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E-raamat: Dynamics of Blood Cell Suspensions in Microflows

Edited by Annie Viallat (CNRS, Aix Marseille Universite, France), Edited by Manouk Abkarian

Formaat: 456 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 09-Dec-2019
Kirjastus: CRC Press
ISBN-13: 9781315395135

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Formaat: 456 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 09-Dec-2019
Kirjastus: CRC Press
ISBN-13: 9781315395135

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Blood microcirculation is essential to our bodies for the successful supply of nutrients, waste removal, oxygen delivery, homeostasis, controlling temperature, wound healing, and active immune surveillance. This book provides a physical introduction to the subject and explores how researchers can successfully describe, understand, and predict behaviours of blood flow and blood cells that are directly linked to these important physiological functions. Using practical examples, this book explains how the key concepts of physics are related to blood microcirculation and underlie the dynamic behavior of red blood cells, leukocytes, and platelets. This interdisciplinary book will be a valuable reference for researchers and graduate students in biomechanics, fluid mechanics, biomedical engineering, biological physics, and medicine.

Features:

The first book to provide a physical perspective of blood microcirculation

Draws attention to the potential of this physical approach for novel applications in medicine

Edited by specialists in this field, with chapter contributions from subject area specialists

Blood microcirculation is essential to the successful supply of nutrients, waste removal, oxygen delivery, homeostasis, control of temperature, wound healing and active immune surveillance.

Preface

Contributors

xix

Chapter 1 Blood in flow. Basic concepts

(40)

Etienne Loiseau

Annie Viallat

Manouk Abkarian

1.1 Blood And Its Microcirculation

(2)

1.1.1 Composition

(1)

1.1.2 The microcirculation

(1)

1.1.3 Definition of a suspension and continuum assumption for blood cell suspensions

(1)

1.2 Response of a complex fluid to a mechanical stress. An intrinsic characteristic

(4)

1.2.1 Newtonian fluids

(1)

1.2.2 Non-Newtonian fluids or complex fluids

(1)

1.2.3 Elasticity and viscoelasticity

(2)

1.3 Dynamics Of Viscous Fluids

(4)

1.3.1 Newtonian fluids: Navier-Stokes equation

(1)

1.3.2 Stokes flow

(1)

1.3.3 Flow in a tube

(1)

1.3.4 Association of tubes in series and in parallel

(1)

1.4 Forces Acting On Particles Moving In A Fluid

(3)

1.4.1 A rigid sphere in transnational, rotational and straining flows

(2)

1.4.2 A rigid ellipsoid in a shear flow: Jeffery's orbits

(1)

1.4.3 Flowing particles in interaction with a static wall. The lift force

(1)

1.5 Rheology Of Suspensions

(2)

1.6 Rheology Of Blood

(2)

1.6.1 Blood, a shear thinning fluid

(1)

1.6.2 RBC-free layer

(1)

1.6.3 The Fahraeus Effect and the Fahraeus-Lindqvist Effect

(1)

1.7 *Relevant Concepts In Continuum Mechanics For Blood Flow

(7)

1.7.1 Density and hematocrit

(1)

1.7.2 Simple idea about deformation and strain

(1)

1.7.3 Deformation field and formal measure of strain in a body

(1)

1.7.4 Velocity field

(1)

1.7.5 Acceleration in Eulerian representation and spatial derivative

(2)

1.7.6 Conservation of mass and the incompressibility condition

(1)

1.8 *Notion Of Traction Forces, Stress Tensor And Body Forces

(2)

1.8.1 Simple idea about stress

(1)

1.8.2 The formal notion of traction forces

(1)

1.8.3 The formal notion of the stress tensor

(1)

1.8.4 Body forces: example of gravity

(1)

1.9 Conservation Of Linear Momentum And The Equations Of Motion

(2)

1.10 Boundary Conditions

(3)

1.10.1 Fluid-Solid interfaces: impermeability and no-slip conditions

(1)

1.10.2 Fluid-Fluid interfaces

(3)

1.11 Constitutive Equations

(2)

