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E-raamat: Digital Innovation and the Future of Work

Edited by (Adventure Research, The Netherlands), Edited by (Aalto University, Finland), Edited by (Digital Enlightenment Forum, The Netherlands)
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This book focuses on the implications of digitalization for the domain of work. The book studies the changing nature of work as well as new forms of digitally enabled organizations, work practices and cooperation. The book sheds light on the technological, economic, and political forces shaping the new world of work and on the prospects for human-centric and responsible innovations.

The concept of digitalization captures thewidespread adoption of digital technologies in our lives, in the structure and functioning of organizations and in the transformation of our economy andsociety. Digital technologies for data processing and communication underly high-impact innovations including the Internet of Things, wireless multimedia, artificial intelligence, big data, enterprise platforms, social networks and blockchain.These digital innovations not only bring new opportunities for prosperity andwellbeing but also affect our behaviors, activities, and daily lives. They enable and shape new forms of production and new working practices in sectors such as manufacturing, healthcare, logistics and supply chains, energy, and public and business services. Digital innovations are not purely technological but form part of comprehensive systemic innovations of a sociotechnical and networked nature, requiring the alignment of technology, processes, organizations, and humans. Examples are platform-based work; customer driven, value creating networks; and urban public service systems. Building on widespread networking, algorithmic decisions and sharing of personal data, these innovations raise intensive societal and ethical debates regarding key issues such as data sovereignty and privacy intrusion, business models based on data surveillance and negative externalization, quality of work and jobs, and market dominance versus regulation.

In this context, this book focuses on theimplications of digitalization for the domain of work. The book studies thechanging nature of work as well as new forms of digitally enabled organizations, work practices and cooperation. The book sheds light on the technological, economic, and political forces shaping the new world of work and on the prospects for human-centric and responsible innovations. To this end, the book brings together a number of studies in five major topics: 1. The evolution of digital technology impacting ways of working; 2. The role of artificial intelligence in new ways of working; 3. Transformation of work, jobs and employment; 4. Digitalization and need for skills and competencies; and 5. New forms of decentralized working and cooperation.
Preface xiii
List of Contributors
xv
List of Figures
xvii
List of Tables
xix
List of Abbreviations
xxi
1 Introduction
1(16)
Hans Schaffers
Matti Vartiainen
Jacques Bus
1.1 Digitalization in a Changing Society
1(3)
1.2 The Future of Work Revisited
4(2)
1.2.1 Mechanisms that Transform Ways of Working
4(1)
1.2.2 Future New Ways of Working Based on "Old" New Ways of Working
5(1)
1.3 Artificial Intelligence and Working Life
6(2)
1.4 Digital Work and the Human Condition
8(1)
1.5 Overview of Book Contributions
9(8)
1.5.1 Technology Evolution and Future Ways of Working
9(1)
1.5.2 Artificial Intelligence, Humans, and Work
10(1)
1.5.3 Transformation of Work and Employment
11(2)
1.5.4 Digitalization and the Need for Skills and Competencies
13(1)
1.5.5 New Forms of Decentralized Working and Cooperation
14(3)
