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E-raamat: Due Diligence Obligations in International Human Rights Law

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Feb-2021
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108896559
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Due Diligence Obligations in International Human Rights LawSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Feb-2021
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108896559
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Introducing an analytical framework for international due diligence obligations and testing it against several practical examples, this book is of relevance to both scholars and students of public international law as well as to practitioners and political decision-makers in the field of human rights protection.

With the importance of non-State actors ever increasing, the traditional State-centric approach of international law is being put to the test. In particular, significant accountability lacunae have emerged in the field of human rights protection. To address these challenges, this book makes a case for extraterritorial due diligence obligations of States in international human rights law. It traces back how due diligence obligations evolved on the international plane and develops a general analytical framework making the broad and vague notion of due diligence more approachable. The framework is applied to different fields of international law which provides guidance on how due diligence obligations can be better conceptualized. Drawing inspiration from these developments, the book analyses how extraterritorial human rights due diligence obligations could operate in practice and foster global human rights protection.

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An analytical framework of due diligence obligations to address the increasing prevalence of non-State human rights risks.
Acknowledgments xv
List of Abbreviations
xvi
Introduction 1(8)
1 Why to Analyze State Responsibility for Human Rights Violations: The Flawed Debate on Direct Human Rights Obligations for Non-State Actors
9(38)
I Introductory Remarks
9(4)
II Why the Existing Human Rights Regime Cannot Be Construed to Contain Direct Obligations for Non-State Actors
13(17)
1 Customary International Law
14(2)
2 General Principles
16(1)
3 Human Rights Treaties
17(1)
a Human Rights Treaties as Living Instruments
18(5)
b Drittwirkung
23(3)
c "Abuse of Rights" Clauses
26(2)
4 Summary
28(2)
III Reasons Speaking for Direct Human Rights Obligations on Behalf of Private Actors
30(2)
IV Reasons against Imposing Direct Human Rights Obligations on Non-State Actors
32(11)
1 Procedural and Definitional Questions
32(1)
a Non-State Actors and International Norm Setting
32(2)
b Making Non-State Actors Duty Bearers: "Capacity" as an Adequate Yardstick?
34(3)
c Shared Accountability between States and Non-State Actors?
37(1)
2 Legitimacy Questions: Non-State Actors and the Balancing of Public Interests
38(3)
3 Abuse Concerns
41(1)
a A Chance for States to Neglect Their Own Duties
42(1)
b Awarding Corresponding Rights to Non-State Actors
42(1)
V Conclusion: The Necessity of Exploiting the Full Potential of State Responsibility
43(4)
2 Establishing State Responsibility for Human Rights Violations: Proposal for a Conduct-Based Typology of Human Rights Obligations
47(31)
I Introductory Remarks
47(1)
II The Inadequacy of Traditional Human Rights Typologies
48(6)
1 Three Generations of Human Rights
49(2)
2 Obligations to Respect, Protect, and Fulfill
51(1)
3 Positive versus Negative Obligations
52(2)
III Proposal for a Conduct-Based Typology of Human Rights
54(22)
1 Positive Human Rights Obligations of Result
55(1)
a Preventive Obligations of Result
56(1)
aa The Duty to Enact Legislation
56(2)
1 Failure to Enact Legislation
58(2)
2 Enacting Legislation That Violates Human Rights
60(1)
bb The Duty to Establish an Administrative Apparatus
61(2)
b Punitive Obligations of Result
63(1)
aa The Duty to Establish an Investigative and Judicial Apparatus
63(1)
bb The Duty to Create Legal Remedies
64(1)
cc The Duty to Investigate Allegations of Human Rights Violations
65(2)
dd The Duty to Provide for Specific Criminal Legislation
67(1)
ee The Duty to Award Reparations
68(1)
2 Positive Human Rights Obligations of Diligent Conduct
69(2)
a Preventive Obligations of Diligent Conduct
71(1)
b Repressive Obligations of Diligent Conduct
71(3)
3 Positive Obligations of Progressive Realization
74(1)
4 Margin of Appreciation
75(1)
IV Summary
76(2)
3 The Origins of Due Diligence in International Law
78(38)
I Introductory Remarks
78(1)
II Due Diligence in Early Scholarly Writings
78(5)