1.11.1 Viscometric flows: the example of simple shear flow

(1)

1.11.2 The notion of viscosity and the Newtonian fluid

(1)

1.11.3 The normal stress differences

(1)

1.12 *The Navier-Stokes Equations Of Fluid Motion

(3)

1.12.1 Dimensional analysis and the Reynolds number

(1)

1.12.2 Inertial flows: the example of Dean's flow

(1)

1.12.3 Calculation of the Poiseuille flow

(1)

Bibliography

(3)

Chapter 2 Dynamics of suspensions of rigid particles

(36)

Stany Gallier

Elisabeth Lemaire

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Basic Concepts Of Suspension Physics

(12)

2.2.1 Interactions in suspensions

(2)

2.2.2 Interactions in blood flows

(1)

2.2.3 Hydrodynamics of a single particle

(3)

2.2.4 Particle stress and theology

(3)

2.2.5 Microstructure of suspensions

(2)

2.2.6 Irreversibility in suspensions

(1)

2.3 Viscosity Of Suspensions

(3)

2.3.1 Viscosity measurements

(1)

2.3.2 Concentration dependence of the viscosity

(2)

2.4 Non-Newtonian Effects

(7)

2.4.1 Shear-rate dependence of viscosity

(4)

2.4.2 Normal stress differences

(1)

2.4.3 Confinement effects

(1)

2.5 Shear-Induced Migration

(5)

2.5.1 Physical description

(1)

2.5.2 Migration modeling

(2)

2.5.3 Segregation

(1)

2.5.4 On the role of deformability

(1)

2.6 Conclusions

(1)

Bibliography

(8)

Chapter 3 Blood as a suspension of deformable particles

(24)

Michael D. Graham

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Microscale Flow Fundamentals

(4)

3.2.1 Stokes equations and the Green's function

(2)

3.2.2 Multipole expansion and the dipole for a force- and torque-free particle

(1)

3.2.3 The stress in a suspension

(1)

3.3 Dynamics Of Deformable Particles In Shear Flow

(3)

3.4 Transport In Unconfined Suspensions

(2)

3.4.1 Rheology

(1)

3.4.2 Shear-induced diffusion

(1)

3.5 Confined Suspensions

(7)

3.5.1 Nonuniform cell distributions in blood flow

(1)

3.5.2 Cross-stream migration phenomena

(1)

3.5.3 Combined effects of migration and shear-induced diffusion a simple model

(5)

3.6 Conclusion

(1)

Bibliography

(7)

Chapter 4 Microstructure and theology of cellular blood flow, platelet margination and adhesion

101

(24)

Qin M. Qi

Eric S. G. Shaqfeh

4.1 Introduction

102

(1)

4.2 Rheology Of Blood Suspensions

103

(1)

4.2.1 Shear-thinning of blood

103

(1)

4.2.2 A two-phase model for blood flow

104

(1)

4.3 Theory Of Red Blood Cell Migration

104

(8)

4.3.1 Overview

104

(1)

4.3.2 Hydrodynamic lift

105

(1)

4.3.3 Shear-induced collisions

106

(2)

4.3.4 Red blood cell migration at steady state

108

(1)

4.3.5 Migration timescales

109

(1)

4.3.6 Effects of hematocrit, channel height, viscosity ratio and capillary number

110

(2)

4.4 Model Of Platelet Adhesion

112

(1)

4.4.1 Receptor-ligand binding

112

(1)

4.4.2 From single bond kinetics to platelet adhesion

112

(1)

4.5 The Role Of Red Blood Cells In Platelet Adhesion

113

(5)

4.5.1 Platelet margination

113

(3)

4.5.2 Platelet adhesion

116

(2)

4.6 Red Blood Cells And Platelets In Complex Geometries

118

(2)

4.7 Summary And Outlook

120

(1)

Bibliography

120

(5)

Chapter 5 Single red blood cell dynamics in shear flow and its role in hemor neology

125

(58)

Simon Mendez

Manouk Abkarian

5.1 Introduction

126

(1)

