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E-raamat: Discrimination, Copyright and Equality: Opening the e-Book for the Print-Disabled

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(University of Queensland)
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This book explores how restrictive copyright laws deny access to information for the print disabled, despite equality laws protecting access. It contributes to disability rights scholarship and ideas of digital equality in analysis of domestic disability anti-discrimination, civil, human and constitutional rights, copyright and other reading equality measures.

While equality laws operate to enable access to information, these laws have limited power over the overriding impact of market forces and copyright laws that focus on restricting access to information. Technology now creates opportunities for everyone in the world, regardless of their abilities or disabilities, to be able to access the written word – yet the print disabled are denied reading equality, and have their access to information limited by laws protecting the mainstream use and consumption of information. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the World Intellectual Property Organization's Marrakesh Treaty have swept in a new legal paradigm. This book contributes to disability rights scholarship, and builds on ideas of digital equality and rights to access in its analysis of domestic disability anti-discrimination, civil rights, human rights, constitutional rights, copyright and other equality measures that promote and hinder reading equality.

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This book explores how restrictive copyright laws deny access to information for the print disabled, despite equality laws protecting access.
Foreword xiii
Gerard Goggin
Acknowledgements xviii
Introduction 1(7)
1 How Technology Has Created the Possibility of Opening the Book: From Hard Copy to E-Books
8(24)
Introduction
8(1)
Section I The Written Form: Independent Reading beyond the Print-Disabled
9(11)
Section II Print-Disabled Reading in an Age Where E-Books Are the Norm
20(5)
Section III Corporations as Gate-Keepers to the Book Famine
25(5)
Conclusion
30(2)
2 Access to Information Communication Technologies, Universal Design and the New Disability Human Rights Paradigm Introduced by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
32(32)
Introduction
32(1)
Section I Theorising Disability
33(11)
Section II Introducing the Right to Read in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
44(6)
Section III Analysing How the Right to Read Impacts on Rights in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
50(12)
Conclusion
62(2)
3 The Weakening of the Exception Paradigm: The World Intellectual Property Organization Changes Path with the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled
64(29)
Introduction
64(1)
Section I Copyright under the Berne Convention: Facilitating the Perpetuation of Disabling Barriers and Constructing Disability Access as a Limited Exception
65(12)
Section II Paradigm Shifts in International Copyright Law: The Import and Impact of the Marrakesh Treaty
77(14)
Conclusion
91(2)
4 The Role of Copyright Laws in Restricting Access to Information and Contributing to the Book Famine
93(30)
Introduction
93(2)
Section I What Does Copyright Protect?
95(4)
Section II Obtaining Accessible Copies within the Copyright Regime: Licence to Exploit Works
99(7)
Section III How Digital Measures Can Reduce Disability Access
106(15)
Conclusion
121(2)
5 Exceptions to Rights-Holders' Exclusivity Provides Limited Relief from the Disabling Impact of Copyright
123(30)
Introduction
123(1)
Section I The Right to Convert Works into an Accessible Format: A Statutory Licence that Tolerates Limited Unauthorised Use to Assist the Print-Disabled
124(11)
Section II The Emergence of the Largest Lawful Commercial E-Book Library Collections in the World: Google Books and HathiTrust
135(4)
Section III The Google Books Settlement and its Rejection
139(3)
Section IV Fairness in Copyright as an Enabler
142(8)
Conclusion
150(3)
6 Anti-Discrimination Laws Help Protect Persons with Disabilities against Digital Disablement, but Who Qualifies for Protection?
153(26)
Introduction
153(2)
Section I Introducing Anti-Discrimination Laws
155(3)
Section II Representations of Difference: How Does Society Draw the Line between Temporary Able-Bodied and Disabled?
