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E-raamat: Digital Sonar Design in Underwater Acoustics: Principles and Applications

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Digital Sonar Design in Underwater Acoustics: Principles and ApplicationsSuurem pilt
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"Digital Sonar Design in Underwater Acoustics Principles and Applications" provides comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of research on sonar design, including the basic theory and techniques of digital signal processing, basic concept of information theory, ocean acoustics, underwater acoustic signal propagation theory, and underwater signal processing theory. This book discusses the general design procedure and approaches to implementation, the design method, system simulation theory and techniques, sonar tests in the laboratory, lake and sea, and practical validation criteria and methods for digital sonar design. It is intended for researchers in the fields of underwater signal processing and sonar design, and also for navy officers and ocean explorers. Qihu Li is a professor at the Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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From the book reviews:

This book promises a comprehensive approach to the subject, covering all pertinent aspects. this book will be of particular benefit to those involved in the design and procurement of sonar systems. The exploration of the impact of practical engineering issues on sonar performance also renders it a valuable supplement to the books used by those conducting research in sonar performance modelling and underwater acoustics. (Adrian Brown, International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration, Vol. 18 (4), 2013)

1 Brief History of Digital Sonar Development
1(18)
1.1 Evolution of Digital Sonar Systems
1(4)
1.2 Main Features of Digital Sonar
5(5)
1.3 Today and Tomorrow of Digital Sonar
10(9)
References
15(4)
2 Basic Theory of Digital Signal Processing
19(62)
2.1 Digital Conversion of Analogue Signal: Quantization and Sampling
19(13)
2.1.1 Signal Sampling
21(5)
2.1.2 Signal Quantization
26(2)
2.1.3 Signal Companding
28(2)
2.1.4 Σ - Δ Modulation
30(2)
2.2 Digital Filtering of Signal
32(9)
2.2.1 Linear Digital Filtering
32(2)
2.2.2 Transfer Function of a Linear System
34(2)
2.2.3 Classification of Digital Filters
36(3)
2.2.4 Cascade of Digital Filters
39(1)
2.2.5 Examples of Digital Filters
40(1)
2.3 Characteristics of Digital Signals in Time Domain and Frequency Domain
41(10)
2.3.1 Fourier Transform of Signal
41(2)
2.3.2 Wiener-Khinchine Theorem
43(1)
2.3.3 Discrete Fourier Transform
43(2)
2.3.4 Digital Feature of Signal Represented by Discrete Samples
45(2)
2.3.5 Algorithm of Fast Fourier Transform
47(3)
2.3.6 Calculation of DFT for Real Value Data
50(1)
2.4 Basic Processing Technique for One-Dimensional Digital Signal
51(7)
2.4.1 Local Average Filtering
51(3)
2.4.2 Median Value Filtering
54(2)
2.4.3 Threshold Filtering and Truncate Filtering
56(2)
2.5 Two-Dimensional Digital Image Signal Processing
58(9)
2.5.1 Definition of Digital Images
58(1)
2.5.2 2D Fourier Transform
59(1)
2.5.3 2D Cosine Discrere Transforms
60(2)
2.5.4 Typical Image Processing Techniques
62(3)
2.5.5 Time / Bearing Display in Digital Sonar
65(2)
2.6 New Topics of Digital Signal Processing: Wavelet Transform and Fractal Transform
67(14)
2.6.1 Fractal Transform
67(5)
2.6.2 Wavelet Transform
72(5)
References
77(4)
3 Detection and Estimation Theory of Digital Signals
81(70)
