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E-raamat: DHM and Posturography

Edited by (Principal Research Fellow, Australian Institute f), Edited by (Visiting Professor, Department of Product Development, Faculty of Design Sciences, Antwerp University and Researcher, Belgian Royal Military Academy and Queen Astrid Military Hospital)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Aug-2019
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128168837
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DHM and PosturographySuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Aug-2019
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128168837
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DHM and Posturography explores the body of knowledge and state-of-the-art in digital human modeling, along with its application in ergonomics and posturography. The book provides an industry first introductory and practitioner focused overview of human simulation tools, with detailed chapters describing elements of posture, postural interactions, and fields of application. Thus, DHM tools and a specific scientific/practical problem – the study of posture – are linked in a coherent framework. In addition, sections show how DHM interfaces with the most common physical devices for posture analysis. Case studies provide the applied knowledge necessary for practitioners to make informed decisions.

Digital Human Modelling is the science of representing humans with their physical properties, characteristics and behaviors in computerized, virtual models. These models can be used standalone, or integrated with other computerized object design systems, to design or study designs, workplaces or products in their relationship with humans.

  • Presents an introductory, up-to-date overview and introduction to all industrially relevant DHM systems that will enable users on trialing, procurement decisions and initial applications
  • Includes user-level examples and case studies of DHM application in various industrial fields
  • Provides a structured and posturography focused compendium that is easy to access, read and understand
Contributors xxi
Preface xxvii
Acronyms xxix
Glossary xxxiii
Part I Introduction
1 From Greek sculpture to the digital human model --- a history of "human equilibrium"
Sofia Scataglini
Gunther Paul
References
5(2)
2 Why do we need digital human models?
Heiner Bubb
1 Introduction
7(1)
2 A short review on the DHM development
7(4)
3 Fields of DHM
11(9)
3.1 Anthropometrical models
11(5)
3.2 Biomechanical models
16(2)
3.3 Physiological medical models
18(2)
4 SAE-DHM conferences
20(3)
4.1 History of the conferences
20(1)
4.2 Content of the conferences
21(2)
5 Technical development in the context of DHMs
23(7)
5.1 Specific measurement tools and the results of their application
23(3)
5.2 Consideration of new technologies
26(1)
5.3 Confusion of the various model lines
26(3)
5.4 Modelling of the hand
29(1)
6 Conclusion
30(1)
References
31(1)
Further reading
32(3)
Part II Human simulation tools
3 Siemens Jack
Ulrich Raschke
Christina Cort
1 Introduction
35(1)
2 Jack simulation environments
35(2)
2.1 The jack portfolio
36(1)
3 The Jack human model
37(2)
3.1 Jack and anthropometry
38(1)
4 Task simulation with Jack
39(2)
4.1 The task simulation builder framework
40(1)
5 Virtual reality and motion capture
41(1)
6 Analysis capability
41(6)
6.1 Collaborative robotics
42(5)
7 Conclusion
47(1)
References
47(2)
4 Human Solutions RAMSIS
Hans-Joachim Wirsching
1 Introduction
49(1)
2 RAMSIS application process
49(5)
2.1 Digital representation of the customer market
50(1)
2.2 Simulation of task-specific interactions
51(1)
2.3 Ergonomic interaction analyses
52(2)
3 Conclusion
54(1)
References
54(3)
5 Task-based digital human simulation with Editor for Manual work Activities - Basic functionalities, applications, and future works
Sebastian Bauer
Vipin Jayan Sylaja
Lars Fritzsche
Sascha Ullmann
1 Backstory and development of editor for manual work activities
57(1)
2 Basic methodology
57(1)
3 Functions
58(2)
3.1 Planning and design
58(1)
3.2 Simulation and visualization
59(1)
3.3 Evaluation and documentation
59(1)
4 Applications and future work
60(2)
4.1 Fields of application
60(1)
4.2 Future work
60(2)
References
62(1)
6 Santos: An integrated human modeling and simulation platform
Karim Abdel-Malek
Jasbir Arora
Rajan Bhatt
Kimberly Farrell
Chris Murphy
Kevin Kregel
1 Introduction
63(1)
2 Benefits of human simulation
63(1)
3 Virtual mockups and digital twins
64(1)
4 Kinematic model
65(1)
5 Behavior-induced posture prediction
66(1)
6 Physics-based simulations: predictive dynamics
67(1)
6.1 Predictive dynamics
67(1)
