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E-raamat: Disinfection and Decontamination: Principles, Applications and Related Issues

Edited by (Steris Corporation, St. Louis, Missouri, USA)
  • Formaat: 512 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Oct-2007
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781420008456
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  • Formaat: 512 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 04-Oct-2007
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781420008456

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In the battle between humans and microbes, knowledge may be not only the best weapon but also the best defense. Pulling contributions from 34 experts into a unified presentation, Disinfection and Decontamination: Principles, Applications, and Related Issues provides coverage that is both sophisticated and practical. The book reviews the fundamentals, explores the interdisciplinary nature of the science, and includes discussions of regulatory and legal issues. While the chapters present in depth coverage of infections in hospitals, they also widen their scope to include laboratories outside the healthcare environment.

Based on practical experience, the volume examines recent advances in the research, development, and applications for disinfection and decontamination in many different settings. The chapters address, and supply insight into, the issues found with infectious disease, devices and new materials for implantation, principles, mechanisms, testing methods and strategies, and various applications. They also cover current research and best practice for ways to reduce infection caused by devices. The books emphasis on new technologies highlights the need for safer biocides and microbiological concerns in the manufacturing environment.

The broad focus combined with the global, interdisciplinary panel of authors gives you a snapshot of disease transmission, perspectives on infectious challenges and solutions in a global perspective, and an understanding of global governance. The book offers in depth information on specific topics and an understanding of the fundamentals, giving you a starting point and precise information for resolving problems.

Arvustused

"The title is attractive and stimulating, and review of the topics that it implies is timely . . . this book contains material of interest to many microbiologists, and may be recommended for library purchase."

Niall Logan, Glasgow Caledonian University, in Society for General Microbiology, Feb 2009

Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
Contributors xi
Perspectives on Infection Challenges and Solutions
1(22)
Gurusamy Manivannan
Introduction
1(2)
Fear of the Microorganisms and Response
3(2)
Antimicrobials
5(1)
Host-Parasite Relationship
6(1)
Infectious Disease Challenges
7(5)
Infectious Disease Emergence Factors
8(1)
Food-Borne Diseases and Contributing Factors
9(1)
Human Behavioral Changes
10(1)
Industrialization and Technological Advancements
11(1)
Travel and Commerce
11(1)
Prevention and Control
11(1)
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance
12(1)
Nosocomial Infection and Related Issues
13(4)
Initiatives in Hand Hygiene
14(1)
Device-Related Infections
15(1)
Orthopedic Implant Infections
16(1)
Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection
16(1)
Regulatory Constraints
17(1)
Concluding Remarks
17(6)
References
19(4)
Sisyphus in the Microbial World Revisited: Global Governance, Antimicrobial Strategies, and Humanity's Health
23(18)
David P. Fidler
Introduction
24(1)
The Fourth Epidemiological Transition
24(1)
The Governance Revolution in Global Health
25(5)
The Axis of Evil: Biological Weapons, Biological Terrorism, and Public Health's New Security Importance
26(1)
The Axis of Illness: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases
27(3)
Prominence in Perspective: The Axes of Evil and Illness in a Dangerous World
30(1)
The New Way of Working: The New International Health Regulations
30(5)
From the Classical Regime to the IHR 2005
31(1)
Expanding the Scope of the IHR's Governance Strategy
32(1)
Granting WHO Increased Authority and Power
33(1)
Integrating Human Rights Principles
34(1)
Is the New Way of Working Actually Working? The Quest for Governance Architecture for Global Health
35(2)
What Do President Bush, Bill Gates, and Bono Have in Common?
35(1)
Beyond Unstructured Plurality: Whither Global Health Governance?
36(1)
Conclusion
37(4)
References
38(3)
The Need for Safer and Better Microbicides for Infection Control
41(18)
Syed A. Sattar
Susan Springthorpe
Introduction
41(1)
What Are Some of the Problems with Current Microbicides?
42(8)
Safety and Handling Issues
42(1)
Environmental Toxicity
43(1)
Genotoxicity and Microbial Resistance
44(2)
Materials Compatibility
46(2)
Spectrum of Activity
48(2)
Innovative Products and Technologies
50(2)
Concluding Remarks
52(7)
References
53(6)
Microbiological Concerns in Non-Sterile Manufacturing
59(14)
Joseph Kirby Farrington
Jim Polarine
Introduction
59(2)
What Is Good Science?
61(1)
Origins of Microbial Contaminants
61(1)
Evaluating the Possible Effects of Microbial Content
62(1)
Microbial Growth and Characteristics
62(1)
Detection Methods and Capabilities
63(1)
Evaluating Recovered Organisms
64(1)
How to Perform a Risk Assessment Using Compendial Guidance
64(2)
Use of the Product: Hazard Varies According to the Route of Administration (Eye, Nose, Respiratory Tract)
66(1)
Method of Application
67(1)
Intended Recipient: Risk May Differ for Neonates, Infants, and the Debilitated
67(1)
Use of Immunosuppressive Agents, Corticosteroids
67(1)
Presence of Disease, Wounds, Organ Damage
68(1)
Microbiological Control
68(1)
People
68(1)
Raw Materials and Other Components
69(1)
Equipment
69(1)
Environment
70(3)
References
71(2)
New Technologies in Disinfection and Infection Control
73(14)
Jose A. Ramirez
Introduction
73(4)
In Situ Generation of Active Species
77(2)
Synergistic Mixtures
79(1)
Novel Biocidal Actives
80(3)
Optimized Actives Delivery
83(1)
Conclusion
84(3)
References
84(3)
Biocides: Modes of Action and Mechanisms of Resistance
87(38)
Gerald McDonnell
Introduction
88(2)
Modes of Action
90(10)
General Considerations
90(1)
Cross-Linking/Coagulation
91(2)
Oxidation and Oxidizing Agents
93(2)
Energy Transfer
95(2)
Other Structure-Disruption Mechanisms
97(3)
Modes of Resistance
100(19)
Introduction
100(3)
Intrinsic Mechanisms
103(1)
Introduction
103(1)
Growth Phase Responses
104(2)
Biofilm Development
106(2)
Dormancy
108(3)
Revival
111(1)
Extreme Mechanism Examples
112(2)
Acquired Mechanisms
114(1)
Introduction
114(1)
Mutation
115(2)
Transmissible Elements
117(2)
Conclusions and Perspectives
119(6)
Appendix
120(1)
References
120(5)
A Pragmatic Approach to Judicious Selection and Proper Use of Disinfectant and Antiseptic Agents in Healthcare Settings
125(30)
Vesna Suljagic
Introduction
126(1)
Cleaning
126(1)
Disinfection
127(9)
Commonly Used Disinfectants in Healthcare Settings
130(1)
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
130(1)
Phenolics
131(1)
Iodophors
131(1)
Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds
132(1)
Alcohols
132(1)
Peracetic Acid
133(1)
Hydrogen Peroxide
133(1)
Aldehydes
134(1)
Regulatory Framework for Disinfectants
135(1)
Antiseptic Agents
136(9)
Commonly Used Antiseptic Agents in Healthcare Settings
137(1)
Alcohols
137(1)
Iodine and Iodophors