1 Grotius's Concept of Patientia and Receptus Responsibility
79(1)
2 Pufendorf and the Presumption of Capacities to Prevent
80(1)
3 Wolff and Vattel: From Responsibility of the Monarch to Responsibility of States
80(1)
4 Hall and Oppenheim: Reasonable Measures of Prevention and Vicarious Responsibility
81(1)
5 Summary
82(1)
III Due Diligence in Early Jurisprudence
83(7)
1 The Duty to Protect Foreigners and the Establishment of Claims Commissions
83(1)
2 The Jurisprudence of the Claims Commissions
84(1)
a Preventive Obligations of Due Diligence
85(1)
b Repressive Obligations of Due Diligence
86(1)
c Due Diligence versus Complicity
87(1)
d Responsibility in Case of Civil Insurgency
88(1)
3 Due Diligence Obligations in Transboundary Cases
89(1)
IV Due Diligence within the System of State Responsibility
90(2)
1 Failed Attempts at Codification
90(2)
2 The ILC's Work on State Responsibility and the Due Diligence Concept
92(1)
V Confusion of Concepts: Distinguishing Due Diligence from Other Responsibility Concepts
92(22)
1 Actions and Omissions
93(1)
2 Fault
94(1)
a The Role of Fault within the Law on State Responsibility: General Remarks
95(1)
b Due Diligence Obligations and Negligence
96(1)
c Due Diligence as a Standard of Conduct Contained in Primary Norms
97(2)
3 Liability for Acts Not Prohibited by International Law
99(1)
a Responsibility versus Liability
99(2)
b Draft Articles ojfr Prevention of Transboundary Harm
101(1)
4 Obligations of Conduct and Obligations of Result
102(1)
a Ago's Proposal
102(1)
b Why the Distinction Matters: The Temporal Dimension of a Breach
103(2)
c The ILC's Proposal on Preventive Obligations
105(1)
5 Complicity
106(1)
a Complicity in Wrongful Conduct of Other States
107(2)
b Complicity in Non-State Conduct
109(1)
aa Complicity in Case of Individual Criminal Responsibility
109(1)
bb Complicity as Ground for Attribution
110(1)
cc Complicity versus Due Diligence: Where the Confusion Comes From
111(1)
1 Why the Distinction Is Relevant
112(1)
2 Distinction Based on the "Knowledge" Criterion
112(2)
VI Summary
114(2)
4 The Components of the Due Diligence Standard
116(26)
I Introductory Remarks
116(1)
II Knowledge
117(4)
1 Positive Knowledge
118(1)
2 Constructive Knowledge
118(1)
a An Obligation to Acquire Knowledge
119(1)
b Determination by Objective Factors
119(2)
III Capacities
121(7)
1 Institutional Capacities
122(1)
2 Territorial and Financial Capacities
123(1)
a Territorial Capacities
124(2)
b Technical and Financial Capacities
126(1)
c Force Majeure I Necessity
127(1)
IV Reasonableness
128(12)
1 Elements of Reasonableness under International Law
129(1)
a Reasonableness and Proportionality
130(2)
b Reasonableness and Rationality
132(1)
c Reasonableness and Compliance
133(1)
d Reasonableness and Balancing
134(2)
2 Assessing Reasonableness: Objective versus Subjective Approaches
136(1)
3 Burden of Proof
137(3)
V Summary
140(2)
5 Lessons to Be Learned from the Application of Due Diligence Obligations in Other Fields of International Law
142(62)
5.1 Due Diligence Obligations in International Environmental Law
144(1)
I Introductory Remarks
144(1)
II Preventive Obligations and the No-Harm Rule
145(2)
III Knowledge
147(7)
1 Precautionary Obligations
147(3)
2 An Obligation to Acquire Knowledge: Environmental Impact Assessments
150(3)
3 An Obligation to Share Knowledge? Duties to Cooperate
153(1)
IV Capacities
154(5)
1 Best Available Technologies
155(1)
2 Common but Differentiated Responsibilities
156(3)
V Reasonableness
159(4)
1 Technological Development
159(1)
2 Sustainability
159(1)
3 Objective versus Subjective Standards of Care
160(1)
4 Burden of Proof
161(2)
VI Summary
163(4)
5.2 Due Diligence Obligations to Curb Terrorist Activities
167(1)
I Introductory Remarks
167(4)
II Knowledge
171(1)
III Capacity
172(11)
1 Institutional Capacities
172(1)
2 Financial and Territorial Capacities
173(1)
a Self-Defense against Non-State Actors?
173(4)
b The Unwilling or Unable-Standard
177(1)
aa Is There an Obligation to Enhance Capacities?
178(1)
bb Does Inability Justify a Forceful Response by Other States?
179(2)
cc Broadening the Scope of Reasonable Efforts
181(2)
IV Summary
183(2)
5.3 Due Diligence Obligations in the Cybersphere
185(1)
I Introductory Remarks
185(1)
II The Problem of Attribution in the Cybersphere
186(2)
III Due Diligence in the Cybersphere
188(11)
1 Due Diligence Obligations in the Aftermath of a Cyber Incident
189(1)
2 Preventive Due Diligence Obligations in the Cybersphere
190(1)
a Knowledge: The Foreseeability of Harmful Cyber Incidents
190(3)
b Reasonable Measures of Prevention
193(2)
c Shifting the Burden of Proof?
195(2)
d Capacities in the Cybersphere
197(2)
IV Summary: Is There Room for Preventive Cyber Obligations?
