Contributors |
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xxiii | |
Reviewers |
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xxix | |
Preface |
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xxxiii | |
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Chapter One Introduction to the Concept of Drug Information |
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1 | (32) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (13) |
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Opportunities in Drug Information Specialty Practice |
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19 | (5) |
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Summary and Direction for the Future |
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24 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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24 | (9) |
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Chapter Two Formulating an Effective Response: A Structured Approach |
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33 | (28) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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Steps for Answering a Question |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (3) |
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40 | (4) |
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44 | (3) |
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47 | (3) |
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50 | (4) |
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54 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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55 | (6) |
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Chapter Three Drug Information Resources |
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61 | (60) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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Types of Biomedical Resources |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (15) |
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80 | (3) |
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83 | (6) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (7) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (3) |
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102 | (1) |
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Consumer Health Information |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (3) |
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Reference Budget Considerations |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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109 | (12) |
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Chapter Four Drug Literature Evaluation I: Controlled Clinical Trial Evaluation |
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121 | (98) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Biomedical/Pharmacy Literature |
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123 | (3) |
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Approach to Evaluating Research Studies (True Experiments) |
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126 | (39) |
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165 | (13) |
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178 | (8) |
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Specialized Types of Controlled Clinical Trials |
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186 | (8) |
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194 | (4) |
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198 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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199 | (20) |
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Chapter Five Drug Literature Evaluation II: Beyond the Randomized Controlled Trial |
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219 | (78) |
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Christopher S. Wisniewski |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (19) |
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Case Study 5-1 Observational Study |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (17) |
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Case Study 5-2 Meta-Analysis |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (16) |
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Natural Medicines Medical Literature |
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275 | (6) |
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Case Study 5-3 Study Testing a Natural Medicine |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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282 | (15) |
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Chapter Six The Application of Statistical Analysis in the Biomedical Sciences |
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297 | (110) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (2) |
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Variables and the Measurement of Data |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (7) |
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Common Probability Distributions |
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310 | (6) |
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Epidemiological Statistics |
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316 | (4) |
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320 | (2) |
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322 | (1) |
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The Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials |
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323 | (7) |
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330 | (10) |
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Selecting the Appropriate Statistical Test |
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340 | (6) |
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346 | (1) |
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Introduction to Common Statistical Tests |
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347 | (50) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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399 | (8) |
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Chapter Seven Pharmacoeconomics |
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407 | (38) |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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Pharmacoeconomics: What Is It and Why Do It? |
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409 | (1) |
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Relationships of Pharmacoeconomics to Outcomes Research |
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409 | (1) |
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Models of Pharmacoeconomic Analysis |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (2) |
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412 | (9) |
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Performing an Economic Analysis |
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421 | (5) |
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What is Decision Analysis? |
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426 | (4) |
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Steps in Reviewing Published Literature |
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430 | (1) |
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431 | (5) |
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Selected Pharmacoeconomic Websites |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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437 | (8) |
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Chapter Eight Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines |
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445 | (42) |
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445 | (1) |
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445 | (1) |
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446 | (2) |
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Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines |
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448 | (2) |
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Guideline Development Methods and Evaluation |
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450 | (5) |
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455 | (4) |
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459 | (8) |
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467 | (1) |
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Guideline Evaluation Tools |
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467 | (2) |
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Use of Clinical Practice Guidelines |
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469 | (5) |
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474 | (1) |
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Sources of Clinical Practice Guidelines |
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474 | (1) |
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475 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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476 | (11) |
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Chapter Nine Journal Clubs |
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487 | (14) |
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487 | (1) |
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487 | (1) |
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488 | (1) |
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489 | (3) |
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492 | (1) |
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Preparing the Presentation |
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492 | (2) |
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494 | (1) |
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495 | (1) |
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495 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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496 | (5) |
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501 | (28) |
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501 | (1) |
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501 | (1) |
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502 | (1) |
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503 | (1) |
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Criticisms and Variations of Peer Review |
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504 | (2) |
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Reasons to Participate in Peer Review |
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506 | (1) |
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Locating Peer Review Opportunities |
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507 | (1) |
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Preparing for Peer Review |
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508 | (1) |
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509 | (1) |
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Reasons to Decline a Peer Review Invitation |
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509 | (3) |
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512 | (1) |
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512 | (2) |
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514 | (6) |