6.2 Task execution
67(1)
7 Strength limits and fatigue modeling
68(1)
8 Hand modeling
68(2)
9 Scenario generation
70(1)
10 Stability and balance
71(1)
11 Injury prediction
72(1)
12 Artificial intelligence
72(1)
13 Physiology modeling
72(1)
14 Validation of human simulation environments
73(1)
15 Current research areas
74(1)
16 Conclusion
74(1)
References
74(3)
Further reading
77(2)
7 NexGen Ergonomics Inc. HumanCAD
David Pinchefsky
1 Introduction
79(1)
2 Digital human modeling options
79(1)
3 Anthropometry
79(2)
4 Comfort/discomfort
81(1)
5 Vision and reach analysis
82(1)
6 Center of mass and gravity
82(1)
7 Conclusion
83(1)
References
83(1)
Further reading
83(2)
8 The AnyBody Modeling System
John Rasmussen
1 History and motivation for AMS
85(1)
2 The model repository
85(1)
3 Technical foundation
86(1)
4 Kinematics
86(2)
5 Redundant kinematics
88(1)
6 Kinematic muscle modeling
88(2)
7 Kinetic analysis
90(1)
8 Force-dependent kinematics
91(1)
9 Computationally efficient posture and motion prediction
92(2)
10 Final remarks
94(2)
References
96(1)
9 Virtual Ergonomics by Dassault Systemes
Julie Charland
1 History
97(1)
2 Evolution
97(5)
2.1 Anthropometry
98(1)
2.2 Manikin model
99(1)
2.3 Ergonomic analyses
100(2)
2.4 The (very near) future
102(1)
References
102(3)
10 CASIMIR---a human body model for the analysis of seat vibrations
Alexander Siefert
Jorg Hofmann
Glossary
105(1)
1 Introduction
105(1)
2 The human body model CASIMIR
105(4)
2.1 Development
105(1)
2.2 Setup and validation
106(2)
2.3 Interface between RAMSIS and CASIMIR
108(1)
3 Seat vibrations---dynamic comfort
109(3)
3.1 Seat structure
110(1)
3.2 Upholstery
110(1)
3.3 Seat transmissibility characteristics
111(1)
4 Ride comfort---combination of finite element method and multibody system
112(2)
4.1 Condensation of the occupied seat
112(1)
4.2 Computation of seat behavior in the time domain
113(1)
4.3 Next steps
114(1)
References
114(1)
11 Industrial Path Solutions --- Intelligently Moving Manikins
Lars Hanson
Dan Hogberg
Johan S. Carlson
Niclas Delfs
Erik Brolin
Peter Mardberg
Domenico Spensieri
Staffan Bjorkenstam
Johan Nystrom
Fredrik Ore
1 Background
115(1)
2 Biomechanical model and skin mesh
115(1)
3 Anthropometrics module
115(2)
4 Motion prediction
117(1)
5 Instruction language
117(1)
6 Ergonomic evaluation
118(1)
7 Research and development activities
118(1)
8 Dynamic motion simulation
118(1)
9 Muscle modeling---inspired and direct measurement---inspired ergonomic evaluations
119(1)
10 Human-robot collaboration
120(1)
11 Occupant packaging and vehicle ergonomics
121(1)
12 Layout planning
122(1)
Acknowledgments
123(1)
References
123(2)
12 ERL seat design and digital human models
Mac Reynolds
1 Introduction
125(1)
2 Benchmark vehicles
126(1)
3 Variation in vehicle packaging and anthropometry
127(1)
4 Seat shape
127(1)
5 Seat shape: patches and anatomical landmarks
127(2)
6 Digital human body models
129(1)
7 Torso postures logic
130(1)
8 DHM interface with vehicle
130(1)
9 Seated driver comfort
131(1)
10 Seat adjustments: elbow, hip, and seat positions
132(1)
11 Cushion design: cushion tilt and front of thigh
133(1)
12 Seatback design: torso angle and eye height
134(1)
13 Head restraint: neck angle and back recliner
134(2)
14 Conclusions and recommendations
136(1)
Acknowledgments
136(1)
References
137(1)
Further reading
137(2)
13 ESI unique human model for seat (dis)comfort evaluation
Muriel Beaugonin
Caroline Borot
1 Introduction
139(1)
2 Finite element human models for various seat comfort fields
139(5)
2.1 Initial ESI human model
139(1)
2.2 Second generation of ESI human models
139(3)
2.3 Upgrade of ESI human models
142(1)
2.4 Representative models of other population groups
142(2)
3 Use of ESI human models to virtually test seat discomfort
144(5)
3.1 Seating of human model
144(3)
3.2 Seating comfort for different postures
147(1)
3.3 Passenger living space
147(2)
3.4 Effect of vibrations on human comfort
149(1)
3.5 Human thermal comfort
149(1)
4 Importance of anthropometries diversity and population percentiles in engineering
149(4)
4.1 Population percentiles effect on seat comfort prediction
150(2)
4.2 Nonstandard population groups effect on seat comfort prediction
152(1)
5 Conclusion
153(1)
References
153(2)
14 Simcenter Madymo
Freerk Bosma
Paul A. van Hooijdonk
Kajetan Kietlinski
Martin G.A. Tijssens
Michiel F. Linger
1 Introduction
155(1)
2 Methodology
155(2)
3 Application
157(5)
3.1 Crash pulse scaling
157(2)
3.2 Airbag firing
159(1)
3.3 Braking pulse
159(2)
3.4 Simulation setup
161(1)
3.5 AIS injuries
162(1)
4 Study results
162(4)
4.1 Step 4: Reference and autonomous emergency braking
162(1)
4.2 Step 4: Design of experiments results
163(3)
5 Discussion
