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E-raamat: Drylands: Environmental Management and Development

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Drylands: Environmental Management and DevelopmentSuurem pilt
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Drylands, which cover over half the world's area, have witnessed rapid development, exploitation and change with the discovery of mineral reserves, urbanization and population growth. Environmental management is critical to the conservation and sustainable use of resources. This comprehensive text offers a systematic study of the physical nature of drylands and the history of human response to and uses of these harsh landscapes. Detailed case studies, including urban as well as pastoral drylands from California to Soviet Central Asia, the Middle East, the Sahara and Australia, contrast different management approaches and problems.

Describes the drylands of the world and their management; the way human societies have evolved in response to the physical landscape and by classifying the different human uses of drylands; and case studies illustrating the kinds of management adopted for different purposes throughout the world.

Arvustused

`This highly informative text, supported by statistical tables and diagrams ... is recommended for academic, planning and decision-making processes.' - Environmental Education and Information

`The book is excellent and will become a major reference not only for geographers but for students in other environmental studies.' - Annals of the Association of American Geographers

` ... presents a very readable overview of the world's drylands and of the socio-economic issues influencing the different approaches to management.' - The Geographical Journal

List of figures
x
List of tables
xv
List of plates
vxii
Preface xviii
Part One Systematic Study of Drylands
1 Nature of the Dryland Environment
3(54)
1.1 Definitions of Drylands
3(5)
1.2 Climatic Characteristics
8(9)
1.2.1 Precipitation
8(5)
1.2.2 Temperature
13(2)
1.2.3 Relative humidity
15(1)
1.2.4 Wind
16(1)
1.3 Evapotranspiration and Water Balance
17(4)
1.4 River Runoff
21(7)
1.5 Groundwater
28(5)
1.6 The Nature of Arid Landforms
33(3)
1.7 Arid Zone Soils
36(4)
1.8 Vegetation
40(3)
1.9 Fauna
43(3)
1.10 Dryland Ecosystems
46(1)
1.11 Climatic Change
47(10)
2 Human Use of Drylands
57(40)
2.1 Traditional Societies
57(25)
2.1.1 Introduction
57(1)
2.1.2 Evolution of traditional societies
58(9)
2.1.3 Later developments
67(4)
2.1.4 Traditional societies at the present day
71(3)
2.1.5 Aborigines
74(8)
2.2 Modern Societies
82(15)
2.2.1 Introduction
82(3)
2.2.2 Development planning
85(4)
2.2.3 Population growth
89(5)
2.2.4 Agriculture and land reform
94(2)
2.2.5 The future
96(1)
3 Intensive Use of the Dryland Environment
97(66)
3.1 Urbanisation
97(28)
3.1.1 Introduction
97(1)
3.1.2 Growth rates of cities
98(1)
3.1.3 Urban management problems
99(10)
3.1.4 Geomorphological hazards
109(5)
3.1.5 Constructional limitations
114(2)
3.1.6 Tucson -- water for a desert oasis
116(9)
3.2 Irrigation
125(27)
3.2.1 Introduction
125(3)
3.2.2 Irrigation water sources
128(2)
3.2.3 Irrigation systems
130(3)
3.2.4 Irrigation water quality
133(2)
3.2.5 Distribution of irrigated agriculture
135(3)
3.2.6 Irrigation development in the USA
138(1)
3.2.6.1 The early years
138(3)
3.2.6.2 The Bureau of Reclamation
141(4)
3.2.6.3 Irrigation in the USA today
145(5)
3.2.7 Conclusion
150(2)
3.3 Mineral exploitation
152(11)
3.3.1 Introduction
152(2)
3.3.2 Mining activity and environmental problems
154(2)
3.3.3 Patterns of mineral exploitation
156(2)
3.3.4 Case study -- mining in Western Australia
158(3)
3.3.5 Conclusion
161(2)
4 Extensive Use of the Dryland Environment
163(32)
4.1 Rain-fed Agriculture
163(16)
4.1.1 Introduction
163(5)
4.1.2 Case study -- northern Jordan
168(7)
4.1.3 Case study -- Australian wheat production
175(4)
4.2 Pastoral systems
