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E-raamat: Designing Transportation Systems for Older Adults

(George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA), ,
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This book provides comprehensive information needed to assist with all aspects of designing, delivering, or evaluating transportation systems for use by older adults. It presents the necessary background on aging and human factors issues as well as practical guidelines needed to accommodate older adult transport users.

eBook includes some color figures.

Features











Presents clear design guidance aimed at improving usability among older adults, a too often neglected but fast-growing segment of the transportation system population Includes comprehensive coverage of transportation systems, including the notably important issue of older drivers, but also additional transportation forms including public transportation via bus and subway, air transport, rail, bicycle, and even pedestrians Offers numerous examples throughout of best practices based on both the scientific literature and the content expertise of the authors Discusses practical implications of incorporating the recommended design principles for both older adults and other transport system users Provides useful background about normal age-related changes in sensory, cognitive, and physical abilities that impact older adults and how they interact with transportation systems
Preface xiii
Authors xv
Chapter 1 Introduction and scope
1(14)
1.1 Population aging
4(1)
1.2 Mobile but less active lifestyles
5(1)
1.3 Lifestyle factors
5(1)
1.4 Importance of mobility
5(2)
1.5 Modes of transportation
7(1)
1.6 More drivers driving more miles
7(1)
1.7 A global priority
8(1)
1.8 Personas of older adults
8(3)
1.8.1 Joe Green using a navigation system while on vacation
8(2)
1.8.2 Gertrude the older rural driver
10(1)
1.9 Overview of this book
11(4)
Recommended readings
13(2)
Chapter 2 Mobility and quality of life
15(12)
2.1 Defining quality of life
15(2)
2.2 Defining mobility
17(1)
2.3 Leisure activities in older age
18(1)
2.4 Driving cessation and maintaining social connections
18(3)
2.5 Quality of life and mobility in cities
21(1)
2.6 Urban design
22(1)
2.7 Health-care maintenance
23(1)
2.8 Independence
24(1)
2.9 Transportation needs and challenges
24(1)
2.10 Design recommendations
24(3)
Recommended readings
25(2)
Chapter 3 Sensory, cognitive, and physical challenges of aging specific to transportation
27(18)
3.1 Peripheral changes
27(7)
3.1.1 Vision
27(1)
3.1.2 Contrast sensitivity
28(1)
3.1.3 Temporal resolution
29(1)
3.1.4 Motion processing and gap detection
30(1)
3.1.5 Glare and night vision
30(1)
3.1.6 Color
31(1)
3.1.7 Useful field of view
31(1)
3.1.8 Macular degeneration and cataracts
31(1)
3.1.9 Hearing ability
32(1)
3.1.9.1 Speech processing
32(1)
3.1.9.2 Sound localization
33(1)
3.1.10 Taste and smell
33(1)
3.1.11 Tactile
33(1)
3.2 Dual-sensory impairment
34(1)
3.3 Cognitive changes
34(4)
3.3.1 Attention
35(1)
3.3.2 Speed of processing
35(1)
3.3.3 Working memory
36(1)
3.3.3.1 Spatial working memory
36(1)
3.3.3.2 Multitasking
37(1)
3.3.4 Long-term memory
37(1)
3.3.5 Decision-making
38(1)
3.4 Physical health
38(2)
3.4.1 Medications
39(1)
3.4.2 Sleep
39(1)
3.4.3 Illness and disease
39(1)
3.5 Motor abilities
40(2)
3.5.1 Range of motion
40(1)
3.5.2 Strength
41(1)
3.5.3 Balance
41(1)
3.5.4 Psychomotor abilities
41(1)
3.5.5 Fitness and training
42(1)
3.6 Conclusion
42(1)
3.7 Design recommendations
42(3)
Recommended readings
43(2)
Chapter 4 Older adults on the road
45(12)
4.1 Crash rates and severity
45(2)
4.2 Older drivers make specific errors
47(1)
4.3 Pedestrian fatalities
48(1)
4.4 Challenges of navigation
49(2)
4.5 Self-regulation of driving
51(1)
4.6 Fatigue
52(1)
4.7 Alcohol
52(1)
4.8 Medication
53(1)
4.9 Design recommendations
53(4)
Recommended readings
55(2)
Chapter 5 Transportation infrastructure
57(16)
5.1 Signs and lights for older drivers
57(6)
5.1.1 Signs