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Involving Learners in Peer Review |
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520 | (4) |
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524 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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524 | (5) |
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Chapter Eleven Legal Aspects of Drug Information |
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529 | (72) |
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529 | (1) |
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529 | (1) |
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530 | (1) |
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531 | (1) |
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532 | (2) |
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534 | (10) |
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Defenses to Negligence and Malpractice Protection |
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544 | (5) |
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549 | (1) |
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Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) Drug Information |
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550 | (3) |
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Off-Label Use and Informed Consent |
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553 | (6) |
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Liability Concerns for Internet/Social Media Information |
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559 | (5) |
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564 | (2) |
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Intellectual Property Rights |
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566 | (3) |
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569 | (5) |
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574 | (3) |
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577 | (3) |
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Industry Support for Educational Activities |
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580 | (4) |
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584 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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585 | (16) |
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Chapter Twelve Ethical Aspects of Drug Information Practice |
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601 | (38) |
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601 | (1) |
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601 | (1) |
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602 | (4) |
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Basics of Ethics Analysis |
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606 | (8) |
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Case Example 12-1 (Micro-Level Case) |
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614 | (5) |
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Case Example 12-2 (Meso-Level Case) |
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619 | (3) |
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Case Study 12-1 (Micro Level) |
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622 | (1) |
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Case Study 12-2 (Micro Level) |
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623 | (1) |
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Case Study 12-3 (Meso Level) |
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624 | (1) |
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Case Study 12-4 (Macro Level) |
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625 | (1) |
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Resources for Use by Professionals Seeking to Learn More about Medical Ethics, as Applied to Issues Involving Provision of Drug Information |
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626 | (2) |
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Structures That Support Ethical Decision-Making |
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628 | (3) |
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631 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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631 | (8) |
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Chapter Thirteen Professional Communication of Drug Information |
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639 | (50) |
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639 | (1) |
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640 | (1) |
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640 | (1) |
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641 | (19) |
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660 | (1) |
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660 | (8) |
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668 | (9) |
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677 | (1) |
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677 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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677 | (12) |
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Chapter Fourteen Media Relations |
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689 | (10) |
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689 | (1) |
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689 | (1) |
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689 | (1) |
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690 | (1) |
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690 | (1) |
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691 | (3) |
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694 | (1) |
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695 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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695 | (4) |
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Chapter Fifteen Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee |
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699 | (76) |
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699 | (1) |
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699 | (1) |
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700 | (1) |
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701 | (1) |
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Organizational Background |
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702 | (8) |
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Pharmacy Support of the P&T Committee |
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710 | (11) |
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721 | (1) |
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722 | (17) |
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739 | (12) |
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751 | (1) |
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Communication within an Organization |
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752 | (2) |
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754 | (1) |
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755 | (1) |
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755 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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756 | (3) |
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759 | (16) |
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Chapter Sixteen Drug Evaluation Monographs |
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775 | (46) |
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775 | (1) |
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775 | (1) |
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776 | (1) |
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Purpose of Drug Evaluation Monographs |
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777 | (1) |
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Sources of Drug Monographs |
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778 | (1) |
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Contents of the Drug Monograph |
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779 | (2) |
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Importance of the Drug Monograph |
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781 | (1) |
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782 | (12) |
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794 | (14) |
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Distribution of Drug Formulary |
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808 | (1) |
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808 | (1) |
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809 | (1) |
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809 | (1) |
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809 | (1) |
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810 | (1) |
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811 | (1) |
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811 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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811 | (2) |
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813 | (8) |
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Chapter Seventeen Drug Shortages and Counterfeit Drugs |
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821 | (14) |
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821 | (1) |
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821 | (1) |
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822 | (1) |
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822 | (2) |
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824 | (3) |
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827 | (1) |
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828 | (1) |
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829 | (1) |
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830 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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830 | (5) |
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Chapter Eighteen Quality Improvement and the Medication Use System |
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835 | (60) |
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835 | (1) |
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835 | (1) |
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836 | (1) |
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The Changing Environment for Health Care Quality |
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837 | (1) |
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838 | (2) |
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840 | (1) |
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Purpose of Measuring Quality |
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841 | (1) |
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841 | (2) |
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843 | (18) |
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861 | (1) |
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862 | (8) |
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870 | (2) |
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872 | (7) |
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Quality in Drug Information |
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879 | (1) |
