Preface |
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ix | |
About the Author |
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xi | |
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1 Introduction and Overview |
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1 | (56) |
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1 | (12) |
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13 | (20) |
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33 | (24) |
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Appendix 1A Green IT Bibliography |
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39 | (1) |
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Appendix 1B Partial List of Resources |
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40 | (8) |
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Appendix 1C Examples of How Networking Has Already Had a Major Greening Impact |
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48 | (1) |
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Appendix 1D Taxonomy of General Greening Initiatives |
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49 | (3) |
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52 | (5) |
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57 | (44) |
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58 | (26) |
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2.1.1 Information Transfer and Regeneration Function |
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61 | (5) |
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2.1.2 Multiplexing Function |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (4) |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (9) |
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84 | (13) |
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2.2.1 Regeneration Equipment |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Multiplexing Equipment |
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85 | (1) |
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2.2.4 Switching Equipment |
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86 | (6) |
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92 | (5) |
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97 | (4) |
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98 | (3) |
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3 Concepts and Analytical Measures for Green Operations |
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101 | (60) |
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3.1 Electric Energy and Applicable Metrics |
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103 | (7) |
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110 | (5) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (3) |
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119 | (27) |
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3.5.1 Power Usage Efficiency (PUE) |
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119 | (6) |
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3.5.2 Energy Consumption Rating (ECR) |
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125 | (10) |
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3.5.3 Telecommunications Energy Efficiency Ratio (TEER) |
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135 | (1) |
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3.5.4 Telecommunications Equipment Energy Efficiency Rating (TEEER) |
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135 | (6) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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Example: High-Definition, Cable Set-Top Box with DVR |
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142 | (2) |
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3.5.5 Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) |
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144 | (1) |
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3.5.6 Standardization Efforts |
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145 | (1) |
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3.6 Metrics on Carbon Footprints |
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146 | (2) |
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148 | (13) |
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Appendix 3A Common Information Systems Assets |
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148 | (7) |
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Appendix 3B Conversion of Units |
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155 | (1) |
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Appendix 3C Example Carbon Footprint Calculations |
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156 | (1) |
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Electricity Use (kilowatt-hours) |
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156 | (1) |
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Coal-Fired Power Plant for A Year |
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156 | (1) |
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Gallons of Gasoline Consumed |
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157 | (1) |
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Passenger Vehicles per Year |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Propane Cylinders Used for Home Barbeques |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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4 Power Management Basics |
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161 | (24) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (7) |
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4.2.1 Single-Phase Loads: Smaller AC Operations/Nodes |
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167 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Balanced Three-Phase Loads |
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168 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Expressing Loads in Kilowatts (kW) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (15) |
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Appendix 4A Three-Phase Power |
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177 | (2) |
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Three-Phase Y Configurations |
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179 | (1) |
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Three-Phase A Configurations |
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180 | (2) |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (26) |
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5.1 General Overview of an Air-Conditioning System |
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185 | (19) |
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5.1.1 DX Unitary Systems: HVAC Systems |
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192 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Chilled-Water Applied Systems: HVAC Systems |
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193 | (7) |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (2) |
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5.2 General Overview of a Computer Room Air-Conditioning System |
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204 | (7) |
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209 | (2) |
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6 Regulatory and Best Practices Background |
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211 | (46) |
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6.1 Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) |
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211 | (3) |
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6.2 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) |
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214 | (4) |
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6.3 Energy Consumption Rating Initiative (ECR) |
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218 | (3) |
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6.4 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
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221 | (8) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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6.4.2.1 Energy Conservation |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (1) |
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6.4.2.3 Green House Gases |
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225 | (1) |
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6.4.2.4 Green Information Technology |
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225 | (4) |
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6.5 European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) |
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229 | (2) |
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6.6 European Telecommunications Network Operators' Association (ETNO) |
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231 | (3) |
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6.7 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) |
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234 | (2) |
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6.8 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) |
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236 | (1) |
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6.9 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) |
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237 | (4) |
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6.10 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) |
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241 | (2) |
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6.11 The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan and Other Initiatives |
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243 | (2) |
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6.12 Network Equipment Building System (NEBS) |
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245 | (2) |
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6.13 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) |
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247 | (3) |
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250 | (7) |
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254 | (3) |
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7 Approaches for Green Networks and Data Centers: Environmentals |
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257 | (52) |
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7.1 Data Center Strategies |
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260 | (27) |
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7.1.1 Data Center Cooling Strategies |
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262 | (1) |
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7.1.1.1 Data Center Best Practices |
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263 | (4) |
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7.1.2 Improved Power Distribution |
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267 | (5) |
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7.1.3 Overall Best Practices |
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272 | (6) |
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7.1.4 Case Study Examples |
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278 | (1) |
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7.1.4.1 Case Study 1: Lucasfilm |
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278 | (1) |
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7.1.4.2 Case Study 2: Sybase |
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279 | (2) |
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7.1.4.3 Case Study 3: Verizon |
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281 | (2) |
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7.1.5 Blade Technology Issues |
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283 | (2) |
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7.1.6 Other IT Greening Techniques |
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285 | (1) |
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7.1.6.1 Data Center Power Management Systems |
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285 | (1) |
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7.1.6.2 Collocated Facilities for Data Centers |
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286 | (1) |
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7.1.6.3 Outside Air Cooling |
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286 | (1) |
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7.1.6.4 Geometric Symmetry/Asymmetry |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (15) |
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7.2.1 Retire and Replace Obsolescent Equipment |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (4) |
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7.2.5 Satellite Operators |
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294 | (2) |
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7.2.6 Short List of Other Possible Initiatives |
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296 | (6) |
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302 | (1) |
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7.4 Home Networking and Communications Equipment |
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303 | (6) |
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306 | (3) |
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8 Approaches for Green Networks and Data Centers: Visualization, Web Services, Cloud/Network Computing, Hosting, and Packetization |
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309 | (62) |
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8.1 Press-Time Snapshot of Cloud/Grid/Network Computing |
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312 | (16) |
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8.2 Cloud/Grid/Network Computing Technology |
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328 | (18) |
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8.3 Potential Applications and Financial Benefits of Cloud/Grid Computing |
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346 | (2) |
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8.4 Cloud/Grid Types, Topologies, and Components |
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348 | (5) |
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8.5 Comparison with Other Approaches |
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353 | (2) |
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8.6 Enterprise-Level Virtualization |
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355 | (6) |
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8.7 Service-Oriented Network (SON) Concepts |
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361 | (6) |
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367 | (4) |
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367 | (4) |
Glossary |
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371 | (42) |
References |
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413 | (2) |
Index |
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415 | |