2 The Future of Work in the Sixth Wave
17(24)
Soft Kurki
Markku Wilenius
2.1 Introduction
17(3)
2.2 The Kondratieff Wave Theory as a Model for Societal Change
20(1)
2.3 Malaska's Socio Evolutionary Theory of Social Change
21(3)
2.4 The Society of Intangible Needs
24(1)
2.5 Evolution of Skills in Organizations
25(2)
2.6 Key Features of New Work
27(1)
2.7 Essential Work Skills in the Society for Intangible Needs
28(7)
2.8 Conclusion
35(6)
3 Emerging Technologies and Working Life
41(22)
Risto Linturi
Osmo Kuusi
3.1 Introduction
42(1)
3.2 Technological Development and Societal Goals
43(17)
3.2.1 Anticipated Radical Technologies
43(3)
3.2.2 Global Value-Producing Networks
46(11)
3.2.3 Anticipating the Importance of Each ART and Likelihood of the Challenging Regimes
57(3)
3.3 Conclusions
60(3)
4 On Humans, Artificial Intelligence, and Oracles
63(26)
Emilio Mordini
4.1 Introduction
64(1)
4.2 The Sorrento Counterfeiters
65(1)
4.3 The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
66(5)
4.4 What Computers Can't Do
71(3)
4.5 Esprit de Geometrie and Esprit de Finesse
74(4)
4.6 The Symmetrical Logic
78(2)
4.7 Data and Totality
80(3)
4.8 The Death of the Pythia
83(6)
5 Inclusively Designed Artificial Intelligence
89(22)
Abhishek Gupta
Jutta Treviranus
5.1 Introduction
89(2)
5.2 The Illustrative Example of Disability
91(1)
5.3 Bias in Data Collection and Reuse
92(2)
5.4 Bias in Data Processing
94(2)
5.5 Bias in Buckets and Labels
96(1)
5.6 Bias in the Training and Validation Phase
97(1)
5.7 Self-Reinforcing Bias
98(1)
5.8 Transparency and Auditability
98(1)
5.9 Privacy and Protection Against Data Abuse and Misuse
99(2)
5.10 Opportunities to Address Bias
101(6)
5.10.1 Advantages of Diversification
103(1)
5.10.2 Stepping-stone Principle
104(1)
5.10.3 Move from Deep Learning to more Bottom-Up Systems
105(1)
5.10.4 Removing the Advantage of Being the Same as Most People
106(1)
5.10.5 Distributed AI
106(1)
5.11 Conclusion
107(4)
6 Working with Big Data and AI: Toward Balanced and Responsible Working Practices
111(26)
Valerie Frissen
6.1 Introduction
112(2)
6.2 Doing Ethics: Toward an Actionable Approach of Responsible AI
114(5)
6.3 Case 1: The Use of AI in Intensive Care
119(5)
6.3.1 Ethics by Design
122(1)
6.3.2 Ethics in Context
123(1)
6.3.3 Ethics in Use
124(1)
6.4 Case 2: The Use of Data Analysis and AI to Prevent Undermining Crime
124(6)
6.4.1 Approach
125(2)
6.4.2 Results
127(2)
6.4.3 Doing Ethics
129(1)
6.5 Discussion
130(7)
7 Working with Digital Technologies: Complexity, Acceleration, and Paradoxical Effects
137(20)
Christian Korunka
7.1 New Digital Work Demands
138(11)
7.1.1 Dispersion of Digital Technologies in the World of Work
138(4)
7.1.2 Globalization and Acceleration as Drivers
142(1)
7.1.3 New Job Demands and Paradoxes
143(5)
7.1.4 Flexible Modes of Work
148(1)
7.2 New Work Demands and Quality of Working Life
149(2)
7.3 Conclusion: Need-based Work Design and the Future of Work
151(6)
8 Game-changing Technologies: Impact on Job Quality, Employment, and Social Dialogue
157(20)
Eleonora Peruffo
Enrique Ferndndez-Macias
8.1 Introduction
158(2)
8.2 Three Vectors of Change in the Digital Age
160(1)
8.3 Methodology
161(1)
8.4 Impact on the Production Process
161(3)
8.5 Implications for Work and Employment
164(6)
8.5.1 Implications for Employment
164(4)
8.5.2 Implications for Working Conditions
168(2)
8.6 Impact on Industrial Relations and Social Dialogue
170(1)
8.7 Conclusion
171(2)
8.8 Acknowledgments
173(4)
9 The Diversity of Platform Work--Variations in Employment and Working Conditions
177(20)
Irene Mandl
Cristiano Codagnone
9.1 Introduction
178(3)
9.2 Types of Platform Work in Europe
181(4)
9.3 The Impact of Platform Work--Diversity Across Types
185(4)