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Publication of Quality Improvement Studies |
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880 | (1) |
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881 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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881 | (14) |
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Chapter Nineteen Medication Safety I: Adverse Drug Reactions |
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895 | (38) |
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895 | (1) |
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895 | (1) |
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896 | (1) |
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Impact of Adverse Drug Reactions |
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897 | (1) |
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898 | (1) |
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Causality and Probability of Adverse Drug Reactions |
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899 | (5) |
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904 | (1) |
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Classification of Adverse Drug Reactions |
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905 | (3) |
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908 | (2) |
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The Role of Technology in ADR Surveillance |
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910 | (2) |
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Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions |
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912 | (7) |
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919 | (1) |
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920 | (1) |
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Future Approaches to Pharmacovigilance |
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921 | (1) |
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922 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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923 | (10) |
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Chapter Twenty Medication Safety II: Medication Errors |
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933 | (46) |
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933 | (1) |
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933 | (1) |
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934 | (1) |
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Definitions: Medication Errors, Adverse Drug Events (ADES), and Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRS) |
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935 | (2) |
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The Impact of Errors on Patients and Health Care Systems |
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937 | (1) |
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Identification and Reporting of Medication Errors and Adverse Drug Events |
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938 | (4) |
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Classification of Error Types |
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942 | (3) |
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Classifying Patient Outcomes |
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945 | (1) |
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946 | (1) |
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Managing an Event Reporting System |
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947 | (3) |
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Human Error or System Error? |
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950 | (4) |
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954 | (1) |
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Risk Factors for Errors and Events |
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955 | (3) |
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958 | (2) |
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960 | (1) |
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961 | (3) |
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964 | (1) |
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Key Organizations for Safety Best Practices |
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965 | (2) |
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967 | (1) |
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Conclusion: Safety as a Priority |
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968 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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969 | (10) |
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Chapter Twenty-One Policy, Procedure, and Guideline Development |
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979 | (16) |
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979 | (1) |
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979 | (1) |
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980 | (1) |
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Regulatory Considerations |
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981 | (1) |
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Practice Document Design and Organization |
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981 | (1) |
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Factors Influencing Practice Document Development |
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982 | (2) |
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Systematic Method for Practice Document Development and Maintenance |
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984 | (2) |
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986 | (3) |
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989 | (1) |
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989 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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990 | (5) |
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Chapter Twenty-Two Project Management |
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995 | (18) |
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995 | (1) |
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995 | (1) |
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996 | (1) |
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Projects, Programs, and Portfolios |
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997 | (1) |
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998 | (1) |
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999 | (3) |
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1002 | (3) |
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1005 | (2) |
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1007 | (1) |
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Monitoring and Controlling a Project |
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1007 | (1) |
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1008 | (1) |
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1008 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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1009 | (4) |
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Chapter Twenty-Three Investigational Drugs |
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1013 | (46) |
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1013 | (1) |
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1014 | (1) |
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1015 | (1) |
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History of Drug Development Regulation in the United States |
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1015 | (5) |
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The Drug Approval Process |
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1020 | (8) |
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1028 | (6) |
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1034 | (1) |
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1035 | (1) |
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Institutional Review Board/Institutional Ethics Committee |
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1036 | (2) |
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1038 | (1) |
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Role of the Health Care Professional |
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1038 | (9) |
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1047 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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1047 | (12) |
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Chapter Twenty-Four Regulatory Affairs and Pharmaceutical Industry |
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1059 | (48) |
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1059 | (1) |
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1059 | (1) |
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1060 | (1) |
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Anatomy of the Department of Health and Human Services and the Food and Drug Administration |
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1061 | (10) |
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Division of Drug Information |
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1071 | (5) |
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1076 | (1) |
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Opportunities within the FDA |
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1077 | (2) |
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The Food and Drug Administration and the Pharmaceutical Industry |
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1079 | (1) |
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Medical Communications in the Pharmaceutical Industry |
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1080 | (1) |
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1080 | (3) |
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Fulfillment of Medical Information Requests |
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1083 | (2) |
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1085 | (1) |
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Required Safety Reporting to FDA |
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1085 | (2) |
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1087 | (1) |
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Code on Interactions with Healthcare Professionals |
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1088 | (1) |
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Opportunities for Health Professionals within Industry |
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1088 | (7) |
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1095 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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1095 | (12) |
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Chapter Twenty-Five Assessing Drug Promotions |
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1107 | (56) |
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1107 | (1) |
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1108 | (1) |
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1108 | (1) |
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Ethical Criteria for Medicinal Drug Promotion |
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1109 | (1) |
