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E-raamat: Digital Microfluidic Biochips: Design Automation and Optimization

(Cisco Systems, Cary, North Carolina, USA), (Duke University, USA.)
  • Formaat: 213 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-May-2010
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781439858738
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Digital Microfluidic Biochips: Design Automation and OptimizationSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 213 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-May-2010
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781439858738
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Microfluidics-based biochips combine electronics with biochemistry, providing access to new application areas in a wide variety of fields. Continued technological innovations are essential to assuring the future role of these chips in functional diversification in biotech, pharmaceuticals, and other industries.

Revolutionary guidance on design, optimization, and testing of low-cost, disposable biochips Microfluidic Biochips: Design Automation and Optimization comprehensively covers the appropriate design tools and in-system automation methods that will help users adapt to new technology and progress in chip design and manufacturing. Based on results from several Duke University research projects on design automation for biochips, this book uses real-life bioassays as examples to lay out an automated design flow for creating microfluidic biochips. It also develops solutions to the unique problems associated with that process.

Highlights the design of the protein crystallization chip to illustrate the benefits of automated design flowIn addition to covering automated design, the authors provide a detailed methodology for the testing, use, and optimization of robust, cost-efficient, manufacturable digital microfluidic systems used in protein crystallization and other areas. The invaluable tools and practices presented here will help readers to:











Address optimization problems related to layout, synthesis, droplet routing, and testing for digital microfluidic biochips





Make routing-aware, architectural-level design choices and defect-tolerant physical design decisions simultaneously





Achieve the optimization goal, which includes minimizing time-to-response, chip area, and test complexity





Effectively deal with practical issues such as defects, fabrication cost, physical constraints, and application-driven design

