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E-raamat: Discourse Markers and (Dis)fluency: Forms and functions across languages and registers

(Université catholique de Louvain)
  • Formaat: 268 pages
  • Sari: Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 286
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Mar-2018
  • Kirjastus: John Benjamins Publishing Co
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789027264305
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Discourse Markers and (Dis)fluency: Forms and functions across languages and registersSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 268 pages
  • Sari: Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 286
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Mar-2018
  • Kirjastus: John Benjamins Publishing Co
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789027264305
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Spoken language is characterized by the occurrence of linguistic devices such as discourse markers (e.g. so, well, you know, I mean) and other so-called “disfluent” phenomena, which reflect the temporal nature of the cognitive mechanisms underlying speech production and comprehension. The purpose of this book is to distinguish between strategic vs. symptomatic uses of these markers on the basis of their combination, function and distribution across several registers in English and French. Through deep quantitative and qualitative analyses of manually annotated features in the new DisFrEn corpus, this usage-based study provides (i) an exhaustive portrait of discourse markers in English and French and (ii) a scale of (dis)fluency against which different configurations of discourse markers can be diagnosed as rather fluent or disfluent. By bringing together discourse markers and (dis)fluency under one coherent framework, this book is a unique contribution to corpus-based pragmatics, discourse analysis and crosslinguistic fluency research.
List of figures
ix
List of tables
xi
List of abbreviations and acronyms
xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(8)
1.1 Fluency in time and space
1(3)
1.2 Background and objectives
4(1)
1.3 Preview of the book
5(4)
Chapter 2 Definitions and corpus-based approaches to fluency and disfluency
9(24)
2.1 Disfluency or repair? Levelt's legacy
10(3)
2.2 Holistic definitions of fluency
13(1)
2.3 Componential approaches to fluency and disfluency
14(8)
2.3.1 Qualitative components of perception
14(2)
2.3.2 Quantitative components of production
16(4)
2.3.3 Gotz's qualitative-quantitative approach
20(2)
2.4 Synthesis: Definition adopted in this work
22(1)
2.5 A usage-based account of (dis)fluency
23(7)
2.5.1 Key notions in usage-based linguistics
24(1)
2.5.2 From schemas to sequences of fluencemes
24(2)
2.5.3 Variation in context(s)
26(2)
2.5.4 Accessing fluency through frequency
28(2)
2.6 Summary and hypotheses
30(3)
Chapter 3 Definitions and corpus-based approaches to discourse markers
33(22)
3.1 From connectives to pragmatic markers: Defining the continuum
34(3)
3.2 Discourse markers in contrastive linguistics
37(3)
3.3 Models of discourse marker functions
40(7)
3.3.1 Discourse relations in the Penn Discourse TreeBank 2.0
40(3)
3.3.2 The many scopes of DM functions
43(4)
3.4 "Fluent" vs. "disfluent" discourse markers
47(5)
3.4.1 DM features and (dis)fluency
47(1)
3.4.2 Previous corpus-based accounts of DMs and disfluency
48(4)
3.5 Summary and hypotheses
52(3)
Chapter 4 Corpus and method
55(26)
4.1 The DisFrEn dataset
55(6)
4.1.1 Source corpora
55(2)
4.1.2 Comparable corpus design
57(2)
4.1.3 Corpus structure in situational features
59(2)
4.2 Discourse marker annotation
61(10)
4.2.1 Identification of DM tokens
62(2)
4.2.2 Functional taxonomy
64(2)
4.2.3 Three-fold positioning system
66(3)
4.2.4 Other variables
69(1)
4.2.5 Annotation procedure
70(1)
4.3 Disfluency annotation
71(8)
4.3.1 Simple fluencemes
72(1)
4.3.2 Compound fluencemes
73(2)
4.3.3 Related phenomena and diacritics
75(1)
4.3.4 Annotation procedure
76(2)
4.3.5 Macro-labels of sequences
78(1)
4.4 Summary
79(2)
Chapter 5 Portraying the category of discourse markers
81(48)
5.1 Distribution across languages and registers
81(8)
5.1.1 General frequency
82(1)
5.1.2 The status of tag questions
83(1)
5.1.3 Register variation
83(2)