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Direct-to-Consumer Advertising (DTCA) |
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1110 | (18) |
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1128 | (1) |
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Promotions to Health Care Professionals |
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1129 | (7) |
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1136 | (1) |
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1137 | (3) |
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1140 | (3) |
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1143 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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1143 | (20) |
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Chapter Twenty-Six Drug Information in Ambulatory Care |
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1163 | (30) |
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1163 | (1) |
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1163 | (1) |
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1164 | (1) |
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Providing Drug Information in the Ambulatory Care Setting |
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1165 | (3) |
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Drug Information Responsibilities in Ambulatory Care |
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1168 | (5) |
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1173 | (6) |
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1179 | (3) |
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1182 | (4) |
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1186 | (1) |
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1187 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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|
1187 | (6) |
|
Chapter Twenty-Seven Drug Information and Contemporary Community Pharmacy Practice |
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1193 | (34) |
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1193 | (1) |
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1193 | (1) |
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1194 | (2) |
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Pharmacists as Drug Information Providers |
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1196 | (2) |
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Patient Sources of Drug Information |
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1198 | (5) |
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1203 | (7) |
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1210 | (1) |
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1210 | (1) |
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A New Model of Drug Information |
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|
1210 | (5) |
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1215 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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|
1216 | (11) |
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Chapter Twenty-Eight Pharmacy Informatics I: Systems and Technology for Patient Care |
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1227 | (40) |
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Order Entry (Prescribing Stage) |
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The Future: Informatics in the U.S. Health Care System |
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1254 | (3) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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1257 | (10) |
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Chapter Twenty-Nine Pharmacy Informatics II: Big Data |
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1267 | (1) |
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1280 | (6) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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1287 | (8) |
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Chapter Thirty Drug Information Education and Training |
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1295 | (20) |
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1295 | (1) |
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1295 | (1) |
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1296 | (1) |
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Drug Information in Pharmacy Curriculum |
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1296 | (2) |
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1298 | (4) |
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1302 | (1) |
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Postgraduate Training in Drug Information |
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1305 | (1) |
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Pursuing Specialty Training |
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1306 | (1) |
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1307 | (1) |
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Self-Assessment Questions |
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1307 | (8) |
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1315 | (136) |
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Appendix 2-1 Example of Drug Information Consult Documentation Form |
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1317 | (2) |
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Appendix 2-2 Standard Questions for Obtaining Background Information from Requestors |
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1319 | (5) |
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Appendix 3-1 Performing a PubMed Search |
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1324 | (3) |
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Appendix 3-2 Selected Primary Literatures Sources |
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1327 | (4) |
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Appendix 4-1 Drug Literature Assessment Questions for Clinical Trials |
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1331 | (3) |
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Appendix 5-1 Drug Literature Assessment Questions for Other Study Designs |
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1334 | (5) |
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Appendix 8-1 Grade Evidence Profile: Antibiotics for Children with Acute Otitis Media |
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1339 | (2) |
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Appendix 12-1 Code of Ethics for Pharmacists |
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1341 | (2) |
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Appendix 13-1 Question Example |
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1343 | (2) |
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Appendix 13-3 Bibliography |
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1353 | (15) |
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Appendix 15-1 Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee Procedure |
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Appendix 15-2 Formulary Request Form |
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1381 | (3) |
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Appendix 15-3 P&T Committee Meeting Attributes |
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1384 | (2) |
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Appendix 15-4 Example P&T Committee Minutes |
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1386 | (2) |
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Appendix 15-5 Chairperson Skills |
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1388 | (2) |
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Appendix 15-6 Conflict of Interest Declaration |
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1390 | (2) |
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Appendix 16-1 Format for Drug Monograph |
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1392 | (4) |
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Appendix 16-2 Example Drug Monograph |
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1396 | (7) |
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Appendix 16-3 Biosimilar Monograph |
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1403 | (3) |
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Appendix 18-1 Tools Used in Quality Assurance |
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1406 | (5) |
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Appendix 18-2 Example of Criteria and Request for Approval |
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1411 | (1) |
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Appendix 18-3 Example of Medication Use Evaluation (MUE) Results |
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1412 | (3) |
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Appendix 18-4 Evaluation Form for Drug Information Response |
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1415 | (1) |
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Appendix 19-1 Kramer Questionnaire |
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1416 | (7) |
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Appendix 19-2 Naranjo Algorithm |
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1423 | (1) |
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Appendix 19-3 Jones Algorithm |
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1424 | (1) |
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Appendix 19-4 Liverpool ADR Causality Assessment Tool |
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1425 | (1) |
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Appendix 19-5 MedWatch Form |
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1426 | (3) |
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Appendix 21-1 Policy Example: High-Alert Medications |
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1429 | (5) |
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Appendix 22-1 Example of a Project Charter |
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1434 | (4) |
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Appendix 22-2 Stakeholder Matrix---IV Compounding Software Project |
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1438 | (2) |
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Appendix 22-3 Example PESTLE Analysis---IV Compounding Software Project |
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1440 | (3) |
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Appendix 22-4 Example Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)---IV Compounding Software Project |
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1443 | (3) |
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Appendix 24-1 Example REMS Template for Writing Participant Information |
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1446 | (3) |
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Appendix 24-2 Response Letter Drug A---Incidence of Yellow Stripes |
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1449 | (2) |
Glossary |
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1451 | (42) |
Case Study Answers |
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1493 | (40) |
Abbreviations |
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1533 | (10) |
Answers for Self-Assessment Questions |
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1543 | (8) |
Index |
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1551 | |