Preface |
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vii | |
Acknowledgments |
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ix | |
Contributors |
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xi | |
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Perspectives on Infection Challenges and Solutions |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (2) |
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Fear of the Microorganisms and Response |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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Host-Parasite Relationship |
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6 | (1) |
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Infectious Disease Challenges |
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7 | (5) |
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Infectious Disease Emergence Factors |
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8 | (1) |
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Food-Borne Diseases and Contributing Factors |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Industrialization and Technological Advancements |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Antimicrobial Drug Resistance |
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12 | (1) |
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Nosocomial Infection and Related Issues |
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13 | (4) |
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Initiatives in Hand Hygiene |
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14 | (1) |
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Device-Related Infections |
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15 | (1) |
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Orthopedic Implant Infections |
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16 | (1) |
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Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (6) |
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19 | (4) |
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Sisyphus in the Microbial World Revisited: Global Governance, Antimicrobial Strategies, and Humanity's Health |
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23 | (18) |
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24 | (1) |
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The Fourth Epidemiological Transition |
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24 | (1) |
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The Governance Revolution in Global Health |
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25 | (5) |
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The Axis of Evil: Biological Weapons, Biological Terrorism, and Public Health's New Security Importance |
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26 | (1) |
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The Axis of Illness: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases |
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27 | (3) |
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Prominence in Perspective: The Axes of Evil and Illness in a Dangerous World |
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30 | (1) |
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The New Way of Working: The New International Health Regulations |
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30 | (5) |
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From the Classical Regime to the IHR 2005 |
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31 | (1) |
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Expanding the Scope of the IHR's Governance Strategy |
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32 | (1) |
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Granting WHO Increased Authority and Power |
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33 | (1) |
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Integrating Human Rights Principles |
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34 | (1) |
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Is the New Way of Working Actually Working? The Quest for Governance Architecture for Global Health |
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35 | (2) |
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What Do President Bush, Bill Gates, and Bono Have in Common? |
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35 | (1) |
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Beyond Unstructured Plurality: Whither Global Health Governance? |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (4) |
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38 | (3) |
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The Need for Safer and Better Microbicides for Infection Control |
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41 | (18) |
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41 | (1) |
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What Are Some of the Problems with Current Microbicides? |
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42 | (8) |
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Safety and Handling Issues |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Genotoxicity and Microbial Resistance |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (2) |
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Innovative Products and Technologies |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (7) |
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53 | (6) |
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Microbiological Concerns in Non-Sterile Manufacturing |
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59 | (14) |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (1) |
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Origins of Microbial Contaminants |
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61 | (1) |
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Evaluating the Possible Effects of Microbial Content |
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62 | (1) |
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Microbial Growth and Characteristics |
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62 | (1) |
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Detection Methods and Capabilities |
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63 | (1) |
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Evaluating Recovered Organisms |
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64 | (1) |
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How to Perform a Risk Assessment Using Compendial Guidance |
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64 | (2) |
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Use of the Product: Hazard Varies According to the Route of Administration (Eye, Nose, Respiratory Tract) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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Intended Recipient: Risk May Differ for Neonates, Infants, and the Debilitated |
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67 | (1) |
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Use of Immunosuppressive Agents, Corticosteroids |
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67 | (1) |
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Presence of Disease, Wounds, Organ Damage |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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Raw Materials and Other Components |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (3) |
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71 | (2) |
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New Technologies in Disinfection and Infection Control |
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73 | (14) |
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73 | (4) |
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In Situ Generation of Active Species |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (3) |
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Optimized Actives Delivery |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (3) |
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84 | (3) |
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Biocides: Modes of Action and Mechanisms of Resistance |
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87 | (38) |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (10) |
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90 | (1) |
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Cross-Linking/Coagulation |
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91 | (2) |
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Oxidation and Oxidizing Agents |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (2) |
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Other Structure-Disruption Mechanisms |
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97 | (3) |
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100 | (19) |
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100 | (3) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (3) |
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111 | (1) |
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Extreme Mechanism Examples |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (2) |
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Conclusions and Perspectives |
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119 | (6) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (5) |
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A Pragmatic Approach to Judicious Selection and Proper Use of Disinfectant and Antiseptic Agents in Healthcare Settings |
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125 | (30) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (9) |
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Commonly Used Disinfectants in Healthcare Settings |
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130 | (1) |
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Quaternary Ammonium Compounds |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Regulatory Framework for Disinfectants |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (9) |
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Commonly Used Antiseptic Agents in Healthcare Settings |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Quaternary Ammonium Compounds |