166(1)
6 Limitations of the study
167(1)
7 Summary and conclusions
167(1)
8 Acknowledgment
167(1)
References
167(1)
Further reading
168(1)
15 ESI VIRTHUMAN models for impact
Ludek Kovar
Jana Hlucha
Glossary
169(1)
1 Introduction
169(1)
2 Model
170(1)
2.1 Model structure
170(1)
3 Model pre- and postprocessing
170(10)
3.1 Pedestrian simulator---A user-friendly module for evaluation of pedestrian accidents
170(2)
3.2 Evaluation of injury risk
172(1)
3.3 Model validation
173(1)
3.4 Component tests
173(5)
3.5 Overall validation
178(1)
3.6 New euro NCAP regulation
178(2)
4 Applications of VIRTHUMAN model
180(2)
4.1 Pedestrian accident assessment
180(2)
4.2 Public transport accident
182(1)
5 Conclusion
182(2)
References
184(3)
16 Alaska/dynamicus --- human movements in interplay with the environment
Heike Hermsdorf
Norman Hofmann
Albrecht Keil
1 Introduction
187(1)
2 Human model Dynamicus
187(2)
3 Anthropometric data
189(2)
4 Context model
191(1)
5 Interaction model
191(1)
6 Simulation methods
192(3)
7 Automatic generation of process schemes
195(1)
8 Recording of Movements
196(1)
9 Analysis and assessment
196(1)
10 Conclusion
197(1)
References
198(3)
Part III Open source and internal DHM in posturography
17 Open-source software to create a kinematic model in digital human modeling
Gunther Paul
Sofia Scataglini
1 Introduction
201(1)
2 Overview
201(4)
3 Methods
205(7)
3.1 Creation of body surface from MakeHuman
205(1)
3.2 Acquisition of subject kinematics during a physical task
206(2)
3.3 Blender workflow
208(4)
4 Discussion
212(1)
5 Conclusion
212(1)
Acknowledgments
212(1)
References
212(5)
Part IV Elements of posture
18 Human head modeling and applications
James Yang
Zhipeng Lei
1 Introduction
217(4)
1.1 Head injury
218(1)
1.2 Head-helmet model
219(1)
1.3 Head---respirator model
220(1)
2 Human head anatomy
221(1)
3 Models and applications
222(17)
3.1 Posture prediction
222(1)
3.2 Impact simulation
223(11)
3.3 Respirator design
234(5)
4 Conclusion
239(1)
References
240(3)
19 Neck postural stabilization, motion comfort, and impact simulation
Riender Happee
Edo de Bruijn
Patrick Alan Forbes
Paul van Drunen
Jaap H. van Dieen
Frans Cornelis Theodorus. van der Helm
1 Introduction
243(3)
1.1 Comfort of automated driving
245(1)
2 Neck modeling
246(7)
2.1 Biomechanical head---neck model
246(1)
2.2 Validation in the frequency domain
247(2)
2.3 Validation for impact conditions
249(4)
3 Lumbar spine and neck modeling
253(2)
4 Discussion
255(2)
4.1 Insights gained in neck postural stabilization
255(1)
4.2 Motion comfort
256(1)
Acknowledgments
257(1)
References
258(3)
20 Motion analysis and modeling of the shoulder: challenges and potential applications
Yoann Blache
Romain Martinez
Raphael Dumas
Mickael Begon
Nicola Hagemeister
Sonia Duprey
1 Context: upper-limb musculoskeletal disorders, an economic and social challenge
261(1)
2 The shoulder, a complex joint to measure and model
262(2)
2.1 Modeling and simulation
262(1)
2.2 Shoulder biomechanical experiments
263(1)
3 Case study: overhead lifting tasks
264(4)
3.1 Context
264(1)
3.2 Instrumentation and procedure
265(1)
3.3 Kinematics
265(2)
3.4 Muscle activity and cocontraction
267(1)
3.5 Musculoskeletal modeling
267(1)
4 Conclusion
268(1)
References
268(5)
21 Development of a feasible finite element digital human hand model
Gregor Harih
Mitsunori Tada
1 Introduction
273(3)
1.1 Phenomena of human grasping
273(1)
1.2 Digital human (hand) models
273(1)
1.3 Finite element method in human hand biomechanics and ergonomics
274(2)
2 Material and methods
276(7)
2.1 Reverse engineering
276(1)
2.2 Finite element model
277(3)
2.3 Results and discussion
280(3)
3 Conclusion
283(1)
Acknowledgments
284(1)
References
284(3)
22 The spine: biomechanics and subject-specific finite element models
J. Paige Little
1 Anatomy of the spine
287(1)
2 Spinal vertebrae
287(1)
3 Intervertebral discs
287(1)
4 Ligamentous and muscle connections
288(1)
5 Simulating the biomechanics of the spine
288(4)
5.1 Types of models
288(1)
5.2 Subject-specific finite element modeling of the spine
288(1)
5.3 Subject-specific modeling for spinal deformity patients
289(1)
5.4 Simulating anterior spinal deformity correction surgery using VirtuSpine
290(1)
5.5 Future directions in modeling
290(2)
6 Conclusion
292(1)
References
292(3)
23 Foot size and foot shape of children, adults and elderly
Ameersing Luximon
Ravindra S. Goonetilleke
1 Introduction
295(1)
2 Methodology
296(1)
2.1 Participants
296(1)
2.2 Method
296(1)
3 Sensitivity of heel centerline alignment
297(1)
4 Results and analysis
297(11)
4.1 Anthropometric measures
297(4)
4.2 Descriptive statistics
301(1)
4.3 Analysis of variance
301(5)
4.4 Prediction models: foot widths