179(16)
4.2.1 Introduction
179(1)
4.2.2 Traditional pastoralism
179(3)
4.2.3 Commercial pastoralism
182(4)
4.2.4 Case study -- South Africa
186(4)
4.2.5 Conclusion
190(5)
Part Two Regional Resource Management --- Case Studies
5 The Sahara and Central Australia: Pastoralism Under Different Management Systems
195(43)
5.1 The Sahara
195(20)
5.1.1 Introduction
195(1)
5.1.2 The environment
196(2)
5.1.3 Traditional land use
198(4)
5.1.4 Case study -- Niger
202(1)
5.1.4.1 Introduction
202(1)
5.1.4.2 Land use evolution
203(1)
5.1.4.3 The environment and its resources
204(3)
5.1.4.4 Modernisation of land use
207(2)
5.1.4.5 The Sahel drought, 1968-73, and its aftermath
209(4)
5.1.5 Conclusion
213(2)
5.2 Central Australia
215(23)
5.2.1 Historical development
215(2)
5.2.2 Pastoral practices
217(4)
5.2.3 Case Study -- Gascoyne basin
221(1)
5.2.3.1 The environment
221(1)
5.2.3.2 Pastoral development
222(5)
5.2.4 Case Study -- Alice Springs
227(1)
5.2.4.1 Historical development
227(4)
5.2.4.2 The current situation
231(4)
5.2.5 Conclusion
235(3)
6 River Basin Development: the Nile and the Colorado
238(39)
6.1 The Nile Basin
238(25)
6.1.1 Introduction
238(1)
6.1.2 The basin
239(4)
6.1.3 Hydrology
243(3)
6.1.4 Basin irrigation
246(2)
6.1.5 Perennial irrigation
248(3)
6.1.6 The Aswan High Dam
251(4)
6.1.7 Current position
255(5)
6.1.8 Future
260(3)
6.2 The Colorado Basin
263(14)
6.2.1 Introduction
263(1)
6.2.2 The basin
263(2)
6.2.3 Water resources
265(1)
6.2.4 Historical development
266(1)
6.2.5 Major projects
267(5)
6.2.6 Future water supply and demand
272(5)
7 Oases: Isfahan and Salt Lake City
277(30)
7.1 Introduction
277(1)
7.2 The Isfahan Oasis
278(15)
7.2.1 Introduction
278(5)
7.2.2 Environment
283(2)
7.2.3 Land use
285(3)
7.2.4 River management
288(5)
7.3 Salt Lake City and the Wasatch Oasis
293(14)
7.3.1 Introduction
293(3)
7.3.2 The new settlements
296(3)
7.3.3 Irrigation
299(2)
7.3.4 Escalente -- a pioneering Mormon settlement
301(4)
7.3.5 The Future
305(2)
8 The Great Plains of the USA: Changing Patterns of Exploitation
307(25)
8.1 Introduction
307(2)
8.2 The Environment
309(1)
8.3 The History of Settlement
310(1)
8.4 Drought and Risk
311(3)
8.5 The Irrigation Movement -- the High Plains of Texas
314(11)
8.6 Importation of water
325(7)
9 Rapid Economic Development in the Gulf: The Impact of Oil Revenues
332(25)
9.1 Historical
332(2)
9.2 Oil and Oil Revenues
334(4)
9.3 The Urbanisation Process
338(7)
9.4 Environmental Impact
345(2)
9.5 Saudi Arabia -- Eastern Province
347(3)
9.6 Water
350(4)
9.7 The Future
354(3)
10 Israel: Integrated Water Development
357(29)
10.1 Introduction
357(1)
10.2 Climate
358(2)
10.3 Hydrology
360(4)
10.4 Water Resource Development
364(3)
10.5 National Water Carrier
367(4)
10.6 Pollution and Environmental Issues
371(2)
10.7 Re-use of Waste Waters
373(3)
10.8 Water Legislation and Policy
376(3)
10.9 Water Use
379(3)
10.10 The Future
382(4)
11 Soviet Central Asia: Water Transfer and Irrigation Development
386(16)
11.1 Introduction
386(1)
11.2 Irrigation Development
387(6)
11.3 Water Transfer Schemes
393(6)
11.4 Impact of the Water Transfers
399(3)
12 The Los Angeles Conurbation: Problems of Environmental Management and Resource Provision
402(49)
12.1 Introduction
402(1)
12.2 The Environment
403(5)
12.3 Water Supply
408(8)
12.4 Sewage Collection, Treatment and Disposal
416(9)
12.4.1 Introduction
416(1)
12.4.2 Sewage treatment techniques
417(2)
12.4.3 The sewage systems
419(6)
12.5 Environmental Problems Caused by Too Much Water
425(7)
12.6 Air Pollution
432(19)
12.6.1 Introduction
432(1)
12.6.2 Nature of the smog problem
433(6)
12.6.3 Management of air pollution effects
439(4)
12.6.4 Temporal trends
443(4)
12.6.5 Conclusions
447(4)
Part Three Prospect
13 The Future of Drylands
451(24)
Bibliography 475(37)
Index 512
Peter Beaumont
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta
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