199(3)
5.4 Summary
202(2)
6 Applying the Due Diligence Framework to the Field of Human Rights Protection
204(54)
I Introductory Remarks
204(1)
II Knowledge
204(16)
1 Obtaining Knowledge: The Risk of Excessive Surveillance and Control
206(2)
2 The Knowledge Standard in Human Rights Jurisprudence
208(1)
a Information of Human Rights Risks
209(3)
b Constellations in Which States Create or Contribute to the Creation of Human Rights Risks
212(1)
aa Licensing Procedures
212(1)
bb Creation of Risks
213(1)
c Consistent Patterns of Human Rights Violations
214(1)
aa Frequency of Human Rights Contraventions in the Past
215(1)
bb Frequent Human Rights Violations in a Particular Region
215(1)
cc Particular Risks for Certain Groups of Individuals
216(1)
d Summary
217(1)
3 Human Rights Impact Assessments
218(2)
III Capacities
220(24)
1 Human Rights Due Diligence Obligations of Developing Countries
222(3)
2 Human Rights Due Diligence Obligations in Times of Economic Crisis
225(2)
3 Human Rights Due Diligence Obligations in Conflict Situations
227(4)
4 Human Rights Obligations Not Dependent on Capacities
231(1)
a Nondiscrimination
232(1)
b Duties to Monitor and to Inform
233(3)
c Duties of Cooperation
236(1)
aa Obligations-to Seek Assistance
237(2)
bb Obligations to Render Assistance: Drawing Inspiration from the "Common but Differentiated Responsibilities" Approach
239(2)
d Core Obligations
241(1)
aa Nonderogable Rights
242(1)
bb Minimum Core Obligations
242(2)
5 Summary
244(1)
IV Reasonableness
244(12)
1 Scope of Measures
248(1)
a Status of the Right That Is to Be Protected
248(2)
b Preventive Obligations: Seriousness of Risk
250(1)
c Punitive Obligations: Seriousness of Violation
251(1)
d Balancing with Other Human Rights and Public Interests
252(2)
2 Nature of Measures
254(1)
3 Conclusion
255(1)
V Concluding Remarks
256(2)
7 A Case for Extraterritorial Due Diligence Obligations in the Human Rights Context
258(64)
I Introductory Remarks
258(2)
II Between Universal Human Rights Protection and the Principle of Non-intervention: The Tension Underlying Extraterritorial Human Rights Protection
260(3)
III Jurisdictional Clauses in International Human Rights Regimes
263(2)
IV Jurisdictional Clauses and State Responsibility
265(2)
V Negative versus Positive Obligations in Extraterritorial Cases
267(7)
1 The ECtHR's Perspective
268(4)
2 The ICJ's Perspective
272(2)
VI The Underdeveloped Potential of Positive Obligations of Diligent Conduct in Extraterritorial Constellations
274(10)
1 When Knowledge Can Be Expected in Extraterritorial Constellations
275(1)
a Due Diligence Obligations When the Victim is within a State's Jurisdictional Reach
276(1)
b Due Diligence Obligations When the Perpetrator is within a State's Jurisdictional Reach
277(1)
2 Reasonable Efforts in Extraterritorial Constellations: Reconciling Positive Obligations with the Principle of Non-intervention
278(6)
3 Capacities
284(1)
VII Can There Be an Obligation to Act Extraterritorially? Drawing Inspiration from the "Unwilling or Unable" Standard
284(6)
1 Human Rights as a Common Concern and the Issue of Diverging Capacities
286(3)
2 How Extraterritorial Regulations Based on the Active Personality Principle Could Improve Human Rights Protection
289(1)
VIII First Steps in the Right Direction: Social and Economic Rights
290(2)
IX Areas in Which Extraterritorial Due Diligence Obligations Could Be Applied
292(30)
1 Licensing Procedures
292(1)
a Foreign Trade Promotion: Drawing Inspiration from Procedural Obligations in Environmental Law
293(3)
b Applying the Due Diligence Standard to Arms Transfer Control
296(1)
aa International Norms Applicable to Arms Transfer
296(1)
bb Human Rights Law and Arms Transfer
297(2)
cc Attribution, Complicity, and Aiding and Abetting in the Context of Arms Transfers
299(1)
dd Due Diligence Obligations in the Context of Arms Transfers?
300(1)
1 The Tugar Decision
300(1)
2 Knowledge
301(1)
3 Capacities
301(1)
4 Reasonableness
302(1)
5 Impact Assessments
303(3)
ee Summary
306(1)
c Conclusion
306(1)
2 Regulating Extraterritorial Corporate Conduct
307(1)
a Introductory Remarks
307(2)
b The French Law on Duty of Care 2017
309(3)
c Proposals on Corporate Regulations within the European Union
312(1)
aa EU Directive 2014/95/EU
313(1)
bb EU Flagship Initiative on the Garment Sector
313(1)
d The Californian Transparency in Supply Chains Act of 2010
314(1)
e The UK Motfern Slavery Act of 2015
315(1)
f Domestic Proposals on the Regulation of Extraterritorial Corporate Conduct
316(1)
aa Proposal by the German Green Party of 2016 and Coalition Agreement of 2018
316(2)
bb Switzerland: Konzerninitiative Verantwortung
318(1)
g Conclusion
319(3)
Summary and Outlook 322(5)
Index 327
Maria Monnheimer is a research assistant at LMU Munich. Prior to this she served as legal clerk to the Federal Ministry of Justice in Berlin and the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. Maria studied law at the University of Heidelberg and University of Cambridge and holds a Ph.D. in Public International Law from LMU Munich.
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