306(1)
4.5 Prediction models: foot heights
306(1)
4.6 Prediction models: foot girths
306(1)
4.7 Prediction models: foot flare
307(1)
5 Correlations
308(6)
6 Allometry
314(1)
7 Discussion
314(2)
8 Conclusions
316(1)
References
316(5)
24 Pelvic floor biomechanical assessment: current approaches and new evidence
Licia Pazzoto Cacciari
Isabel C.N. Sacco
1 Introduction
321(1)
2 Current assessment of pelvic floor muscle function
322(3)
2.1 Manometry
323(1)
2.2 Dynamometry
324(1)
2.3 Electromyography
325(1)
3 Rational for new approaches of pelvic floor muscle function assessment
325(3)
References
328(5)
Part V Postural interactions
25 Posture and anthropometry
Russell Marshall
Steve Summerskill
1 Introduction
333(1)
2 Understanding and working with human body size and shape data
333(15)
2.1 Anthropometric variability
333(1)
2.2 Issues to consider when working with anthropometric data
334(4)
2.3 The use of anthropometric data for digital human modeling
338(7)
2.4 Anthropometry in user-centered design
345(2)
2.5 Anthropometry and its relationship with other key measures
347(1)
2.6 Recommendations for the use of anthropometric data in human modeling
347(1)
3 Conclusion
348(1)
References
348(3)
26 Posturography
Sofia Scataglini
1 Introduction
351(3)
2 Posturographic evaluation
354(8)
2.1 Static and dynamic test without the use of computerized posturography
354(2)
2.2 Computerized posturography
356(6)
3 Discussion
362(1)
4 Conclusion
362(1)
Acknowledgment
362(1)
References
363(4)
Part VI Activities of daily living
27 Physics-based sit-to-stand three-dimensional motion prediction considering seat pan contact
James Yang
Burak Ozsoy
1 Introduction
367(1)
2 Problem definition
368(1)
3 Methodology
368(5)
3.1 Digital human model
368(2)
3.2 Numerical discretization
370(1)
3.3 Physics-based sit-to-stand prediction formulation
370(3)
4 Results
373(4)
4.1 Symmetrical STS
373(1)
4.2 Asymmetrical STS
374(3)
5 Validation
377(1)
6 Discussion
378(3)
7 Conclusion
381(1)
Appendix
381(1)
A1 Kinematic model of human body
381(1)
A2 Dynamic equations of motion
381(1)
References
382(3)
28 Digital human modelling and ergonomic design of sleeping systems
Roberto Sironi
Carlo Emilio Standoli
Paolo Perego
Giuseppe Andreoni
1 Introduction
385(1)
2 Design for the quality of sleep: the factors for the ergonomic design of the bed system
385(5)
3 Sleeping postures
390(2)
4 Analysis of weight distribution over a bed system through digital human modeling
392(1)
5 Neutral body posture and sleeping
392(3)
6 Conclusion
395(1)
References
395(1)
Further reading
396(1)
29 Surface transitions and stair climbing and descent
Andrew S. Merryweather
Mitja Trkov
Kelton K. Gubler
1 Introduction
397(1)
2 Surface transitions
397(6)
2.1 Tripping
397(2)
2.2 Indoor surface transitions
399(3)
2.3 Outdoor surface transitions
402(1)
2.4 Kinematics
402(1)
3 Stair negotiation
403(7)
3.1 Ascent
404(3)
3.2 Descent
407(2)
3.3 Foot clearance
409(1)
4 Conclusion
410(1)
References
410(5)
30 Ingress---egress analysis for passenger vehicle design through digital human modeling
Giuseppe Andreoni
Gunther Paul
1 Introduction
415(1)
2 Biomechanical analysis of ingress and egress and movement strategies
416(5)
3 Human simulation and proactive ergonomics
421(1)
4 Digital human modeling application in car ingress---egress
422(1)
5 Conclusions and perspectives
422(1)
References
423(1)
Further reading
423(2)
31 Posture prediction and physics-based human motion simulation
Rajan Bhatt
Kimberly Farrell
Karim Abdel-Malek
Jasbir Arora
Chris Murphy
1 Introduction
425(1)
2 Digital human model
426(1)
3 Recursive kinematics and dynamics
426(2)
4 Optimization
428(1)
5 Design variables
429(1)
6 Performance measure
429(1)
7 Joint displacement
429(1)
8 Joint discomfort
430(1)
9 Vision
430(2)
10 Joint torque
432(1)
11 Constraints
432(1)
12 Distance
432(1)
13 Vision
432(1)
14 Self-avoidance
433(1)
15 Posture prediction
434(1)
16 External forces
435(1)
17 Motion capture processing
435(1)
18 Predictive dynamics
436(2)
19 Future research
438(1)
20 Conclusion
438(1)
References
439(2)
32 Three-dimensional body shape modeling and posturography
Sandra Alemany
Jordi Uriel
Alfredo Ballester
Eduardo Parrilla
1 Introduction
441(1)
2 Body scan databases
442(5)
2.1 Large-scale body scanning surveys
442(2)
2.2 Body scanning standardization
444(2)
2.3 Dynamic data sets
446(1)
3 Body shape modeling
447(2)
3.1 Surface registration
447(1)
3.2 Shape analysis
448(1)
4 Dynamic shape modeling
449(1)
4.1 Skeleton model
449(1)
4.2 Pose deformation model
449(1)
5 Body shape reconstruction
450(2)
6 Concluding remarks
452(2)
References
454(3)
Further reading
457(2)
33 Adaptable digital human models from 3D body scans
Femke Danckaers
