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E-raamat: Durability of Industrial Composites

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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Oct-2018
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429807183
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Durability of Industrial CompositesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Oct-2018
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429807183
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Durability of Industrial Composites offers numerical and quantitative solutions to long-term composite failures that are useful to practicing engineers, researchers, and students. All modes of laminate long-term failure are contemplated, with resin toughness and environmental conditions considered. The book develops a simple unified equation to compute the load-dependent durability of laminates under the simultaneous action of cyclic and static loads. The load-independent durability and residual life of equipment immersed in corrosive chemicals are also discussed. The book presents a full discussion of the elusive strain-corrosion mode of failure as well as a complete solution to the durability issue of underground sanitation pipes. The currently accepted durability parameters of HDB, Sb and Sc are discarded as incorrect and replaced with the appropriate threshold parameters. The entirely new concept of the "anomalous failure" is fully discussed and solved. The effects of overpressure and spike strains, as well as of the operating temperature and moisture, are quantitatively evaluated and illustrated in numerical examples.
Foreword xi
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xix
Biography xxi
Units xxiii
PART I Computation of Total Strains
Chapter 1 Ply Properties
3(16)
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 The Standard Plies
3(3)
1.3 The Constituent Materials
6(1)
1.4 Standard Ply Properties
7(4)
1.5 The Standard Ply Matrix [ Q]
11(4)
1.6 The Importance of Strains
15(4)
Chapter 2 Laminate Circularity
19(12)
2.1 Introduction
19(1)
2.2 Thermal Loads
20(3)
2.3 Thermal Loads and Laminate Circularity
23(1)
2.4 Hydric Loads
24(2)
2.5 Mechanical Loads
26(1)
2.6 Membrane Forces on Circular Cylinders
26(2)
2.7 Circular Cylinders Deflected by Lateral Loads
28(1)
2.8 Conclusion
29(2)
Chapter 3 Computing the Ply Strains
31(22)
3.1 Introduction
31(1)
3.2 Computing the Thermal Strains
32(2)
3.3 Protocol to Compute the Thermal Strains
34(6)
3.4 The Protocol for Hydric Strains
40(2)
3.5 The Protocol for Mechanical Strains
42(2)
3.6 Total Strains
44(1)
3.7 Laminate Engineering Constants
44(6)
Appendix 3.1 Stress-Free Temperature
50(1)
Appendix 3.2 Cure Shrinkage and Residual Strains
51(2)
Chapter 4 Standard Matrices of Commercial Laminates
53(22)
4.1 Introduction
53(1)
4.2 Laminate Construction and the Critical Plies
54(1)
4.3 The Standard Laminate Matrices
55(1)
4.4 Rotating the Ply Matrices
56(2)
4.5 Computing the Laminate Matrices
58(1)
4.6 Matrices of Angle-Ply ± 55 Laminates
59(3)
4.7 Matrices of Angle-Ply ± 70 Laminates
62(3)
4.8 Matrices of Hoop-Chop Laminates
65(10)
Chapter 5 Total Strains in ± 55 Angle-Ply Laminates
75(10)
5.1 Introduction
75(1)
5.2 Thermal Strains
75(3)
5.3 Hydric Strains
78(1)
5.4 Mechanical Strains
79(1)
5.5 Total Strains
80(5)
Chapter 6 Total Strains in + 70 Angle-Ply Laminates
85(18)
6.1 Introduction
85(1)
6.2 Thermal Strains
86(2)
6.3 Hydric Strains
88(1)
6.4 Mechanical Strains on Vertical Storage Tanks
89(1)
6.5 Mechanical Strains in Non-Anchored Above Ground Pipes
90(2)
6.6 Total Strains
92(11)
6.6.1 Vertical Tanks
92(1)
6.6.2 Above Ground Non-Anchored Pipes
93(10)
Chapter 7 Total Strains in Hoop-Chop Sanitation Pipes
103(20)
7.1 Introduction
103(1)