9.3.1 The Macro Perspective: Platform Work and the Labor Market
185(2)
9.3.2 The Micro Perspective: Platform Work and Working Conditions
187(2)
9.4 Conclusions and Policy Pointers
189(8)
10 Workplace Innovation and Industry 4.0: Creating Synergies between Human and Digital Potential
197(28)
Peter Totterdill
10.1 Introduction: A Critical Perspective
198(1)
10.2 The Promise (and Threat) of Industry 4.0
199(3)
10.3 Old Skills for New Jobs
202(1)
10.4 The Emergence of a New Innovation Paradigm
203(2)
10.5 High Involvement Innovation and Industry 4.0
205(1)
10.6 Defining Workplace Innovation
206(3)
10.7 Workplace Innovation and Digital Technologies: Creating Synergies in Practice
209(5)
10.7.1 The First Element: Jobs and Teams
209(2)
10.7.2 The Second Element: Organizational Structures, Management, and Procedures
211(1)
10.7.3 The Third Element: Employee-Driven Innovation and Improvement
212(1)
10.7.4 The Fourth Element: Co-created Leadership and Employee Voice
213(1)
10.8 Workplace Innovation as an Enabler of Digital Technologies
214(1)
10.9 People-Centered Change
215(1)
10.10 Conclusion
216(9)
11 Competencies in Digital Work
225(34)
Matti Vartiainen
11.1 Introduction
225(3)
11.1.1 What Happens to Work, Now and in the Future
225(3)
11.2 Technology as a Driver for a Change in Work
228(4)
11.2.1 Waves of Technological Development
228(1)
11.2.2 Types of "New" Technologies
229(3)
11.3 Digitalization Has a "Long Tail"
232(11)
11.3.1 Transforming Work Processes
233(4)
11.3.2 Changing Organizational Forms and Structures
237(1)
11.3.3 Creating New Ways of Digital Working
238(1)
11.3.3.1 Digitally Enhanced Remote Work
238(1)
11.3.3.2 From Mobile, Multilocational Work to Global Virtual Collaboration
239(1)
11.3.3.3 Working on Digital Online Platforms
240(1)
11.3.4 Loose Employment Relationships
241(2)
11.4 Competencies in Digital Work
243(4)
11.4.1 What are "Competency" and "Competence"?
244(1)
11.4.2 Examples of Digitally Impacted Competencies
245(1)
11.4.2.1 Competencies in Detached Global Telework
245(1)
11.4.2.2 Competencies in 3D Printing
246(1)
11.5 Conclusions: Competencies for the Future
247(12)
12 Dominant Technology and Organization: Impact of Digital Technology on Skills
259(26)
Steven Dhondt
Frans van der Zee
Paul Preenen
Karolus Kraan
Peter R.A. Oeij
12.1 Introduction
260(1)
12.2 Dominant Technology
261(10)
12.2.1 Five Technology Types
261(2)
12.2.2 The Process of Technology Implementation: Vintage and Investments
263(3)
12.2.3 The Potential of Technology
266(1)
12.2.4 Measuring Dominant Technology
267(3)
12.2.5 Dominant Technology in the Dutch Manufacturing Industry
270(1)
12.3 Dominant Organizational Context
271(3)
12.3.1 Distinct Organizational Concepts
271(1)
12.3.2 Measuring Organizational Concepts at Different Levels
272(1)
12.3.3 Dominant Organizational Context in the Dutch Manufacturing Industry
273(1)
12.4 Predicting Impact of Dominant Technology and Organization on Skills
274(3)
12.4.1 Future Impacts
274(1)
12.4.2 Impact on Skills Within Jobs
275(1)
12.4.3 Impact on Skills Distribution Between Jobs
276(1)
12.5 Conclusion and Discussion
277(1)
12.6 Acknowledgements
278(7)
13 Digitalization and Management of Innovation: The Role of Technology, Environment, and Governance
285(34)
Hans Schaffers
13.1 Introduction
286(2)
13.2 Digital Innovation as Multidimensional Concept
288(2)
13.2.1 Digital Technologies and Digital Innovation
288(1)
13.2.2 Digital Technologies and the Innovation Process
288(2)
13.3 Theoretical Viewpoints on Managing Digital Innovation
290(7)
13.3.1 Conceptual Analysis of Digital Innovation
290(1)
13.3.2 Innovation in Networks and Ecosystems
291(3)
13.3.3 Managing Digital Innovation in Ecosystems
294(2)
13.3.4 Digital Innovation in Collaborative Working Environments
