Perceived Time
31(1)
Classic Experiments on Memory
32(1)
User Tolerance
32(1)
User and System Response Times
33(16)
The Silicon-Carbon Conversation
34(3)
Defining Response Time
35(1)
The Conversation
36(1)
User Response Times
37(3)
Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff
38(2)
System Response Time
40(6)
Industry Standards for System Response Times
42(4)
Summary
46(1)
Rabbit Hole
47(2)
Human Response Times
47(1)
System Response Time
47(1)
Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff
47(1)
Hick-Hyman Law and Fitts' Law
47(1)
Industry Standards
48(1)
Responsiveness
49(16)
What Is Responsiveness?
50(2)
Responsiveness Is Relative to the Interaction
50(1)
A Delay Is Subjectively Perceived
50(2)
Body Language Counts As a Response
52(1)
Responsiveness Based on User Expectancy
52(8)
Instantaneous: 0.1 to 0.2 Second
54(1)
Immediate: 0.5 to One Second
55(1)
Continuous: Two to Five Seconds
56(2)
Captive: Seven to Ten Seconds
58(2)
Too Fast?
60(3)
Computer Too Fast
60(3)
User Too Fast
63(1)
Summary
63(1)
Rabbit Hole
64(1)
Microexpressions
64(1)
User-Centric Responsiveness
64(1)
User Flow
64(1)
Attention Span
64(1)
Detecting Timing Differences
65(14)
Telling the Difference
66(2)
D Levels
67(1)
D1: Weber's Law
68(5)
The 20% Rule
71(2)
D2: Geometric Mean Bisection
73(3)
The Not-by-Much Standard
74(2)
Summary
76(1)
Rabbit Hole
77(2)
Timing Differences
77(1)
Weber's Law
77(1)
Differentiation
77(1)
Geometric Mean Bisection
77(2)
Progress Indication
79(18)
Silicon Faux Pas
80(1)
Classifying Your Progress Indication
80(5)
Choosing the Right Class
83(2)
Designing Your Progress Indication
85(10)
Display Modality: Textual or Visual
85(4)
Progress Unit: Time or Work
89(3)
Data Type: Quantitative or Qualitative
92(3)
Summary
95(1)
Rabbit Hole
95(2)
Progress Indications
95(1)
Time-Fluctuation Phenomenon
95(1)
Progressive Disclosure
95(2)
Expressing Time
97(18)
The Timing of Time: Past, Present, Future
98(5)
Prospective: Tickle-Me-Elmo
99(1)
Real Time: Scratch-and-Sniff
100(2)
Retrospective: Worst Episode Ever!
102(1)
Talking Time
103(6)
Time Anchors
104(1)
Time Anchor Matrix
105(1)
Talking Time
106(3)
Couple of Whiles
109(2)
Give Non-temporal Information
110(1)
Timers and Timeout
110(1)
Time Grammar and Etiquette
111(1)
Singularize Singular Units
111(1)
Zero Means Finished!
111(1)
Express Time Units Consistently
111(1)
Between X and Y
111(1)
Avoid Ambiguous Phrases
112(1)
Summary
112(1)
Rabbit Hole
112(3)
Prospective Versus Retrospective Time
112(1)
Underestimation and Overestimation of Prospective Time
112(1)
Writing Styles
113(1)
Anchors and Estimation of Time
113(2)
User Flow
115(12)
What Is User Flow?
116(3)
User Flow as a Map
116(1)
User Flow as a Path
117(1)
User Flow as an Experience
118(1)
Optimizing User Flow
119(6)
Challenge-Skills Matching
120(2)
Goals and Feedback
122(2)
Sense of Control
124(1)
Summary
125(1)
Rabbit Hole
126(1)
Psychology of Flow
126(1)
User Flow in HCl
126(1)
User Flow and Web Users
126(1)
Reading Speed
126(1)
Testing Time
127(20)
Putting Time to the Test
128(2)
Collecting Reliable and Valid Data
128(2)
Clocking Actual Durations
130(5)
Define Actual Duration Carefully
131(1)
Choose the Right Precision
132(1)
Choose the Right Method
133(2)
Do Not Use Your Users as Clocks!
135(1)
Measuring Perceived Duration
135(3)
Verbal Estimation
135(1)
Reproduction
136(1)
Adjustment
137(1)
Assessing Tolerance
138(2)
Responsiveness Expectation
138(1)
Experimentation
138(1)
Production
139(1)
Cross-Modality Matching
140(1)
Experimental Design Considerations
140(3)
Order Effects: Which Came First?
141(1)
Exposure and Practice Effects
142(1)
Keep the Cat in the Bag!
142(1)
Summary
143(1)
Rabbit Hole
144(3)
Testing Methodologies
144(1)
Human Estimations of Time
144(1)
Instrument Limitations
145(2)
Techniques
147(24)
Perception Management
148(11)
Preemptive Start
148(1)
Early Completion
149(2)
Invisible Deconstruction
151(1)
Descending Durations
152(1)
Nonlinear Progress Indication
153(1)
Continuous Durations
154(1)
Information
155(1)
Meaningful Diversion
156(1)
Fire-and-Forget
157(2)
Tolerance Management
159(10)
Underpromise, Overdeliver
159(1)
The Priceline Model
160(2)
Time Anchors
162(1)
Worth the Wait
163(1)
Buffer and Offer
164(1)
First-Time, One-Time Only
165(1)
Contextualized Benchmarks
166(2)
End on Time
168(1)
Summary
169(1)
Rabbit Hole
169(2)
Website-Related Studies
169(1)
Waiting and Customer Satisfaction
169(1)
Research and Techniques in the Consumer and Retail Worlds
170(1)
Violations
171(22)
Perceptual Violations
172(11)
Watching the Kettle
172(1)
Captive Waits
173(2)
Negative Appraisal
175(1)
Elapsed Time
176(1)
Barnabus Effect
177(2)
Information Overload
179(1)
Fragmented Durations
180(2)
Anxiety
182(1)
Tolerance Violation
183(7)
Uncertainty
183(1)
Broken Promises
184(1)
Cable Company Commitment
185(1)
Overprecision
186(1)
Loop Confirmation
187(1)
Surprise Supplement
188(1)
Delayed Consumption
189(1)
Summary
190(1)
Rabbit Hole
191(2)
Underestimations and Overestimations
191(1)
Waiting and Customer Satisfaction
191(2)
Index 193
Steven C. Seow joined Microsoft as a User Researcher after completing his Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology at Brown University with a research focus on human timing. Prior to Brown, the Singapore native completed his Bachelors and Masters degrees in Forensic Psychology at John Jay College of Criminal Justice with a thesis examining the distortion of time perception. Steven constantly confers with colleagues across his company to talk about time and timing issues. Coupled with his scholarly interest in psychology is his passion for computer technology. In his spare time, Steven enjoys tinkering with computer hardware, dabbling with programming languages, and building websites. He lives in Maple Valley,Washington, with his wife and son.

 

For more information about Steven, visit his website at www.StevenSeow.com.