58(2)
5.1.2 Driver behavior at traffic signs
60(1)
5.1.3 Traffic lights
61(1)
5.1.4 Automatic road sign detection
61(2)
5.2 Intersection assistance for older drivers
63(2)
5.3 Problem areas of older drivers
65(4)
5.3.1 Gap detection and surveillance
65(1)
5.3.2 Run-off-road crashes
66(2)
5.3.3 Lane change errors
68(1)
5.4 Older drivers and autonomous systems
69(1)
5.5 Heat mitigation at bus and rail stops
70(1)
5.6 Highway-rail grade crossings
70(1)
5.7 Ambient lighting
71(1)
5.8 Design recommendations
71(2)
Recommended readings
72(1)
Chapter 6 Driver vehicle interfaces and older adults
73(14)
6.1 Display modality
73(7)
6.1.1 Visual
73(1)
6.1.1.1 Clutter
74(1)
6.1.1.2 Perceptual grouping
74(1)
6.1.1.3 Proximity compatibility principle
74(2)
6.1.2 Auditory
76(1)
6.1.2.1 Verbal messages
77(1)
6.1.2.2 Auditory alerts and alarms
78(1)
6.1.2.3 Vibrotactile
78(1)
6.1.3 Multimodal
79(1)
6.2 Complexity
80(1)
6.3 Safety systems
81(2)
6.3.1 Passive safety systems
81(1)
6.3.2 Active safety systems
82(1)
6.3.3 Collision avoidance systems
82(1)
6.3.4 Blind-spot indicators
82(1)
6.3.5 Rearview backup assist
83(1)
6.3.6 Parking assist (proximity sensors)
83(1)
6.4 Driver support systems
83(1)
6.5 Displays
83(1)
6.5.1 Menu structure
83(1)
6.6 Controls
83(1)
6.7 Future in-vehicle technologies
84(2)
6.8 Design recommendations
86(1)
Recommended readings
86(1)
Chapter 7 Older pedestrians and cyclists
87(16)
7.1 Pedestrians
89(7)
7.1.1 Patterns of collisions involving older pedestrians
89(1)
7.1.2 Misperceptions in safe crossing
90(1)
7.1.3 Health and fitness
91(1)
7.1.4 Personal safety
91(1)
7.1.5 Infrastructure treatments
91(1)
7.1.5.1 Personal safety
92(1)
7.1.5.2 Crossing signals
92(1)
7.1.5.3 Crosswalks
92(3)
7.1.5.4 Pedestrian refuge islands
95(1)
7.1.5.5 Road design treatments
96(1)
7.2 Bicyclists
96(5)
7.2.1 Safety and patterns of collisions
98(1)
7.2.2 Infrastructure design
99(1)
7.2.2.1 Protected bike lanes
99(2)
7.3 Design recommendations
101(2)
Recommended readings
102(1)
Chapter 8 Design of older adult transportation training programs
103(16)
8.1 Essential components of older-driver training programs
104(1)
8.2 Key problem areas
105(2)
8.2.1 Cognitive impairment and dementia screening
105(1)
8.2.2 Risk awareness
105(1)
8.2.3 Rules of the road and traffic safety
105(2)
8.2.4 Self-assessment
107(1)
8.3 Abilities amenable to rehabilitation/training
107(1)
8.3.1 Physical and psychomotor training
107(1)
8.4 Overall fitness
108(1)
8.4.1 Range of motion
108(1)
8.5 Skills and knowledge amenable to training
108(2)
8.5.1 Rules of the road
108(1)
8.5.2 Cognitive training
109(1)
8.5.3 Speed of processing training
109(1)
8.6 Driving skill training
110(2)
8.6.1 Hazard perception training
110(1)
8.6.2 Intersection scan behaviors
110(1)
8.6.3 Multitasking training
111(1)
8.6.4 Cognitive training
111(1)
8.6.5 Summary of driving skill training programs
112(1)
8.7 Public transport training
112(1)
8.8 Route learning and navigation
113(1)
8.9 Training for advanced in-vehicle technology use
114(1)
8.10 Determining fitness to drive
115(1)
8.11 Design recommendations
116(3)
Recommended readings
117(2)
Chapter 9 Alternative forms of transportation
119(10)
9.1 Designing public transportation to support older travelers
120(3)
9.1.1 Buses
120(1)
9.1.2 Subways and trams
121(2)
9.2 Private transportation systems
123(1)
9.2.1 Senior transportation services
123(1)
9.2.2 App-based car services
123(1)
9.3 Designing effective web access to transportation resources
124(2)
9.3.1 Effective or intuitive web access
124(1)
9.3.2 Search engine optimization
125(1)
9.3.3 Transportation resource needs
126(1)
9.4 Future autonomous technologies
126(1)
9.5 Design recommendations
126(3)
Recommended readings
127(2)
Chapter 10 Designing aviation travel services for older passengers
129(14)
10.1 Booking a flight
130(2)
10.2 Getting to and into the airport
132(3)
10.2.1 By personal vehicle
132(2)
10.2.2 Airport parking
134(1)
10.2.3 By taxi or friend/family member
134(1)
10.2.4 By rail or bus
134(1)