158(6)
Section III How Do Laws Determine When a Person Is Sufficiently Disabled to Qualify' for Protection?
164(14)
Conclusion
178(1)
7 Causing Digital Disablement Is Not a Trigger for Regulation by Anti-Discrimination Laws: Ignoring Capacity in Favour of Prescribed Relationships
179(25)
Introduction
179(2)
Section I The Relationships Selected for Regulation: The Adoption of a Limited Social Model Approach
181(2)
Section II Regulating by Defined Relationships
183(3)
Section III E-Book Libraries as Online Relationships that Attract Anti-Discrimination Duties in Australia and the United Kingdom
186(3)
Section IV Uncertain Coverage over E-Books and E-Libraries: Circuit Split in the United States
189(14)
Conclusion
203(1)
8 The Prohibition against Discrimination: Regulating for Equality through Retrofitting Inaccessible Systems
204(29)
Introduction
204(1)
Section I Introduction to the Bifurcated Approach to Prohibiting Discrimination
205(9)
Section II The Imposition of Equal Treatment
214(4)
Section III Impact of the Requirement or Condition: The Treatment Impacts on the Plaintiff s Group Less Favourably than People without the Prescribed Attribute
218(2)
Section IV There Must Be Unfavourable Treatment that Is Detrimental: What Level of Disadvantage Enlivens Indirect Discrimination and Disparate Treatment?
220(8)
Section V The Disparate Impact Cannot Be Justified: The Business Case for Exclusion
228(3)
Conclusion
231(2)
9 Introducing Positive Duties in Promoting Equality Outcomes for Persons with Disabilities: The United Kingdom Public Sector Equality Duty Reducing Digital Disablement
233(23)
Introduction
233(2)
Section I Introducing the Concept of Positive Duties
235(6)
Section II Positive Duties in Action: The Public Sector Equality Duty in the Equality Act 2010 (UK)
241(12)
Conclusion
253(3)
10 The Right to Digital Equality in Action: Protections under the Canadian Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms and Human Rights Acts
256(18)
Introduction
256(2)
Section I The Right to Equality under the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
258(7)
Section II Canadian Anti-Discrimination Laws Leading the Way to Equality
265(6)
Conclusion
271(3)
11 United States Regulatory Interventions Targeting Disability-Inclusive Digital Environments
274(18)
Introduction
274(1)
Section I Information Communication Technology Standards and Rules
275(3)
Section II The Right to Education Being Used to Promote the Right to Read Educational Materials: The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and the National Instructional Materials Access Center
278(5)
Section III Targeting Digital Disablement at its Source: The Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act
283(8)
Conclusion
291(1)
12 The Enforcement of Legal Duties: Protecting Copyright or Promoting Reading Equality?
292(29)
Introduction
292(1)
Section I Motivating Corporate Compliance: The Enforcement Pyramid
293(2)
Section II Enforcing Anti-Discrimination Duties to Combat the Book Famine
295(8)
Section III Practical Examples of How Enforcing ADA Has Combatted the Book Famine
303(7)
Section IV Enforcing Laws Which Seek Equality Rather than Just Prohibit Discrimination
310(5)
Section V Strong Copyright Enforcement Obstructs the Development of Universal and Disability-Accessible E-Libraries
315(4)
Conclusion
319(2)
Closing Thoughts and New Options to Reduce Digital Disablement 321(3)
APPENDIX: List of Anti-Discrimination and Civil Rights Laws and Tribunals/Commissions Impacting on Disability in the Federal and State/Province Jurisdictions in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States 324(11)
Index 335
Paul Harpur is Senior Lecturer at T. C. Beirne School of Law, the University of Queensland. He has participated in a number of prestigious research fellowships, including as an International Visiting Fellow at the Centre for Disability Law and Policy, Institute for Lifecourse and Society, National University of Ireland, Galway and as a Distinguished International Visiting Fellow at the Burton Blatt Institute, College of Law, Syracuse University, New York. He has led a range of projects, including an International Labour Organization project assessing labour rights in the South Pacific, with a particular focus on the rights of persons with disabilities.
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