Toon Huysmans
Jan Sijbers
1 Introduction
459(1)
2 Methods
459(4)
2.1 Surface correspondence
460(1)
2.2 Building a statistical shape model
461(1)
2.3 Feature modification
462(1)
2.4 Identity removal
462(1)
2.5 Posture normalization
463(1)
3 Results
463(6)
3.1 Statistical shape model
463(1)
3.2 Posture-normalized shape model
463(2)
3.3 Model performance---compactness
465(2)
3.4 Shape prediction from features
467(2)
4 Conclusion
469(1)
References
470(1)
34 Occupant comfort
Gunther Paul
1 Introduction
471(2)
2 The role of "comfort" in ergonomics
473(1)
3 Elements of comfort
474(5)
4 Comfort assessment
479(4)
5 Variability between DHM
483(1)
6 Conclusions and perspectives
484(1)
References
484(3)
35 Models of the human in dynamic environments
Neil J. Mansfield
1 Introduction
487(1)
2 Context of humans in dynamic environments
487(2)
3 Acceleration-based models of human response to vibration and shocks
489(2)
4 Digital models representing the biomechanical response of the human body in dynamic environments
491(1)
5 Comfort models for humans in dynamic environments
492(3)
6 Summary
495(1)
References
495(4)
Part VII Cognition and control
36 Probabilistic reliability-physics models in aerospace human-in-the-loop (HITL) problems
Ephraim Suhir
1 Assuring aerospace missions success and safety and the role of uncertainties
499(1)
2 Rationale behind a probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) incentive
500(1)
3 Our PRA concept is a predictive (prior) effort, and not a statistical (posterior) one
500(1)
4 Ten PRA "commandments"
500(1)
5 Accelerated testing in aerospace electronics engineering: FOAT versus HALT
501(1)
6 Mental workload (MWL)
501(1)
7 Human capacity factor (HCF)
502(1)
8 Distributions convolution model (DCM) and its application to the HLS situation
502(5)
9 Double-exponential-probability-distribution (DEPD) model and its application to the MWL and HCF interaction
507(5)
10 Probabilistic segmentation model and its application to the assessment of an aerospace mission probability of failure
512(3)
11 Conclusion
515(1)
References
515(2)
37 Modeling human cognitive behavior for system design
Frank E. Ritter
1 Introduction
517(1)
1.1 Summary and overview of this chapter
517(1)
1.2 Limitations
517(1)
2 Useful features for using models of cognition in system design
518(2)
2.1 Risk-driven spiral system development approach
518(1)
2.2 Tools for model use
519(1)
2.3 Model builder
519(1)
2.4 Model (task) libraries
519(1)
2.5 Eyes and hands
519(1)
2.6 A way to run the model numerous times
520(1)
2.7 Graphic and textual output displays
520(1)
2.8 How models can be used in design
520(1)
2.9 Summary
520(1)
3 Types of cognitive models used in design
520(2)
3.1 Implicit models
521(1)
3.2 Informal models
521(1)
3.3 Task analysis approaches
521(1)
3.4 Light automatic models
522(1)
3.5 Computational predictive and generative models
522(1)
3.6 Summary
522(1)
4 Conclusion
522(1)
4.1 Greater usability of models
523(1)
4.2 General connection of models to the world
523(1)
Acknowledgments
523(1)
References
523(6)
Part VIII Fields of applications
38 Task analysis---Economically designed socio-technical work processes or human---machine interfaces using digital ergonomic tools and methods
Christiane Kamusella
Martin Schmauder
1 Digital ergonomics tool "Visibility" for the ergonomic assessment of visual-geometric requirements in the workplace
529(7)
1.1 Introduction
529(1)
1.2 Design recommendations for a VDU workplace
529(1)
1.3 Implementation of ergonomic requirements in the "Visibility" ergonomic tool
530(2)
1.4 Sample application
532(4)
2 Ergonomic tool "Body Forces"
536(4)
2.1 Introduction
536(1)
2.2 Example application for rough planning of favorable force application points for hand-arm forces
537(3)
References
540(1)
39 Rehabilitation
Bruno Bonnechere
Serge Van Sint Jan
1 Introduction
541(1)
2 The "conventional approach"
541(1)
3 The addition of material in the treatment
542(1)
4 The technology in rehabilitation
542(4)
4.1 The physical agents
542(1)
4.2 Orthoses and smart prosthesis
543(1)
4.3 Robotics
544(1)
4.4 Virtual reality
544(1)
4.5 Serious games
545(1)
5 Conclusion
546(1)
References
546(3)
40 Digital human modeling in aerospace
Rush Frederick Green
Thomas J. Hagale
Tamasi George
Glenn A. Hancock
Steve M. Rice
1 Introduction
549(1)
2 History
549(7)
2.1 Computer graphics
549(1)
2.2 Landing signal officer to first man/second man
549(1)
2.3 BOEMAN
550(2)
2.4 Computerized assessment of reach
552(1)
2.5 Other early models---GTI poly, layerman, undeman
552(1)
2.6 Intergraph I/EMS (Engineering modeling system)
553(1)
2.7 Boeing CATIA human model
553(1)
2.8 DHMS/MDHMS/BMDHMS/BHMS
554(1)
2.9 Transition to COTS
554(1)