5.1.4 A greater effect of register over language?
85(1)
5.1.5 DM expressions in contrast
85(2)
5.1.6 Diversity hypothesis
87(2)
5.2 Position of DMs: Initiality in question
89(9)
5.2.1 Clause-initial DMs
89(1)
5.2.2 Utterance-initial DMs
90(1)
5.2.3 Turn-initial DMs
91(2)
5.2.4 Non-initial DMs
93(4)
5.2.5 Interim summary on position
97(1)
5.3 Domains and functions: Frequency and diversity
98(15)
5.3.1 Single domains
98(9)
5.3.2 Single functions
107(4)
5.3.3 Double domains and functions
111(2)
5.4 Integrating syntax and pragmatics
113(6)
5.5 Co-occurrence of DMs
119(6)
5.5.1 Co-occurrence across languages and registers
120(2)
5.5.2 Co-occurrence across positions
122(2)
5.5.3 Integrated statistical model of co-occurrence
124(1)
5.6 Summary
125(1)
5.7 Interim discussion: The potential of bottom-up research
126(3)
Chapter 6 Disfluency in interviews
129(20)
6.1 Data
129(1)
6.2 Fluenceme rates in English and French
130(6)
6.2.1 Number of tags
130(1)
6.2.2 Number of tokens
131(2)
6.2.3 Radio vs. face-to-face interviews
133(3)
6.3 Clustering tendencies
136(3)
6.3.1 Isolation vs. combination
136(1)
6.3.2 Most frequent clusters
137(1)
6.3.3 DMs in clusters
138(1)
6.4 Fluency as frequency
139(7)
6.4.1 Frequency and structural complexity
139(3)
6.4.2 Frequency and sequence length
142(4)
6.5 Summary
146(3)
Chapter 7 The (dis)fluency of discourse markers
149(28)
7.1 Sequence types across registers
149(10)
7.1.1 "Cluster"
150(2)
7.1.2 "Sequence category"
152(4)
7.1.3 "Internal structure"
156(2)
7.1.4 Sequence-specific DMs
158(1)
7.2 Sequence types across DM features
159(7)
7.2.1 Disfluency and functional domain
159(3)
7.2.2 Disfluency, domain and position
162(3)
7.2.3 Synthesis of variables
165(1)
7.3 Potentially Disfluent Functions
166(8)
7.3.1 PDFs across registers
167(2)
7.3.2 PDFs and sequence types
169(2)
7.3.3 PDFs and sequence structure
171(3)
7.4 Summary
174(1)
7.5 Interim discussion: The "silence" of corpora
175(2)
Chapter 8 Discourse markers in repairs
177(30)
8.1 Previous approaches to repair
178(9)
8.1.1 Reformulation and its markers: The French classics
178(2)
8.1.2 Contrastive perspectives on reformulation markers
180(4)
8.1.3 From reformulation to repair: Levelt's (1983) typology of repair
184(2)
8.1.4 Research questions and hypotheses
186(1)
8.2 Data and method
187(4)
8.2.1 Selection criteria
188(1)
8.2.2 Repair category
188(2)
8.2.3 Relation to annotated fluencemes
190(1)
8.2.4 Intra-annotator agreement
191(1)
8.3 Repair categories across languages
191(2)
8.4 DMs in repairs
193(7)
8.4.1 Position of the DMs
193(2)
8.4.2 DM lexemes
195(1)
8.4.3 Potentially Disfluent Functions in repairs
196(2)
8.4.4 Specification and enumeration
198(2)
8.5 DMs and modified repetitions
200(1)
8.6 Summary
201(2)
8.7 Interim discussion: Low quantity, high quality?
203(4)
Chapter 9 Conclusion
207(26)
9.1 Summary of the main findings
207(3)
9.2 General discussion
210(2)
9.3 Implications and research avenues
212(3)
Bibliography
215(18)
Appendices
Appendix 1 Discourse markers by register
233(2)
Appendix 2 List of discourse markers in DisFrEn and their functions
235(10)
Appendix 3 List of functions in DisFrEn and their discourse markers
245(4)
Appendix 4 Top-five most frequent functions by register in DisFrEn
249(2)
Index 251
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