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140 | (1) |
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Regulatory Framework for Antiseptic Agents |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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Skin Preparation of Surgical Sites |
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143 | (1) |
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Preparation of Skin or Mucosa during Placement of Invasive Devices |
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143 | (2) |
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Special Considerations in Twenty-First Century |
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145 | (2) |
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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (8) |
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148 | (7) |
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Extended Activity of Healthcare Antiseptic Products |
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155 | (10) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (1) |
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Patient Surgical Skin Preparations |
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160 | (1) |
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Healthcare Personnel Handwash |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (4) |
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162 | (3) |
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Disinfectant Rotation in a Cleaning/Disinfection Program for Clean Rooms and Controlled Environments |
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165 | (12) |
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165 | (3) |
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The Development of Resistance in Bacterial Populations |
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168 | (4) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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On the Need for Clarity in Terms |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (5) |
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173 | (4) |
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Reprocessing Flexible Endoscopes: Origin of Standards, Overview of Structure/Function, and Review of Recent Outbreaks |
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177 | (38) |
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178 | (1) |
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The Principles of Practice: Where Do They Come From? |
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179 | (5) |
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179 | (1) |
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Standards, Recommended Practices, Guidelines, and Statements |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Development and Use of Recommended Practices |
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181 | (1) |
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Flexible Endoscope Reprocessing Practices |
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182 | (2) |
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Flexible Endoscope Structure/Function |
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184 | (10) |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (3) |
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193 | (1) |
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Elevator Guide Wire System |
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193 | (1) |
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Importance of Understanding Flexible Endoscope Design |
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194 | (1) |
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Endoscopy-Related Contamination Outbreaks |
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194 | (21) |
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194 | (1) |
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GI Endoscopy-Related Outbreaks |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (6) |
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Suspected Causes: Summary |
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201 | (1) |
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Bronchoscopy-Associated Outbreaks |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (4) |
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206 | (4) |
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Suspected Causes: Summary |
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210 | (1) |
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Summary of Suspected Causes of Outbreaks |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (4) |
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Microbiological Testing of Disinfectants and Decontaminants for Critical Surfaces |
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215 | (16) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (6) |
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216 | (2) |
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218 | (3) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (9) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (3) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (4) |
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Regulatory Constraints on Disinfectants and Decontamination |
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231 | (34) |
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232 | (3) |
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Environmental Protection Agency |
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235 | (12) |
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Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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FIFRA---Antimicrobial Efficacy |
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239 | (4) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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FIFRA---Pesticide Registration Improvement Act |
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244 | (1) |
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FIFRA---Postmarket Surveillance |
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245 | (1) |
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State Pesticide Registrations |
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245 | (1) |
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Toxic Substance Control Act |
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245 | (1) |
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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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Food and Drug Administration |
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247 | (9) |
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248 | (1) |
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Classification of Medical Devices |
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248 | (1) |
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Quality System Regulation |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Guidance---Liquid Chemical Sterilants/High-Level Disinfectants |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (1) |
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Premarketing Requirements |
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252 | (1) |
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Postmarketing Requirements |
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252 | (1) |
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Over-the-Counter Drug Products |
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252 | (1) |
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Topical Antimicrobial Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use; Health-Care Antiseptic Drug Products |
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253 | (4) |
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Alcohol Topical Antiseptic Products |
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255 | (1) |
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Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (6) |
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257 | (1) |
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Dangerous Substances Directive and Dangerous Preparations Directive |
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257 | (1) |
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Medical Device Products Directive |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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Biocidal Products Directive |
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259 | (1) |
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General Chemicals---REACH |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (3) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (2) |
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263 | (2) |
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Biofilms: A Summarized Account and Control Strategies |
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265 | (24) |
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266 | (4) |
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266 | (1) |
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Biofilm Extracellular Polymeric Substances |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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Nature and Formation of Biofilms |
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268 | (1) |
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Beneficial and Detrimental Roles of Biofilms |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (10) |
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Surfaces That Resist Biofilm Formation |
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270 | (1) |
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Possibilities of Biological/Molecular Biological Intervention of Biofilm Formation |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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Nontoxic Foul-Release Coatings |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (2) |