3.1 Some Basic Results from Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics
81(15)
3.1.1 Basic Definition of Probability
82(3)
3.1.2 Conditional Probability
85(1)
3.1.3 Random Variable and Distribution Function
86(3)
3.1.4 Digital Characteristics of Random Variables
89(3)
3.1.5 Large Number Law and Central Limit Theorem
92(2)
3.1.6 Random Process (Stochastic Process)
94(2)
3.2 Introduction to the Basic Concepts of Information Theory
96(10)
3.2.1 Information and Entropy
97(6)
3.2.2 The Coding Theorem of a Discrete Information Source
103(3)
3.3 The Optimum Receiving Theory of Weak Signal in Background Noise
106(10)
3.3.1 Basic Concepts of Statistical Hypothesis Tests
106(2)
3.3.2 Optimum Detection Criterion
108(1)
3.3.3 N-P Test
109(4)
3.3.4 Multiple Observations
113(2)
3.3.5 Wald Sequential Test
115(1)
3.4 Wiener Filtering, Matched Filtering and Adaptive Filtering for Stationary Random Signal
116(16)
3.4.1 Basic Relation of Input / Output of a Linear System for Stationary Random Signal
116(3)
3.4.2 Wiener Filtering
119(3)
3.4.3 Matched Filter
122(4)
3.4.4 Adaptive Filtering
126(6)
3.5 Kalman Filtering for Non-stationary Digital Signal
132(6)
3.5.1 Kalman Filtering of a One-Dimensional Observation Model
133(3)
3.5.2 Kalman Filtering of Multiple Channels
136(2)
3.6 Parameter Estimation of Random Signal
138(13)
3.6.1 Test of Stationariness and Ergodicness of a Random Signal
138(1)
3.6.2 Basic Requirements for a Statistic
139(1)
3.6.3 Some Estimates Used Frequently in Sonar Design
140(2)
3.6.4 Cramer-Rao Low Bound
142(2)
3.6.5 Example (Mean Value Estimate)
144(1)
3.6.6 Model-Free Estimates
145(2)
References
147(4)
4 General Principles of Sonar Design
151(134)
4.1 Determination of Sonar System Specifications
151(17)
4.1.1 Category of Sonar
152(2)
4.1.2 Relationship between Tactical and Technical Specifications
154(5)
4.1.3 Technical Specification Related Concepts in Sonar Design
159(7)
4.1.4 Basic Concepts of Sonar Specifications
166(2)
4.2 Design Procedure of Digital Sonar: the Sonar Equation
168(7)
4.2.1 Parameters of the Sonar Equation
168(1)
4.2.2 Active Sonar Equation
169(2)
4.2.3 Passive Sonar Qquation
171(1)
4.2.4 Calculation of the Sonar Ranging Distance
172(3)
4.3 Ambient Noise
175(8)
4.3.1 Main Source of Ambient Noise in the Ocean
175(1)
4.3.2 Frequency spectrum of ambient noise
176(1)
4.3.3 Minimum Ambient Noise
177(1)
4.3.4 Homogeneous and Isotropic Noise Fields
178(3)
4.3.5 Cylindrical and Spherical Model of Ambient Noise
181(1)
4.3.6 Vertical Directivity of Ambient Noise
182(1)
4.4 Radiated Noise from Underwater Target and Platform Noise
183(10)
4.4.1 Sources of Radiated Noise
183(2)
4.4.2 Radiated Noise from Submarines
185(2)
4.4.3 Radiated Noise of Surface Ships
187(1)
4.4.4 Radiated Noise of Torpedo
188(1)
4.4.5 Self-noise of Vessels
188(3)
4.4.6 Auto-correlation Function of Target Noise
191(2)
4.5 Reverberation
193(9)
4.5.1 Sources of Reverberation
193(1)
4.5.2 Short Distance Reverberation Theory
193(2)
4.5.3 Volume and Boundary Reverberation Levels
195(2)
4.5.4 Relationship between Reverberation Strength and Impulse Duration
197(1)
4.5.5 Statistical Characteristics of Reverberations
198(4)
4.6 Sound Propagation in the Ocean and Underwater Acoustic Channel
202(24)
4.6.1 Sound Wave and Vibration
202(1)
4.6.2 Velocity of Sound in the Sea: Sound Speed Profile
203(4)
4.6.3 Wave and Ray Theories of Underwater Sound Fields
207(5)
4.6.4 Transmission Loss
212(1)
4.6.5 Sound Absorption in Sea Water
213(1)
4.6.6 Upper Boundary of Acoustic Channel: the Sea Surface and Its Acoustic Characteristics
214(1)