296(1)
13.4 Digitalization and Managing Industrial Innovation
297(4)
13.4.1 Industrial Innovation in Ecosystem Environments
297(2)
13.4.2 Challenges to Create Industry 4.0 Business Ecosystems
299(2)
13.5 Digital Innovation in Urban Environments
301(4)
13.5.1 Cities as Complex Systems
301(1)
13.5.2 Organizing Digital Innovation in Urban Environments
302(3)
13.6 Digital Innovation in Blockchain Organizations
305(2)
13.7 Conclusions and Outlook
307(12)
14 Open and Cooperative Infrastructures for Commons-Based Economies
319(28)
Michel Bauwens
Sarah Manski
14.1 Describing the Context
319(4)
14.1.1 Commons-based Peer Production and the Need for Generative Market Forms
319(2)
14.1.2 Common Structures Found in Commons-based Peer Production
321(2)
14.2 Phenomenology of the Commons Economy
323(2)
14.3 Cooperative Forms for a Commons-centric Economy
325(4)
14.3.1 Transforming Rent-seeking Private Platforms into Platform Cooperatives
325(2)
14.3.2 Broadening the Scope of Urban Commons in the Context of Protocol Cooperatives
327(1)
14.3.3 Strengthening the Transnational Scope of Open Design Communities through Open Cooperativism
328(1)
14.4 The Suggested Solution Space: Techniques for Reverse Cooperation
329(3)
14.4.1 Accounting for Externalities
330(1)
14.4.2 The Historical Importance of Accounting
330(2)
14.5 The Evolution of a Generative Blockchain Space
332(2)
14.6 Commonizing the Blockchain Space
334(4)
14.7 Threefold Coordination of the Post-capitalist Economy
338(2)
14.8 Conclusion
340(7)
Index 347(4)
About the Editors 351
Hans Schaffers is an independent researcher and advisor, focusing on human and societal implications of technological innovations. He received his PhD in Engineering Sciences at University of Twente, The Netherlands, specializing in computer-assisted decision-making in large-scale water systems. He worked as assistant professor in finance at Erasmus University Rotterdam; as senior researcher in technology and policy studies at TNO; as chief scientific consultant & international affairs manager at the Telematica Instituut; as a visiting professor and research director at the Centre for Knowledge and Innovation Research at Aalto University School of Business in Helsinki, Finland; as research professor in digital business innovation at Saxion University of Applied Sciences; and currently as coordinator for Science, Management and Innovation projects at Radboud University Nijmegen.



Matti A. Vartiainen is a senior advisor and professor emeritus of Work and Organizational Psychology at the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Aalto University School of Science. His research focuses on organizational innovations, digital work, new ways of working (remote work, mobile and multi-locational work, distributed teams and organizations), collaborative working platforms, knowledge building, future competencies and reward management systems.



Jacques Bus received his PhD in Science and Mathematics at the University of Amsterdam. From 1988 he worked at the European Commission in leading positions in various parts of the Research programmes ESPRIT and ICT, including IT infrastructure, program management, software engineering, and since 2004 in trust and security, as well as the establishment of the Security Theme in the 7th Framework Programme of the European Commission. Since 2010 he works as an independent advisor in various projects and on Trust, Security, Privacy and Identity in the digital environment. Since 2011, he is cofounder and Secretary General of Digital Enlightenment Forum, a non-profit association in the field of Digitization and Society (https://digitalenlightenment.org/).
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