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E-raamat: Discrete Optimization in Architecture: Architectural & Urban Layout

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Discrete Optimization in Architecture: Architectural & Urban LayoutSuurem pilt
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This book presents three projects that demonstrate the fundamental problems of architectural design and urban composition the layout design, evaluation and optimization. Part I describes the functional layout design of a residential building, and an evaluation of the quality of a town square (plaza).

The algorithm for the functional layout design is based on backtracking using a constraint satisfaction approach combined with coarse grid discretization. The algorithm for the town square evaluation is based on geometrical properties derived directly from its plan.













Part II introduces a crowd-simulation application for the analysis of escape routes on floor plans, and optimization of a floor plan for smooth crowd flow. The algorithms presented employ agent-based modeling and cellular automata.
Part I Layout Optimization & Evaluation
1 Architectural Functional Layout Optimization in a Coarse Grid
3(32)
1.1 Introduction
3(3)
1.1.1 Functional Layout: Definition
4(2)
1.2 Coarse Grid Discretization
6(5)
1.2.1 Tatami-Mat System
10(1)
1.3 The Procedure
11(13)
1.3.1 Creativity and Knowledge
12(1)
1.3.2 The Initial Input
13(1)
1.3.3 Pre-processing of the Initial Input Data: Room Permutations
14(1)
1.3.4 Potential Solutions: Generation of Room Configurations as a Constraints Satisfaction Problem (CSP)
15(1)
1.3.5 Depth-First Search by Backtracking
16(4)
1.3.6 Classification of Potential Solutions According to the Internal Communication Criterion
20(1)
1.3.7 Classification of Rooms Configurations with Feed-Forward Neural Network
21(3)
1.4 Sorting of "Proper" Configurations According to Additional Criteria
24(5)
1.4.1 Final Ranking of the Functional Layouts According to Multiple Criteria
26(3)
1.5 A Realistic Case Study
29(1)
1.6 Estimation of the Dimensions of Search Domain
30(2)
1.7 Conclusions
32(3)
References
33(2)
2 Evaluation of the Quality of an Urban Square
35(18)
2.1 Introduction
35(3)
2.2 Nineteen Plazas Subjected to Human Subjective Evaluation (HSE)
38(1)
2.3 Automated Geometrical Evaluation (AGE) of an Urban Square
38(6)
2.3.1 Smallness
41(2)
2.3.2 Enclosure
43(1)
2.3.3 Regularity
43(1)
2.4 Correlation Between Automated and Human Evaluation of Plazas
44(5)
2.4.1 AGE and HSE Correlation
46(3)
2.5 Conclusions
49(4)
References
50(3)
Part II Crowd Simulation
3 Crowd-Z
53(28)
3.1 Traditional Grid and Guideline Systems
53(6)
3.1.1 Architecture
53(4)
3.1.2 Urban Design
57(2)
3.2 Crowd Simulation
59(2)
3.3 The Crowd Dynamics Model in Crowd-Z
61(3)
3.3.1 Neighborhood and Metric
62(1)
3.3.2 Distance Potential Field
62(2)
3.3.3 Perkiness
64(1)
3.4 Illustrative Examples
64(7)
3.4.1 Direct User's Input
65(1)
3.4.2 Evacuation from Saint Peter's Basilica
66(3)
3.4.3 Import from CAD
69(2)
3.5 Validating CZ with Three Crowd Simulations
71(6)
3.5.1 Empirical Validation: Bottleneck Evacuation
71(2)
3.5.2 Case Study with PedGo
73(2)
3.5.3 Bottleneck Evacuation Study from the Literature
75(2)
3.6 Conclusions
77(4)
References
78(3)
4 The Influence of Various Factors on Crowd Behavior
81(16)
4.1 Introduction
81(1)
4.2 Experiment 1: The Influence of Metric and Agent Perkiness on the Crowd Behavior
82(2)
4.3 Three Regular Tessellations
84(2)
4.3.1 CS Setups
85(1)
4.3.2 DFs in Square, Triangular and Hexagonal Grid
85(1)
4.4 Experiment 2: Square Room Evacuation (SRE)
86(4)
4.4.1 Qualitative Analysis: Heat Maps for SRE
86(2)
4.4.2 Quantitative Analysis: Evacuation Time for SRE
88(2)
4.5 Experiment 3: One-Directional Flow (ODF)
90(4)
4.5.1 Qualitative Analysis: Heat Maps for ODF
91(1)
4.5.2 Quantitative Analysis: Density-Flow Rate Diagrams for ODF
92(2)
4.6 Conclusions
94(3)
References
95(2)
5 Application of Crowd Simulation for a Layout Improvement
97(8)
5.1 Introduction
97(1)
5.2 Pre-processing of the CS Environment
98(1)
5.3 Setting up the Experiment
99(1)
5.4 Designing a Cellular Automaton
100(1)
5.5 Iterative Experiment
101(2)
5.6 The Suggestion of the Floor-Plan Alteration
103(2)
References
104(1)
Glossary 105
Dr. Machi Zawidzkis doctoral research focused on various optimization methods based on CI for the fundamental problems of the architectural design: Functionality, Structure and Aesthetics. His research interests are in designing built environment, especially in ergonomics and architectural design.
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