4.6.7 Lower Boundary of Acoustic Channel: the Sea Floor and Its Characteristics
214(2)
4.6.8 Use of Propagation Characteristics in Sonar Design
216(3)
4.6.9 Average Structure of a Sound Field in Shallow Water
219(2)
4.6.10 Use of Transmission Loss in Sonar Ranging Distance Prediction
221(5)
4.7 Hydrophone Array and Beamforming
226(33)
4.7.1 Directivity Function (Beam Pattern)
226(4)
4.7.2 Conventional Beamforming
230(2)
4.7.3 Equal-Spaced Line Array
232(6)
4.7.4 Uniformly Distributed Discrete Circle Array
238(4)
4.7.5 Circle Array Baffling and Arc Array
242(2)
4.7.6 Product Theorem of Directivity Function of a Line Array
244(3)
4.7.7 Weighting of an Array
247(6)
4.7.8 General Expression of Directivity Function
253(5)
4.7.9 Continuous Distributed Array
258(1)
4.8 Calculation of Sonar System Gain
259(11)
4.8.1 Spatial Gain of Sonar System
260(1)
4.8.2 Calculation of Time Processing Gain of Passive Sonar
261(6)
4.8.3 Calculation of Time Processing Gain of Active Sonar
267(3)
4.9 Gain Loss of a Sonar System in the Interface of Various Sub-systems
270(3)
4.9.1 Relationship between Sonar System Gain and Input signal-to-noise Ratio
270(1)
4.9.2 Gain Loss at the Interface of a Hydrophone and an A / D Converter
271(1)
4.9.3 Interface Loss Due to Time Integration
272(1)
4.9.4 Loss at the Interface of the Signal Processor and the Display System
273(1)
4.10 Explosive Source of Underwater Sound
273(12)
4.10.1 Main Characteristics of Explosive Sources of Underwater Sound
274(3)
4.10.2 Measurement of Transmission Loss by Using Explosive Source
277(1)
References
278(7)
5 Design of Digital Sonar
285(94)
5.1 System Architecture of Digital Sonar
285(7)
5.1.1 Parallel Operation and Sequential Operation
286(1)
5.1.2 Differences in Beamforming in Time Domain and Frequency Domain
287(4)
5.1.3 Data Interchange among Sub-systems
291(1)
5.1.4 Real Time Data Display of the Sonar System
291(1)
5.1.5 COST Technology
292(1)
5.2 Parameter Selection of Programmable Digital Sonar
292(6)
5.3 Pre-processing and FIR filtering
298(9)
5.3.1 Anti-aliazing Filtering
299(1)
5.3.2 A / D Conversion
300(1)
5.3.3 AGC and A / D Converter
301(2)
5.3.4 FIR filtering
303(4)
5.4 High Precision RAM Dynamic Beamforming and Optimum Spatial Filtering
307(10)
5.4.1 Digital Beamforming Using SRAM
307(4)
5.4.2 Optimum Spatial Filter
311(6)
5.5 Target Characteristic Analysis: LOFAR, DEMON and Adaptive Line Enhancer
317(15)
5.5.1 LOFAR and DEMON Analysis
318(6)
5.5.2 Adaptive Line Enhancing
324(4)
5.5.3 Combined Architecture of ANC and ALE
328(4)
5.6 Post Processing of Multibeam Data and Wild Value Filtering
332(8)
5.6.1 Square Detection and Absolute Value Detection
332(2)
5.6.2 A Method of Stationarity for Non-stationary Data
334(2)
5.6.3 Basic Technique of Wild Value Filtering
336(3)
5.6.4 Wild Value Filtering for Two-Dimensional Time / Bearing Data
339(1)
5.7 Display and Control: High Resolution Gray Scale Display and Background Equalization
340(9)
5.7.1 Main Function of the Display / Control System
341(1)
5.7.2 Applications of Human / Machine Interface Theory
342(1)
5.7.3 Use of Color in Sonar Display
343(1)
5.7.4 Gray Scale Conversion
344(3)
5.7.5 Background Equalization
347(2)
5.8 Reliability Design of Digital Sonar
349(12)
5.8.1 The Series Standard for Reliability
350(1)
5.8.2 Brief Introduction to Reliability Engineering
350(1)
5.8.3 Hardware Reliability
351(7)
5.8.4 Software Reliability
358(1)
5.8.5 Technical Means of Hardware Reliability Design
358(2)
5.8.6 Failure Self Test
360(1)
5.9 Integrated Design of Digital Sonar: Multi-sensor, Multi-layer Data Fusion
361(18)
5.9.1 Basic Concept of Data Fusion
361(2)