2.10 FlyThru human model
555(1)
2.11 NASA-ames MIDAS (man-machine interface design and analysis system)
555(1)
2.12 Safework in virtual reality
555(1)
2.13 Integration of CAD and DHM
555(1)
3 DHM applications in commercial airplanes
556(1)
3.1 Flight deck
556(1)
3.2 Maintenance and servicing
556(1)
3.3 Manufacturing
556(1)
3.4 Cabin
556(1)
4 DHM applications in military aircraft and space vehicles
556(1)
4.1 Siemens teamcenter PLM, teamcenter visualization mockup, and VisJack
556(1)
4.2 Flight decks and cockpits
556(1)
4.3 Maintenance and servicing
557(1)
4.4 Applications in space vehicles
557(1)
5 The future
557(1)
6 Conclusion
558(1)
References
558(1)
41 DHM applied to ergonomic design and assessment of diagnostic ultrasound systems
Leonardo Forzoni
Carlo Emilio Standoli
Ramona De Luca
Giuseppe Andreoni
1 Introduction on ultrasound systems and work-related musculoskeletal disorders
559(1)
2 Design guidelines of ultrasound systems
559(3)
3 DHM and its role in designing new US system
562(3)
4 DHM of US systems: example of US system evaluation according to the SDMS criteria with DHM
565(1)
5 DHM in US systems design: future perspectives
566(1)
References
567(1)
Further reading
568(1)
42 Task-based digital human simulation with Editor for Manual work Activities - industrial applications in product design and production planning
Lars Fritzsche
Sascha Ullmann
Sebastian Bauer
Vipin Jayan Sylaja
1 Fields of application
569(1)
2 Example I: assembly operations with hand tools
570(1)
3 Example II: digital planning and optimization of production layout
570(1)
4 Example III: designing logistics processes and long cycles
571(1)
5 Example IV: assessment and testing of process variants
571(1)
6 Example V: human-robot collaboration
572(1)
7 Example VI: ergonomic design for older and partly restricted workers
572(1)
8 Example VII: Using Motion Capturing Data for work design
573(1)
9 Outlook and future development
574(1)
References
575(1)
Further reading
575(2)
43 Medicine and the Virtual Physiological Human
Saulo Martelli
Rami Al-Dirini
Serge Van Sint Jan
1 The virtual physiological human---the origin
577(1)
2 The virtual physiological human---the vision
577(1)
3 The virtual physiological human---A path to a holistic medicine?
578(1)
4 VPH-inspired modeling
579(1)
5 VPH-inspired personalized exercise treatments
579(4)
6 Patient-specific digital human modeling in hip replacement design evaluation
583(3)
References
586(3)
Further reading
589(2)
44 Use of digital human modeling in product design
Parth Shah
Yan Luximon
1 Introduction
591(1)
2 Stages of product design and DHM
592(2)
2.1 Product conceptualization phase
592(1)
2.2 3D design phase
592(1)
2.3 Prototyping and testing phase
593(1)
2.4 Manufacturing phase
593(1)
3 A digital human modeling based product design example
594(1)
4 Challenges and future scope of using DHM for product design
595(2)
5 Conclusion
597(1)
Acknowledgments
597(1)
References
598(1)
45 Clothing
Juan V. Dura-Gil
Zorana Kozomara
Alfredo Ballester
Clara Solves-Camallonga
Ana Pierola-Orcero
1 Introduction
599(1)
2 Avatars and fashion
599(6)
2.1 Designing with an avatar
600(2)
2.2 Creating for an avatar
602(1)
2.3 Shopping with an avatar
603(2)
3 Avatars for fashion
605(4)
3.1 Processing of individual body scans
605(2)
3.2 Statistical analysis of body scans
607(2)
4 Conclusion
609(1)
Acknowledgments
609(1)
References
610(3)
46 Human modeling tools for spacesuit and hardware design and assessment
K. Han Kim
Karen Young
Elizabeth Benson
Sarah Jarvis
Linh Vu
Yaritza Hernandez
Sudhakar Rajulu
1 Introduction
613(1)
2 Anthropometry for suit design and fit
613(6)
2.1 Apollo suit: custom fit
613(1)
2.2 Extravehicular mobility unit: modular design based on linear dimension measurements
614(2)
2.3 Z-2: 3D scan and print technology
616(1)
2.4 Z-2.5: Monte-Carlo fit assessment
617(2)
3 Body geometry changes in microgravity
619(1)
4 Suit mechanical limit and human-in-the-loop simulation
619(2)
5 Suited mobility assessments
621(1)
6 Kinematics and body geometry inside the spacesuit
622(2)
7 Conclusion
624(1)
Acknowledgments
624(1)
References
624(3)
47 Individualization of digital human models for planning of human---robot collaboration
Sascha Wischniewski
Dominik Bonin
1 Introduction
627(1)
2 Human---robot collaboration and DHM
627(1)
3 Data acquisition
628(2)
3.1 Documentation and data transfer format
628(2)
4 Workflow for the individualization of HRC tasks
630(1)
5 Discussion
630(1)
Acknowledgments
630(1)
References
631(2)
48 Anthropometric modeling in forensics
Erik D. Power
Kristen E. Lipscomb
Matthew A. Soicher
1 Introduction
633(2)
1.1 Expert opinion in litigation
633(1)
1.2 HumanCAD software tool
634(1)