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Treatment with Antibiotics |
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276 | (2) |
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Other Recent Developments in Nontoxic Methods |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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Physical and Mechanical Methods |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (9) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (7) |
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Consequences of Biofilms on Indwelling Medical Devices: Costs and Prevention |
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289 | (50) |
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290 | (1) |
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Uses of Indwelling Medical Devices |
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291 | (10) |
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291 | (2) |
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293 | (3) |
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296 | (1) |
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IMDs Related to Anatomic Location |
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296 | (1) |
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Oral Cavity/Respiratory Tract |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
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Consequences of Biofilms and IMDs |
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301 | (11) |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (3) |
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Pathogenic Organisms and Anatomical Location |
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306 | (1) |
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Oral Cavity/Respiratory Tract |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (3) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (9) |
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Introduction and Definitions |
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312 | (3) |
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Architecture and Structure |
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315 | (2) |
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Physiology and Metabolism |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (2) |
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320 | (1) |
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Coatings and Anti-Infective Devices |
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321 | (6) |
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322 | (1) |
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Anti-Infective Biomaterials/Polymers |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (6) |
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Strategies Designed to Prevent Biofilm Formation in IMDs |
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327 | (1) |
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Oral and VAP-Associated Studies |
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327 | (2) |
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329 | (1) |
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Central Venous Catheter Studies |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (2) |
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Published Strategies Currently Being Developed and Evaluated |
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333 | (1) |
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Conclusions and the Future |
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333 | (6) |
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334 | (5) |
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Infection-Resistant Implantable Devices: Biofilm Problems and Design Strategies |
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339 | (34) |
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339 | (1) |
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Medical Devices and Biofilms |
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340 | (3) |
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Biofilm Resistance: Overview |
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341 | (1) |
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Biofilm Resistance: Possible Mechanisms |
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341 | (2) |
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Antibiofilm Approaches: Design Strategies |
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343 | (9) |
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Material Modification to Prevent Biofilm Formation |
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344 | (2) |
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Polymer-Based Antimicrobial Delivery Systems |
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346 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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Importance of Early Treatment |
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349 | (1) |
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Implantable Matrices, Microparticles, Fibrous Scaffolds, and Thermoreversible Gels |
|
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349 | (3) |
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State-of-the-Art Prosthetic Implants |
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352 | (2) |
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Implants for Cancer Treatment |
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354 | (10) |
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Commercial Cancer Implants |
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356 | (1) |
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Design of Antibacterial Biodegradable Cancer Implants |
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357 | (7) |
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Discussion and Future Aspects |
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364 | (9) |
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365 | (1) |
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|
365 | (8) |
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Infections of Intracardiac Devices |
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373 | (22) |
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373 | (1) |
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Cardiac Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators |
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374 | (6) |
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Epidemiology and Etiology |
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374 | (1) |
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Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis |
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375 | (2) |
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377 | (3) |
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Left Ventricular Assist Devices |
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380 | (4) |
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Epidemiology and Etiology |
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|
380 | (2) |
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Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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Prosthetic Cardiac Valves |
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384 | (4) |
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Epidemiology and Etiology |
|
|
384 | (1) |
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Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis |
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|
385 | (2) |
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387 | (1) |
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|
388 | (7) |
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389 | (6) |
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Intrauterine Devices: Infections and Biofilms |
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395 | (20) |
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395 | (1) |
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Contraceptive Options for Women and Preference for IUDs among Asian Women |
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396 | (1) |
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|
397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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Problems Associated with IUD Usage with Special Reference to Microbial Infections |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Mode and Mechanism of Infection and Biofilm Formation on IUDs |
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|
400 | (4) |
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Problems Associated with Eradication of Biofilms |
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|
404 | (1) |
|
IUDs and Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Precautionary and Remedial Measures |
|
|
406 | (1) |
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|
407 | (8) |
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|
408 | (1) |
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|
408 | (7) |
|
Antimicrobial Urinary Catheters |
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|
415 | (44) |
|
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Uses and Prevalence of Urinary Catheters |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections |
|
|
417 | (3) |
|
Complications of Catheter-Associated UTI |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Attempts to Control Catheter-Associated UTI |
|
|
421 | (3) |
|
|
424 | (6) |
|
Minocycline- and Rifampicin-Impregnated Catheters |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (3) |
|
General Conclusions on Clinical Trials on Catheters |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
Antimicrobial Catheters Yet to Be Tested in Clinical Trials |
|
|
436 | (6) |
|
The Catheter Encrustation Problem |
|
|
442 | (7) |
|
|
449 | (10) |
|
|
450 | (9) |
|
Risk Factors for Postoperative Infectious Complications after Abdominal Surgery |
|
|
459 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
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|
460 | (1) |
|
|
461 | (8) |
|
|
463 | (6) |
Authors |
|
469 | (12) |
Index |
|
481 | |