7.2 Thermal Strains in Hoop-Chop Laminates
103(1)
7.3 Hydric Strains in Hoop-Chop Laminates
104(1)
7.4 Mechanical Strains on Hoop-Chop Sanitation Pipes
105(1)
7.5 Total Strains
105(12)
Appendix 7.1 Residual Mechanical Strains
117(6)
PART II Computation of Durability
Chapter 8 The Eight Modes of Long-Term Failure
123(28)
8.1 Introduction
123(1)
8.2 The Eight Modes of Long-Term Failure
124(4)
8.3 Critical Plies
128(1)
8.4 The Long-Term Load-Dependent Failures
129(2)
8.5 Crack Densities and Equivalent Ply Strains
131(1)
8.6 The Failure Thresholds
132(5)
8.6.1 Thresholds of Fiber Loaded UD Plies
134(1)
8.6.2 Thresholds of Transverse Loaded UD Plies
135(1)
8.6.2.1 Infiltration
135(1)
8.6.2.2 Weep
135(1)
8.6.2.3 Stiffness
136(1)
8.6.2.4 Rupture
136(1)
8.6.3 Thresholds of Chopped Plies
136(1)
8.7 The Work of R. F. Regester
137(10)
8.7.1 Time of Exposure
138(1)
8.7.2 Glass Content
138(3)
8.7.3 Acid Concentration
141(1)
8.7.4 Temperature
142(1)
8.7.5 Type of Cation
143(1)
8.7.6 The Work of Regester in Actual Service
144(3)
8.8 Short-Term and Long-Term Safety Factors
147(4)
Chapter 9 The Regression Equations of Failure
151(30)
9.1 Introduction
151(3)
9.2 The Ply Regression Equations
154(2)
9.3 Simplified Regression PLY Lines
156(10)
9.3.1 Deriving the Simplified Regression Equations
156(8)
9.3.2 The Resin Effect
164(2)
9.4 The Pure Regression Equations
166(2)
9.4.1 Pure Static Rupture of Fiber Loaded UD Plies (R = 1.0)
166(1)
9.4.2 Pure Cyclic Rupture of Fiber Loaded UD Plies (R = 0.0)
166(1)
9.4.3 Pure Cyclic Infiltration of Transverse Loaded UD Plies (R = 0.0)
167(1)
9.4.4 Pure Cyclic Shear Rupture of UD Plies
167(1)
9.4.5 Pure Cyclic Rupture of Chopped Fibers (R = 0.0)
167(1)
9.4.6 Pure Static Rupture of Chopped Fibers (R = 1.0)
167(1)
9.5 Tabulated Pure Regression Equations
168(8)
Appendix 9.1 The Idealized Rupture Equation
176(2)
Appendix 9.2 The Fatigue Threshold
178(3)
Chapter 10 Effects of Temperature, Moisture and Resin Toughness
181(26)
10.1 Introduction
181(1)
10.2 Effects of Temperature and Moisture on the Failure Thresholds of UD Plies
182(1)
10.3 An Important Practical Consequence
183(2)
10.4 Experimental Evidence on the Weep Threshold
185(1)
10.5 A Closer Look at the Weep Failure of Oil Pipes
186(6)
10.6 Failure Thresholds of Chopped Plies
192(1)
10.7 Weep Times of Sanitation Pipes
192(1)
10.8 Improving the Failure Thresholds
193(2)
10.9 Cyclic Loadings
195(8)
Appendix 10.1 Cracks in Brittle Plies
203(1)
Appendix 10.2 The Resin-Glass Interphase
204(1)
Appendix 10.3 Micro-Strains at the Fiber Level
204(3)
Chapter 11 Durability of the Corrosion Barrier
207(26)
11.1 Introduction
207(1)
11.2 Two Types of Aggressive Chemicals
207(3)
11.3 Non-Reactive Chemicals
210(2)
11.4 Durability of the Corrosion Barrier
212(1)
11.5 Measuring the Penetrated Depth Ae
213(2)
11.6 Measuring the Corrosion Parameters
215(1)
11.7 Simplified Equations
215(2)
11.8 Estimating the Service Life
217(4)
Appendix 11.1 Deriving Equation (11.1)
221(3)
Appendix 11.2 Damages and Defects in Liners and Corrosion Barriers
224(3)
Appendix 11.3 Residual Life of Aged Laminates
227(6)
Chapter 12 Long-Term Fiber Rupture
233(16)
12.1 Introduction
233(1)
12.2 Generalized Strain-Corrosion of Glass Fibers
233(2)
12.3 Static Loadings
235(3)
12.4 Pure Cyclic Loading of UD Plies
238(2)
12.5 The Work of Mark Greenwood
240(3)
12.6 The Work of Guangxu Wei
243(1)
12.7 The Work of the British Plastics Federation
243(1)
12.8 The Unified Equation
244(1)
Appendix 12.1 Sudden Death
245(4)
Chapter 13 Infiltration, Weep and Stiffness Failures
249(18)
13.1 Introduction
249(1)
13.2 The Classical HDB
250(4)
13.3 The Weep Threshold
254(2)
13.4 Liner Effect on the Weep Threshold
256(1)
13.5 Inadequacy of the Classical HDB
257(1)
13.6 Measuring the Failure Thresholds
257(6)
13.7 Cyclic Loadings
263(1)
Appendix 13.1 Measuring the Infiltration Threshold