10.3 Moving through the airport
135(2)
10.3.1 Checking in
135(1)
10.3.2 Security
136(1)
10.3.3 Terminal amenities
136(1)
10.4 At the gate
137(1)
10.5 Health and safety on-board
137(1)
10.5.1 Connecting flights
138(1)
10.6 Leaving the airport
138(1)
10.7 Conclusions
139(1)
10.8 Design recommendations
139(4)
Recommended readings
141(2)
Chapter 11 Automated vehicle technologies and older adults
143(8)
11.1 Collision mitigation including emergency braking
146(1)
11.2 Blind-spot monitoring
147(1)
11.3 Adaptive cruise control
147(1)
11.4 Active lane keeping assistance
147(1)
11.5 Intersection and left-turn assist
147(1)
11.6 Design recommendations
148(3)
Recommended readings
149(2)
Chapter 12 Summary, synthesis, and conclusions
151(6)
12.1 Interface modalities guidelines
151(2)
12.1.1 Auditory interfaces
151(1)
12.1.2 Visual interfaces
152(1)
12.1.3 Tactile and haptic interfaces
152(1)
12.1.4 Gesture-based interfaces
152(1)
12.1.5 Multimodal interfaces
153(1)
12.2 Reducing memory requirements
153(1)
12.2.1 Redundancy
153(1)
12.2.2 Repetition
154(1)
12.3 Multitasking and distraction
154(1)
12.3.1 Timing and prioritization
154(1)
12.4 General design recommendations
154(3)
Recommended readings
156(1)
References 157(6)
Index 163
Carryl L. Baldwin received her PhD in human factors psychology from the University of South Dakota in Vermillion, SD in 1997. At the time of this writing Dr. Baldwin was an Associate Professor and Director of the Human Factors and Applied Cognition Program at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia. In Fall of 2019 Dr. Baldwin became the Carl and Rozina Cassat Distinguished Professor of Aging and Director of the Regional Institute of Aging at Wichita State University, in Wichita, Kansas. Her primary research interests are in the areas of auditory and multimodal display design, alarms, advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs), driver behavior, mental workload assessment, aging, operator state classification, and human-automation interaction. Her previous publications include, Auditory Cognition and Human Performance (2012) as well as numerous scientific journal articles book chapters, and conference proceedings. Dr. Baldwin also has expertise in issues pertaining to attention management in autonomous systems, neuroergonomics, and the driving behavior of high crash-risk populations including older adults and fatigued and distracted drivers.

Pamela M. Greenwood received her PhD in physiological psychology from the State University of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook in 1977. Dr. Greenwood is currently Associate Professor of Psychology at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia. She has long-standing research interests in cognitive aging, cognitive training, and the genetics of cognitive aging in both healthy aging and Alzheimers disease. Her previous publications include Nurturing the Older Brain and Mind, MIT Press (2012) and many other peer reviewed journal articles and book chapters. Dr. Greenwood has expertise in cognitive genetics, use of transcranial direct current stimulation in cognitive training, and effects of cognitive aging and Alzheimers disease on attention.

Bridget A. Lewis received her PhD in Human Factors and Applied Cognition from George Mason University in 2017. Dr. Lewis is currently working as a Human Factors Engineer for The MITRE Corporation, in McLean, Virginia. Her research interests include multimodal display design, advanced driver assistance systems, medical human factors, aviation systems, and enhancing accessibility for transportation systems. Her previous publications include scientific journal articles, conference proceedings, and book reviews. The author's affiliation with The MITRE Corporation is provided for identification purposes only and is not intended to convey or imply MITRE's concurrence with, or support for, the positions, opinions, or viewpoints expressed by the author.
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