138(1)
Chlorhexidine
139(1)
Hexachlorophene
139(1)
Triclosan
140(1)
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
140(1)
Regulatory Framework for Antiseptic Agents
140(1)
Hand Hygiene
141(1)
Antiseptic Shower
142(1)
Skin Preparation of Surgical Sites
143(1)
Preparation of Skin or Mucosa during Placement of Invasive Devices
143(2)
Special Considerations in Twenty-First Century
145(2)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
145(1)
Avian Influenza
146(1)
Conclusion
147(8)
References
148(7)
Extended Activity of Healthcare Antiseptic Products
155(10)
Jerry L. Newman
Nancy E. Kaiser
Introduction
155(1)
Effects (or Activity)
156(2)
Modes of Action
158(2)
Surgical Hand Scrubs
160(1)
Patient Surgical Skin Preparations
160(1)
Healthcare Personnel Handwash
160(1)
Summary
161(4)
References
162(3)
Disinfectant Rotation in a Cleaning/Disinfection Program for Clean Rooms and Controlled Environments
165(12)
Scott V. W. Sutton
Introduction
165(3)
The Development of Resistance in Bacterial Populations
168(4)
Genetic Resistance
168(1)
Physiological Adaptation
169(1)
Relevance
170(1)
On the Need for Clarity in Terms
171(1)
Summary
172(5)
References
173(4)
Reprocessing Flexible Endoscopes: Origin of Standards, Overview of Structure/Function, and Review of Recent Outbreaks
177(38)
Terri A. Antonucci
Nicole Williams
Nancy A. Robinson
Introduction
178(1)
The Principles of Practice: Where Do They Come From?
179(5)
Introduction
179(1)
Standards, Recommended Practices, Guidelines, and Statements
179(1)
Standards
180(1)
Recommended Practice
180(1)
Guidelines
180(1)
Statements
180(1)
Development and Use of Recommended Practices
181(1)
Flexible Endoscope Reprocessing Practices
182(2)
Flexible Endoscope Structure/Function
184(10)
Introduction
184(2)
External Features
186(1)
Removable Components
186(2)
Channel Configurations
188(1)
Suction/Biopsy System
188(2)
Air/Water System
190(1)
Auxiliary Water System
190(3)
CO2 System
193(1)
Elevator Guide Wire System
193(1)
Importance of Understanding Flexible Endoscope Design
194(1)
Endoscopy-Related Contamination Outbreaks
194(21)
Introduction
194(1)
GI Endoscopy-Related Outbreaks
195(1)
Case Review
195(6)
Suspected Causes: Summary
201(1)
Bronchoscopy-Associated Outbreaks
202(1)
True Outbreaks
202(4)
Pseudo-Outbreaks
206(4)
Suspected Causes: Summary
210(1)
Summary of Suspected Causes of Outbreaks
210(1)
Acknowledgment
211(1)
References
211(4)
Microbiological Testing of Disinfectants and Decontaminants for Critical Surfaces
215(16)
Daniel A. Klein
Introduction
215(1)
Hard Surface Testing
216(6)
Screening Studies
216(2)
Regulatory Studies
218(3)
In Situ Studies
221(1)
Skin Testing
222(9)
Screening Studies
223(1)
Regulatory Studies
224(3)
In Situ Studies
227(1)
References
227(4)
Regulatory Constraints on Disinfectants and Decontamination
231(34)
Michael G. Sarli
Introduction
232(3)
Environmental Protection Agency
235(12)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
235(1)
FIFRA---Registrations
236(2)
FIFRA---Product Types
238(1)
FIFRA---Supportive Data
239(1)
FIFRA---Antimicrobial Efficacy
239(4)
FIFRA---Ingredients
243(1)
FIFRA---Tolerances
244(1)
FIFRA---Pesticide Registration Improvement Act
244(1)
FIFRA---Postmarket Surveillance
245(1)
State Pesticide Registrations
245(1)
Toxic Substance Control Act
245(1)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
246(1)
Clean Water Act
246(1)
Clean Air Act
246(1)
CERCLA and SARA
247(1)
Food and Drug Administration
247(9)
Medical Devices
248(1)
Classification of Medical Devices
248(1)
Quality System Regulation
249(1)
MedWatch
249(1)
Guidance---Liquid Chemical Sterilants/High-Level Disinfectants
249(2)
Drugs
251(1)
Premarketing Requirements
252(1)
Postmarketing Requirements
252(1)
Over-the-Counter Drug Products
252(1)
Topical Antimicrobial Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use; Health-Care Antiseptic Drug Products
253(4)
Alcohol Topical Antiseptic Products
255(1)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
256(1)
Transportation
257(1)
International
257(6)
Europe
257(1)
Dangerous Substances Directive and Dangerous Preparations Directive
257(1)
Medical Device Products Directive
258(1)
Detergent Regulations
258(1)
Biocidal Products Directive
259(1)
General Chemicals---REACH
259(1)
Canada
259(1)
Health Canada
259(3)
Harmonization
262(1)
Glossary of Terms
263(1)
Conclusion
263(2)
References
263(2)
Biofilms: A Summarized Account and Control Strategies
265(24)
Kanavillil Nandakumar
Kurissery R. Sreekumari
Introduction
266(4)
History
266(1)
Biofilm Extracellular Polymeric Substances
266(1)
Growth of Biofilms
267(1)
Nature and Formation of Biofilms
268(1)
Beneficial and Detrimental Roles of Biofilms
269(1)
Control Techniques
270(10)
Surfaces That Resist Biofilm Formation
270(1)
Possibilities of Biological/Molecular Biological Intervention of Biofilm Formation
271(2)