263(4)
Chapter 14 Laminate Strain-Corrosion
267(20)
14.1 Introduction
267(1)
14.2 The Mechanism of Laminate Strain-Corrosion
267(2)
14.3 Laminate Strain-Corrosion and Bending Loads
269(2)
14.4 Laminate Strain-Corrosion Cracks
271(2)
14.5 Predicting the Time to Strain-Corrosion Rupture
273(2)
14.6 Strain-Corrosion in Underground Sanitation Pipes
275(3)
14.7 Static Strain-Corrosion Regression Lines of Sanitation Pipes
278(4)
14.8 Strain-Corrosion Threshold
282(2)
14.9 Cyclic Strain-Corrosion
284(3)
Chapter 15 Abrasion Life
287(6)
15.1 Introduction
287(1)
15.2 The Eroded Depth Ae
287(1)
15.3 The Governing Wear Equation
288(2)
15.4 Measuring the Wear Parameters
290(3)
Chapter 16 The Unified Equation
293(26)
16.1 Introduction
293(1)
16.2 Pure Regression Lines
294(2)
16.3 Deriving the Unified Equation
296(4)
16.4 Applying the Unified Equation
300(7)
16.5 Time-Independent Failures
307(4)
16.6 Block Loading
311(3)
Appendix 16.1 The Unified Equation and the Goodman Diagrams
314(1)
Appendix 16.2 Ply Thresholds Transferred to Pipes
315(2)
Appendix 16.3 Laminate Regression Equations
317(2)
Chapter 17 The Interaction Parameter Gsc
319(10)
17.1 Introduction
319(1)
17.2 The Load Paths
320(2)
17.3 Computing the Gsc
322(2)
17.4 Interpolating the Gsc Values
324(1)
17.5 Computing the Fiber-Dominated Durability
325(1)
17.6 Computing the Resin-Dominated Durability
325(1)
17.7 A Few Gsc Values
326(3)
Chapter 18 Numerical Computation of Gsc
329(26)
18.1 Introduction
329(1)
18.2 Computing the Time-Dependent Gsc
330(3)
18.3 Computing the Time-Independent Gsc
333(14)
Appendix 18.1 Practical Ranges of the Long-Term Safety Factors SF
347(8)
Chapter 19 The Unified Equation Applied to API 15HR
355(1)
19.1 Introduction
355(1)
19.2 The Global Strains
355(2)
19.3 The Ply Local Strains
357(1)
19.4 Long-Term Rupture
358(5)
19.5 Weep Failure
363(6)
Chapter 20 Short-Term Strengths of ± 55 Oil Pipes
369(1)
20.1 Introduction
369(1)
20.2 The General Equation
369(1)
20.3 Angle-Ply Laminates
370(1)
20.4 Strain Analysis
371(8)
Chapter 21 Impermeable Pipes
379(14)
21.1 Introduction
379(1)
21.2 Permeability, Diffusivity and Solubility
379(3)
21.3 Impermeable Pipes
382(1)
21.4 Applications of the Aluminum Foil
383(5)
21.4.1 Anomalous Failure in Sanitation Pipes
383(3)
21.4.2 Underground Storage Tanks
386(1)
21.4.3 Solvent Storage and Transmission
386(1)
21.4.4 Industrial Effluents
387(1)
21.4.5 Gas Transmission
387(1)
21.4.6 Chemical Service
387(1)
21.5 Market Acceptance
388(2)
Appendix 21.1 Weep Thresholds of Impermeable Pipes
390(3)
Appendix The Fatigue Mechanism
393(12)
A.1 Introduction
393(1)
A.2 Rupture Failure
394(2)
A.3 Fatigue Failure
396(1)
A.4 Actual and Nominal Stress Waves
396(3)
A.5 The Energy Balance
399(4)
A.6 The Unified Equation
403(1)
A.7 The Fatigue Limit
403(2)
Bibliography 405(2)
Index 407
Antonio Carvalho Filho holds a degree in electrical engineering with working experience in business administration and space physics. Born in 1945, he has worked all of his professional life for top ranking companies in the composites industry, including 30 years with Owens Corning as technical and market development manager in Latin America, 13 years with Reichhold and Dion resins, and 4 years as consultant for Ashland and Derakane resins. His professional activities have centered mostly on technical issues (processes, materials, design, trouble shooting, etc.) involving composites in all markets and all manufacturing processes. He has written and published (in Portuguese) 5 books on topics as diverse as cure, post-cure, mold construction, painting, costing, mechanical properties, structural design, etc. on composites technology. He has also published several technical papers through SPI, ACMA, SAMPE, and others.
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