5.9.2 Optimum Linear Data Fusion
363(6)
5.9.3 Relationship of Weight Coefficients with SNR
369(1)
5.9.4 Joint Detection and Estimation Problems
369(5)
References
374(5)
6 Implementation Methods of Various Functions of Digital Sonar
379(100)
6.1 Precise Bearing for Target
379(19)
6.1.1 Concept of the Bearing Accuracy of Sonar
380(3)
6.1.2 Optimum Precise Bearing of Line Array and Circle Array
383(3)
6.1.3 Implementation of Precise Bearing
386(5)
6.1.4 Example of Realization of Precise Bearing Function in Digital Sonar
391(4)
6.1.5 Method for Improving Bearing Accuracy
395(3)
6.2 Automatic Tracking and Multi-target Resolution
398(15)
6.2.1 Tracking Algorithm of Passive Sonar
398(6)
6.2.2 Multi-target Resolution
404(1)
6.2.3 Results of System Simulation
405(4)
6.2.4 Method for Increasing the Resolution Ability of Multiple Targets
409(4)
6.3 Moving Target Analysis: Pre-set Tracking
413(7)
6.3.1 Concept of TMA
414(1)
6.3.2 Pre-setting Tracking
415(3)
6.3.3 TMA Research
418(2)
6.4 Fast Moving Target Tracking: Torpedo Alarming
420(7)
6.4.1 Possibility of Torpedo Alarming
421(1)
6.4.2 Double Check Decision Strategy in Torpedo Alarming
422(2)
6.4.3 Target Traces Extraction Technique
424(2)
6.4.4 Example of System Simulation
426(1)
6.5 Passive Ranging of Target Based on the Time Delay Estimation
427(9)
6.5.1 Principle of Three-Point Ranging
427(3)
6.5.2 Four-Point Passive Ranging
430(1)
6.5.3 Analysis of Passive Ranging Accuracy
431(4)
6.5.4 Realization of Passive Ranging
435(1)
6.6 Target Classification and Recognition
436(10)
6.6.1 Basic Requirement of Target Noise Classification
437(1)
6.6.2 Concept of Artificial Neural Network
438(2)
6.6.3 Simplified Expert System
440(1)
6.6.4 An Example of an Expert System Based on Nearest Neighborhood Criteria
441(5)
6.7 Active Sonar Signal Capture and Analysis
446(9)
6.7.1 Theoretical Basis of Active Sonar Signal Capture
447(1)
6.7.2 A Combined Time / Frequency Domain Signal Capture Technique
448(5)
6.7.3 Signal Feature Extraction of Active Sonar Signal
453(2)
6.8 Underwater Acoustic Communication and Adaptive Equalization of Underwater Acoustic Channel
455(11)
6.8.1 Introduction of Underwater Acoustic Communication
456(2)
6.8.2 Coding and Decoding
458(3)
6.8.3 Frequency Spread Technique
461(2)
6.8.4 Equalization of Underwater Acoustic Channel
463(3)
6.9 Introduction of Multistatic Sonar
466(13)
6.9.1 General Description of Multistatic Sonar Problem
467(1)
6.9.2 Basic Formula for Calculating Detection Range in Multistatic Sonar
468(2)
6.9.3 Realization of Bistatic Sonar Function by Using Monostatic Sonar
470(1)
References
471(8)
7 System Simulation Techniques in Digital Sonar Design
479(38)
7.1 General Concept of System Simulation
479(3)
7.1.1 Brief Introduction of System Simulation Technique
480(1)
7.1.2 Development of Modern System Simulation Technique
481(1)
7.2 Theoretical Basis of System Simulation: Monte Carlo Method
482(11)
7.2.1 Method for Generating a Random Number
482(3)
7.2.2 Basic Time Series in Digital System Simulation
485(8)
7.3 Frequent Use Simulation Method in Underwater Acoustic Signal Processing
493(10)
7.3.1 Simulation of the Sonar Environment Field
493(4)
7.3.2 Simulation of Signal Processing Module in a Sonar System
497(5)
7.3.3 Simulation of Post Processing
502(1)
7.3.4 Specific Software for System Simulation
503(1)
7.4 Design of Sonar Signal Simulator
503(14)
7.4.1 General Concept of Sonar Simulator
504(1)
7.4.2 Design Principle of General Purpose Sonar Simulator
505(2)
7.4.3 Algorithm for Generating Infinite Non-cyclic Random Number
507(2)
7.4.4 Generating of Array Signals