2 Forensic applications
635(6)
2.1 Anthropometry
635(1)
2.2 Body COG and balance
636(2)
2.3 Reach Envelopes
638(2)
2.4 Vision Cones
640(1)
3 Conclusions
641(1)
References
641(2)
49 Biomechanical human models for seating discomfort assessment
Xuguang Wang Leo Savonnet
Ilias Theodorakos
Georges Beurier
Sonia Duprey
1 Introduction
643(1)
2 Musculoskeletal models
643(2)
3 Finite element human models
645(1)
4 Data for validation
646(1)
4.1 Contact force data from IFSTTAR experimental seat
646(1)
4.2 Open magnetic resonance imaging
647(1)
5 Parametric modeling
647(6)
5.1 Personalizing and positioning musculoskeletal models
650(2)
5.2 Parametric finite element buttock---thigh model
652(1)
6 Concluding remarks
653(1)
Acknowledgments
653(1)
References
653(3)
Further reading
656(3)
Part IX DHM protocols
50 Standards and norms
Masaaki Mochimaru
1 Background of international standardization
659(1)
2 Body of work
659(2)
2.1 Ergonomics---ISO TC 159
659(1)
2.2 Apparel sizing---ISO TC 133
659(1)
2.3 Three-dimensional body processing---IEEE SA
660(1)
References
661(2)
51 DHM data exchange protocols
Markus Peters
Sascha Wischniewski
Gunther Paul
1 Introduction
663(1)
2 Anthropometry
663(1)
3 Scaling
664(1)
4 Biomechanics
664(4)
4.1 Kinematics
664(3)
4.2 Forces
667(1)
5 File formats
668(1)
6 Discussion
668(1)
7 Conclusion
669(1)
References
669(4)
Part X Integrations
52 Motion analysis of work conditions using commercial depth cameras in real industrial conditions
Pierre Plantard
Hubert P.H. Shum
Franck Multon
1 Introduction
673(1)
2 The validity of Kinect sensor for ergonomic assessment
674(2)
3 Correction of Kinect data
676(2)
4 Evaluation in real work conditions
678(2)
5 Physical modeling of human motion data
680(1)
6 Conclusion
680(1)
References
681(2)
53 Design smart clothing using digital human models
Sofia Scataglini
Femke Danckaers
Toon Huysmans
Jan Sijbers
Giuseppe Andreoni
1 Introduction
683(3)
2 Functional evaluation
686(10)
2.1 Combining accelerometer and physiological data for activity and design evaluation
686(4)
2.2 Ergonomic and biomechanical evaluation
690(6)
3 Conclusion
696(1)
Acknowledgments
696(1)
References
696(3)
54 Integration of commercial pressure measurement technologies
Ewald M. Hennig
1 Introduction
699(1)
2 Sensors for pressure distribution instrumentation
700(3)
3 Relationship between pressure distribution and the perception of comfort and pain
703(1)
4 Industrial applications for sports equipment
704(1)
5 Clinical applications (diabetic foot, ulcer prevention, and healing)
704(1)
6 Finite element modeling
705(1)
7 Electronic skin in robotics
706(1)
8 Summary and conclusion
706(1)
References
706(3)
55 Haptic device integration
Jerome Perret
1 Introduction to haptic devices
709(1)
2 Haptic device integration: problem statement
710(1)
3 Introduction to rigid-body dynamics
710(2)
4 Tactile device integration
712(1)
5 Integration of force-feedback devices
713(3)
6 Use cases in the manufacturing industry
716(1)
7 Conclusion
716(1)
References
716(5)
Part XI Case studies
56 Application of 3D scanning in design education
Wonsup Lee
Johan F.M. Molenbroek
Lye Goto
Anton H. Jellema
Yu Song
Richard H.M. Goossens
1 Ergonomic design based on 3D scanning in our education
721(5)
1.1 Insole design
721(1)
1.2 EXO-L, ankle protector
721(1)
1.3 MI-TP cast
721(1)
1.4 Customized bra
721(2)
1.5 Helmet design
723(1)
1.6 Anthropometry of children's face for face mask design
724(1)
1.7 Aerodynamic recumbent bicycle (human power team)
724(1)
1.8 Virtual fit mapping
724(2)
1.9 Three-dimensional hand scanner
726(1)
2 Three-dimensional hand scanner
726(3)
3 Processing of 3D scans for the application in product design
729(2)
References
731(2)
57 A virtual platform for lower limb prosthesis design and assessment
Daniele Regazzoni
Andrea Vitali
Caterina Rizzi
Giorgio Colombo
1 Introduction
733(1)
2 Background
734(1)
3 Three-dimensional reconstruction of human body district
734(3)
3.1 Three-dimensional modeling of the residual lower limb
735(1)
3.2 Simulation
736(1)
3.3 Gait analysis
736(1)
4 Traditional manufacturing process
737(1)
5 Acquisition of 3D model
738(1)
6 Socket Modeling Assistant 2
739(3)
6.1 Patient data acquisition
739(1)
6.2 Preliminary modeling
740(1)
6.3 Customized modeling
740(1)
6.4 Simulation and smart additive manufacturing
741(1)
7 Automatic gait analysis detection
742(1)
7.1 Motion capture acquisition
742(1)
7.2 Gait Laboratory
743(1)
8 Pressure data acquisition
743(2)
9 Test and results
745(1)
10 Conclusions
745(1)
References
746(1)
58 Three-dimensional scanning of the torso and breasts to inform better bra design
Deirdre E. McGhee
Julie R. Steele
1 Introduction
747(1)
2 General considerations when scanning women
748(5)