Antifouling Coatings
273(1)
Toxic Coatings
273(1)
Nontoxic Foul-Release Coatings
273(1)
Treatment with Biocides
274(2)
Treatment with Antibiotics
276(2)
Other Recent Developments in Nontoxic Methods
278(1)
Electrochemical Methods
278(1)
Irradiation Techniques
278(1)
Physical and Mechanical Methods
279(1)
Summary and Conclusions
280(9)
Acknowledgments
281(1)
References
282(7)
Consequences of Biofilms on Indwelling Medical Devices: Costs and Prevention
289(50)
John G. Thomas
Lindsay Nakaishi
Linda Corum
Introduction
290(1)
Uses of Indwelling Medical Devices
291(10)
Population Demographics
291(2)
Inpatient vs. Outpatient
293(3)
Home-Based Care
296(1)
IMDs Related to Anatomic Location
296(1)
Oral Cavity/Respiratory Tract
296(2)
Skin
298(2)
Genitourinary System
300(1)
Consequences of Biofilms and IMDs
301(11)
Consequences
301(1)
Mortality and Morbidity
301(2)
Outcomes and Cost
303(3)
Pathogenic Organisms and Anatomical Location
306(1)
Oral Cavity/Respiratory Tract
307(1)
Skin
308(3)
Genitourinary System
311(1)
Biofilms and IMDs
312(9)
Introduction and Definitions
312(3)
Architecture and Structure
315(2)
Physiology and Metabolism
317(1)
Physical Properties
318(2)
Pathogenicity
320(1)
Coatings and Anti-Infective Devices
321(6)
Antimicrobial Agents
322(1)
Anti-Infective Biomaterials/Polymers
323(1)
Metals
324(1)
Other
324(1)
Polymicrobial Peptides
324(1)
Antibiotic Lock Therapy
325(2)
Evidence-Based Benefits
327(6)
Strategies Designed to Prevent Biofilm Formation in IMDs
327(1)
Oral and VAP-Associated Studies
327(2)
Wound Studies
329(1)
Central Venous Catheter Studies
330(1)
Urinary Catheter Studies
331(2)
Published Strategies Currently Being Developed and Evaluated
333(1)
Conclusions and the Future
333(6)
References
334(5)
Infection-Resistant Implantable Devices: Biofilm Problems and Design Strategies
339(34)
Anthony W. Smith
Semali Perera
Introduction
339(1)
Medical Devices and Biofilms
340(3)
Biofilm Resistance: Overview
341(1)
Biofilm Resistance: Possible Mechanisms
341(2)
Antibiofilm Approaches: Design Strategies
343(9)
Material Modification to Prevent Biofilm Formation
344(2)
Polymer-Based Antimicrobial Delivery Systems
346(1)
Poly(glycolic acid)
346(1)
Poly(lactic acid)
347(1)
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)
347(1)
Poly(caprolactone)
348(1)
Importance of Early Treatment
349(1)
Implantable Matrices, Microparticles, Fibrous Scaffolds, and Thermoreversible Gels
349(3)
State-of-the-Art Prosthetic Implants
352(2)
Implants for Cancer Treatment
354(10)
Commercial Cancer Implants
356(1)
Design of Antibacterial Biodegradable Cancer Implants
357(7)
Discussion and Future Aspects
364(9)
Acknowledgments
365(1)
References
365(8)
Infections of Intracardiac Devices
373(22)
George A. Yesenosky
Scott W. Sinner
Steven P. Kutalek
Allan R. Tunkel
Introduction
373(1)
Cardiac Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators
374(6)
Epidemiology and Etiology
374(1)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
375(2)
Therapy
377(3)
Left Ventricular Assist Devices
380(4)
Epidemiology and Etiology
380(2)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
382(1)
Therapy
383(1)
Prosthetic Cardiac Valves
384(4)
Epidemiology and Etiology
384(1)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
385(2)
Therapy and Outcomes
387(1)
Future Directions
388(7)
References
389(6)
Intrauterine Devices: Infections and Biofilms
395(20)
Ben M. J. Pereira
Vikas Pruthi
Introduction
395(1)
Contraceptive Options for Women and Preference for IUDs among Asian Women
396(1)
Types of IUDs
397(1)
Mechanism of Action
398(1)
Problems Associated with IUD Usage with Special Reference to Microbial Infections
399(1)
Mode and Mechanism of Infection and Biofilm Formation on IUDs
400(4)
Problems Associated with Eradication of Biofilms
404(1)
IUDs and Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases
405(1)
Precautionary and Remedial Measures
406(1)
Concluding Remarks
407(8)
Acknowledgments
408(1)
References
408(7)
Antimicrobial Urinary Catheters
415(44)
David J. Stickler
Nora A. Sabbuba
Introduction
415(1)
Uses and Prevalence of Urinary Catheters
416(1)
Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections
417(3)
Complications of Catheter-Associated UTI
420(1)
Attempts to Control Catheter-Associated UTI
421(3)
Silver Catheters
424(6)
Minocycline- and Rifampicin-Impregnated Catheters
430(1)
Nitrofurazone Catheters
431(3)
General Conclusions on Clinical Trials on Catheters
434(2)
Antimicrobial Catheters Yet to Be Tested in Clinical Trials
436(6)
The Catheter Encrustation Problem
442(7)
Conclusions
449(10)
References
450(9)
Risk Factors for Postoperative Infectious Complications after Abdominal Surgery
459(10)
Patrick Pessaux
Emilie Lermite
Introduction
459(1)
Risk Factors
460(1)
Prevention
461(8)
References
463(6)
Authors 469(12)
Index 481


Steris Corporation, St. Louis, Missouri, USA