509(3)
7.4.5 An Application Example of Sonar Simulator Design
512(2)
References
514(3)
8 Introduction of Typical Modern Digital Sonar
517(76)
8.1 Concept of Model-based Sonar
517(5)
8.1.1 Basic Concept of Model-Based Sonar
518(2)
8.1.2 Robust Signal Processing
520(1)
8.1.3 Signal Processing System of Model-Based Sonar
521(1)
8.2 Linear Towed Array Sonar
522(21)
8.2.1 Brief History of Linear Towed Array Sonar
524(1)
8.2.2 General Concept of Towed Array Sonar
525(2)
8.2.3 Status of a Tow Cable under the Sea
527(3)
8.2.4 Shape Distortion of Towed Array and Its Effect on Beamforming
530(3)
8.2.5 Some Special Problems with Towed Array Sonar Design
533(9)
8.2.6 Examples of Towed Array Sonar
542(1)
8.3 Flank Array Sonar for Submarine
543(9)
8.3.1 General Concept of Flank Array Sonar
543(1)
8.3.2 Adaptive Canceling of Self Noise
544(4)
8.3.3 Vibration Isolation of Hydrophone and Acoustic Damping Materials
548(1)
8.3.4 Beamforming of Multiple Elements with Different SNR
549(1)
8.3.5 System Configuration of Flank Array Sonar
550(1)
8.3.6 Example of Typical Flank Array Sonar
551(1)
8.4 Fixed Array Sonar
552(7)
8.4.1 Brief History of Shore-Based Sonar System
553(1)
8.4.2 Outline of Shore-Based Sonar Station
553(2)
8.4.3 Some Specific Topics Concerning a Shore-Based Sonar Station
555(4)
8.4.4 Example of Typical Fixed Array Sonar
559(1)
8.5 Synthetic Aperture Sonar
559(14)
8.5.1 Brief History of SAS
560(1)
8.5.2 Basic Principle of SAS
561(5)
8.5.3 Calculation of Directivity Function of Passive SAS
566(2)
8.5.4 Basic Algorithm of Active SAS
568(1)
8.5.5 An Experimental SAS Prototype
569(4)
8.6 Concept of Network Centric Warfare and Its Application in Sonar
573(7)
8.6.1 Basic Concept of NCW
573(2)
8.6.2 Theory of Complexity System
575(1)
8.6.3 US Navy Research Project in NCW
576(2)
8.6.4 Applications of the NCW Concept in Underwater Acoustics
578(2)
8.7 A New Topic in Sonar Design: Diver Detection Sonar
580(13)
8.7.1 Basic Design Principle of DDS
580(1)
8.7.2 Design Outline of DDS
581(2)
References
583(10)
9 Software and Hardware Support and Performance Evaluation in Digital Sonar Design
593(42)
9.1 Software Package Matlab in Digital Signal Processing
594(5)
9.1.1 Several Frequently Used Commands in Signal Processing
594(1)
9.1.2 Examples
595(2)
9.1.3 Other Features of Matlab
597(2)
9.2 Programming Skills for C Language
599(3)
9.3 General Purpose DSP chips
602(3)
9.3.1 Concept of the General Purpose DSP Chip
602(1)
9.3.2 Main Specifications of DSP Chips
603(1)
9.3.3 Development Tools for DSP Chips
604(1)
9.3.4 System Integration
604(1)
9.4 Hardware Adjustment of Digital sonar
605(7)
9.4.1 Evaluation Procedure of Digital Sonar
605(2)
9.4.2 Step by Step Testing in a Laboratory of a Digital Sonar System
607(4)
9.4.3 Wet End Testing of the Sonar System in a Laboratory
611(1)
9.4.4 Limited Function Associate Testing of the Dry End and Wet End
612(1)
9.5 Tactical and Technical Performance Evaluation of Digital Sonar: Comparison of Results of Laboratory Testing, Lake Testing and Experiment at Sea
612(23)
9.5.1 From Sonar Design to Experiments at Sea
613(1)
9.5.2 Measurement of Source Level and Sound Pressure Index
614(4)
9.5.3 Measurement of Target Strength and Underwater Signal Channel
618(3)
9.5.4 Calibration of Sonar Specification in Terms of the Result of Experiments at Sea
621(3)
9.5.5 Statistical Average Problem in Experiment at Sea
624(3)
9.5.6 Central Moment and Original Moment
627(3)
9.5.7 Sea State Description and Some Results of Sonar Ranging Prediction
630(2)
References
632(3)
Index 635
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