2.1 Which scanner should you use?
748(1)
2.2 Who should you scan?
748(1)
2.3 Preparing your participant for scanning: marker placement
749(1)
2.4 The scanning process
750(3)
2.5 Extracting measurements from the scans
753(1)
2.6 Breast surface and volume
753(1)
3 Potential errors in measurements extracted from three-dimensional scans
753(5)
3.1 Errors associated with outlining the perimeter of the breast
753(3)
3.2 Incomplete visualization of large breasts
756(1)
3.3 Inaccuracies in chest circumference measurements
757(1)
4 Conclusions
758(1)
References
758(3)
59 Building patternmaking theory to better represent the female form
Tanya Dove
1 Introduction
761(1)
2 Sizing systems
761(1)
3 High street sizing of clothing
762(1)
4 Improving pattern design
763(3)
5 Pilot tester experiment
766(1)
6 Results
767(1)
7 Conclusion
767(1)
Appendix
768(1)
References
768(3)
60 Digital human modeling for collaborative robotics
Pauline Maurice
Vincent Padois
Yvan Measson
Philippe Bidaud
1 Introduction
771(1)
2 Requirements of digital human simulation for collaborative robotics
772(1)
2.1 Simulation of robot motion
772(1)
2.2 Simulation of human motion
772(1)
3 A novel DHM controller for human---robot dynamic simulation
773(1)
3.1 Linear quadratic programming controller
773(1)
3.2 Tasks definition
774(1)
4 Application to human---robot simulation
774(4)
4.1 Method
775(1)
4.2 Results
776(2)
5 Discussion and conclusion
778(1)
References
778(3)
61 Designing aircraft seats to fit the human body contour
Suzanne Hiemstra-van Mastrigt
Maxim Smulders
Joyce M.A. Bouwens
Peter Vink
1 Introduction
781(1)
2 Method
781(3)
2.1 Participants
781(1)
2.2 Setup and procedure
782(1)
2.3 Data processing
782(2)
3 Results and application of three-dimensional scans
784(3)
3.1 Adjustable seat pan feature for economy class seat
785(1)
3.2 Lateral sleeping design concept for premium economy class seat
785(1)
3.3 Full flat sleeping design concept for business class seat
785(2)
4 Discussion and recommendations
787(1)
5 Conclusion
788(1)
Acknowledgments
788(1)
References
788(3)
62 Posture analysis in extreme sports
Francesco Feletti
Viviana Mucci
Andrea Aliverti
1 Which role for posture analysis in extreme sports?
791(1)
2 Static posturography
792(1)
3 Dynamic posturography
793(1)
4 Extreme sport-specific tools and applications
794(2)
5 Conclusions
796(1)
References
797(2)
63 Predicting vehicle occupant postures using statistical models
Jangwoon Park
Matthew P. Reed
1 Introduction
799(1)
2 Driver posture models
799(1)
3 Passenger posture models
800(2)
4 Conclusion
802(1)
Acknowledgments
802(1)
References
802(3)
Index 805
Sofia Scataglini is a Human Factors Engineer and Visiting Professor at the Department of Product Development at Faculty of Design Sciences of Antwerp University. Since 2014, she has been working as Researcher at the Belgian Royal Academy and since 2018 at the Belgian Military Hospital Queen Astrid. She holds a Joint PhD in Applied Science between Politecnico di Milano and Belgian Royal Military Academy. Her research activity is dedicated to wearable sensors, physical ergonomics, design applied to human health, DHM and standards. Sofia is a founder of the Digital Human Modeling by Women group (DHMW), which is dedicated to promoting women researchers around the world. Gunther Paul is an Ergonomist and James Cook University Principal Research Fellow for Occupational Health and Safety at the Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), and the Mackay Institute for Research and Innovation (MIRI). He holds a PhD in Ergonomics and MPhil in Control Engineering from Darmstadt University of Technology. His research focuses on complex work system related issues, such as health systems, respiratory health, human-in-the-loop modelling, or musculoskeletal disorders. Gunther has been the Chief Investigator in 17 research projects. He is the Editor-In-Chief of the International Journal of Human Factors Modelling and Simulation, and a reviewer for over 20 international journals. He chairs the International Ergonomics Association Technical Committee on Human Simulation and Virtual Environments, and is a Member of the Queensland Government Safety Leadership at Work Expert Reference Group, Member of the Commonwealth Department of Employment Research and Evaluation Services Panel, and Member of the Panel of Assessors, Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal (QCAT). Gunther is also the Ambassador of the Foundation for Professional Ergonomics in Australia. He has published over 100 journal articles, books and book chapters, and has been regularly presenting and chairing sessions at International conferences over the last 25 years. In his most recent previous employments, Gunther led the Health Safety Environment Discipline in the School of Public Health and Social Work at QUT, and before that he was Director of Ergolab at UniSA. In his 10 year industrial career, he worked as Project Manager for Ford, Daimler, and Faurecia.
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