The authors present specialized pin-constrained design techniques for making biochips with a focus on cost and disposability. They also discuss chip testing to ensure dependability, which is key to optimizing safety-critical applications such as point-of-care medical diagnostics, on-chip DNA analysis, automated drug discovery, air-quality monitoring, and food-safety testing. This book is an optimal reference for academic and industrial researchers in the areas of digital microfluidic biochips and electronic design automation.
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1 Introduction
1(18)
1.1 Digital Microfluidic Technology
4(2)
1.2 Synthesis, Testing, and Pin-Constrained Design Techniques
6(5)
1.3 Protein Crystallization
11(2)
1.4 Book Outline
13(2)
References
15(4)
2 Defect-Tolerant and Routing-Aware Synthesis
19(24)
2.1 Background
19(1)
2.2 Routing-Aware Synthesis
20(4)
2.2.1 Droplet-Routability Estimation
21(2)
2.2.2 Routing Time Cost and Assay Completion Time
23(1)
2.3 Defect-Tolerant Synthesis
24(3)
2.3.1 Postsynthesis Defect Tolerance
24(1)
2.3.2 Presynthesis Defect Tolerance
25(1)
2.3.2.1 Defect Tolerance Index
25(1)
2.3.2.2 Partial Reconfiguration and Partial Resynthesis
26(1)
2.4 Simulation Results
27(9)
2.4.1 Results for Routing-Aware Synthesis
29(3)
2.4.2 Results for Postsynthesis Defect Tolerance
32(1)
2.4.3 Results for Presynthesis Defect Tolerance
33(3)
2.5
Chapter Summary and Conclusions
36(1)
References
37(6)
3 Pin-Constrained Chip Design
43(48)
3.1 Droplet-Trace-Based Array-Partitioning Method
43(12)
3.1.1 Impact of Droplet Interference and Electrode-Addressing Problem
43(1)
3.1.1.1 Impact of Droplet Interference
43(1)
3.1.1.2 Minimum Number of Pins for a Single Droplet
44(1)
3.1.1.3 Pin-Assignment Problem for Two Droplets
45(2)
3.1.2 Array Partitioning and Pin-Assignment Methods
47(3)
3.1.3 Pin-Assignment Algorithm
50(3)
3.1.4 Application to Multiplexed Bioassay
53(2)
3.2 Cross-Referencing-Based Droplet Manipulation Method
55(19)
3.2.1 Cross-Referencing Addressing
55(2)
3.2.2 Power-Efficient Interference-Free Droplet Manipulation Based on Destination-Cell Categorization
57(1)
3.2.2.1 Electrode Interference
57(1)
3.2.2.2 Fluidic Constraints
57(1)
3.2.2.3 Destination-Cell Categorization
57(3)
3.2.2.4 Graph-Theoretic Model and Clique Partitioning
60(1)
3.2.2.5 Algorithm for Droplet Grouping
61(1)
3.2.3 Scheduling of Routing for Efficient Grouping
62(4)
3.2.4 Variant of Droplet-Manipulation Method for High-Throughput Power-Oblivious Applications
66(1)
3.2.5 Simulation Results
66(1)
3.2.5.1 Random Synthetic Benchmarks
66(1)
3.2.5.2 A Multiplexed Bioassay Example
67(7)
3.3 Broadcast-Addressing Method
74(11)
3.3.1 "Don't-Cares" in Electrode-Actuation Sequences
74(2)
3.3.2 Optimization Based on Clique Partitioning in Graphs
76(2)
3.3.3 Broadcast Addressing for Multifunctional Biochips
78(1)
3.3.4 Experimental Results
78(1)
3.3.4.1 Multiplexed Assay
78(3)
3.3.4.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
81(1)
3.3.4.3 Protein Dilution
82(1)
3.3.4.4 Broadcast Addressing for a Multifunctional Chip
83(2)
3.4
Chapter Summary and Conclusions
85(1)
References
86(5)
4 Testing and Diagnosis
91(44)
4.1 Parallel Scan-Like Test
91(10)
4.1.1 Off-Line Test and Diagnosis
95(5)
4.1.2 Online Parallel Scan-Like Test
100(1)
4.2 Diagnosis of Multiple Defects
101(3)
4.2.1 Incorrectly Classified Defects
101(1)
4.2.2 Untestable Sites
102(2)
4.3 Performance Evaluation
104(4)
4.3.1 Complexity Analysis
104(1)
4.3.2 Probabilistic Analysis
104(2)
4.3.3 Occurrence Probability of Untestable Sites
106(2)
4.4 Application to a Fabricated Biochip
108(2)
4.5 Functional Test
110(13)
4.5.1 Dispensing Test
112(1)
4.5.2 Routing Test and Capacitive Sensing Test
113(1)
4.5.3 Mixing and Splitting Test
114(4)
4.5.4 Application to Pin-Constrained Chip Design
118(1)
4.5.4.1 An n-Phase Chip
119(1)
4.5.4.2 Cross-Referencing-Based Chip
120(1)
4.5.4.3 Array-Partitioning-Based Chip
120(1)
4.5.4.4 Broadcast-Addressing-Based Chip
121(2)
4.6 Experimental and Simulation Results
123(5)
4.7
Chapter Summary and Conclusions
128(1)
References
129(6)
5 Design-for-Testability for Digital Microfluidic Biochips
135(16)
5.1 Testability of a Digital Microfluidic Biochip
135(3)
5.2 Testability-Aware Pin-Constrained Chip Design
138(3)
5.2.1 Design Method
138(2)
5.2.2 Euler-Path-Based Functional Test Method for Irregular Chip Layouts
140(1)
5.3 Simulation Results
141(5)
5.3.1 Multiplexed Assay
142(1)
5.3.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
143(3)
5.4
Chapter Summary and Conclusions
146(1)
References
146(5)
6 Application to Protein Crystallization
151(28)
6.1 Chip Design and Optimization
151(14)
6.1.1 Pin-Constrained Chip Design
152(5)
6.1.2 Shuttle-Passenger-Like Well-Loading Algorithm
157(2)
6.1.3 Chip Testing
159(2)
6.1.4 Defect Tolerance
161(3)
6.1.4 Evaluation of Well-Loading Algorithm and Defect Tolerance
164(1)
6.1.4.1 Loading Time
164(1)
6.1.4.2 Defect Tolerance
164(1)
6.2 Automated Solution Preparation
165(8)
6.2.1 Efficient Solution-Preparation Planning Algorithm
166(1)
6.2.1.1 Concentration Manipulation Using Mixing and Dispensing
166(1)
6.2.1.2 Solution-Preparation Algorithm
167(6)
6.2.2 Experimental Results and Comparison
173(1)
6.3
Chapter Summary and Conclusions
173(1)
References
174(5)
7 Conclusions and Future Work
179(12)
7.1 Book Contributions
179(1)
7.2 Future Work
180(6)
7.2.1 Synthesis Based on Physical Constraints
181(1)
7.2.1.1 Mismatch Problems
181(2)
7.2.1.2 Synthesis Guided by Physical Constraints
183(1)
7.2.2 Control-Path Design and Synthesis
183(1)
7.2.2.1 Control-Path Design Based on Error Propagation
184(1)
7.2.2.2 Control-Path Synthesis
185(1)
References
186(5)
Index 191
Krishnendu Chakrabarty is a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Duke University and a Chair Professor of Software Theory at Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. Tao Xu is a DFT Engineer at Cisco Systems, Inc.
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