5.2 The Human Red Blood Cell And Its Mechanical Modeling

127

(11)

5.2.1 The structure and the geometry of the red blood cell

127

(1)

5.2.2 Viscoelastic properties of the RBC membrane

128

(6)

5.2.3 The fluids inside and outside the red blood cell

134

(2)

5.2.4 Fluid-structure interaction for RBC dynamics

136

(2)

5.3 The Movements Of An Isolated Red Blood Cell In Pure Shear Flow

138

(5)

5.3.1 Isolated red blood cells under pure shear flow: governing parameters

138

(2)

5.3.2 The emblematic dynamics: flipping and tank-treading

140

(1)

5.3.3 Motions in a viscous external medium

141

(1)

5.3.4 Motions in a low-viscosity external medium

142

(1)

5.3.5 Summary: the phase diagram

142

(1)

5.4 Dynamics At Low Shear Rates: From Low-Order Modeling To Physical Understanding

143

(16)

5.4.1 Shape-preserving models for the shear-plane dynamics of red blood cells in shear flow

144

(1)

5.4.2 A 3-D shape-preserving model for the dynamics of red blood cells in shear flow

145

(4)

5.4.3 Predictions of the theoretical shape-preserving model

149

(3)

5.4.4 Mechanism of orbital change

152

(5)

5.4.5 Discussion on the shape-preserving model: comparison with experiments

157

(2)

5.5 Dynamics At High Shear Rates: Compressive Instabilities Controlled By In-Plane Elasticity

159

(2)

5.5.1 Rolling discocyte-to-stomatocyte transition

159

(1)

5.5.2 Swinging-to-trilobe transition

160

(1)

5.6 On The Influence Of Red Blood Cells' Dynamical Shapes On Blood Rheology

161

(3)

5.6.1 Influence of the hematocrit on the shape of red blood cells under shear

161

(1)

5.6.2 Revisiting shear-thinning

161

(3)

5.7 Conclusion

164

(1)

5.8 Appendix: A Dictionary Of The Dynamics Of An RBC In Shear Flow

164

(7)

5.8.1 Flipping or Tumbling

165

(1)

5.8.2 Tank-treading

166

(1)

5.8.3 Swinging

167

(1)

5.8.4 Rolling

168

(1)

5.8.5 Kayaking

169

(1)

5.8.6 Frisbee/Hovering

169

(1)

5.8.7 Dynamic stomatocyte

169

(2)

5.8.8 Polylobes

171

(1)

Bibliography

171

(12)

Chapter 6 Aggregation and blood flow in health and disease

183

(32)

Viviana Claverfa

Christian Wagner

Philippe Connes

6.1 Introduction

184

(1)

6.2 Possible Molecular Origin Of Physiological Rbc Aggregation

185

(4)

6.2.1 Bridging model

186

(1)

6.2.2 Depletion model

187

(2)

6.3 Quantifying Interaction Forces Among Rbc

189

(3)

6.3.1 Methods to measure RBC aggregation

189

(1)

6.3.2 Methods to quantify single-cell adhesion strength

189

(3)

6.4 Impact Of Aggregation On The Bulk Rheology Of Blood And Vascular Reactivity

192

(2)

6.4.1 Bulk blood viscosity

192

(1)

6.4.2 Vascular reactivity

193

(1)

6.5 Pathological Red Blood Cell Aggregation

194

(1)

6.5.1 Pathophysiological factors involved in RBC aggregation modulation

194

(1)

6.5.2 Focus on sickle cell disease

195

(1)

6.6 Blood Flow Structuring In Big Tubes, Viscosity Behavior And Effects Of Rbc Deformability And Aggregation

195

(3)

6.6.1 Lift force of deformable objects

196

(1)

6.6.2 The importance of the cell-free layer, CFL

197

(1)

6.6.3 Impact of RBC aggregation on CFL formation

198

(1)

6.7 Blood Flow In Small Tubes

198

(4)

6.7.1 Flow of RBCs through small capillaries

198

(2)

6.7.2 Hydrodynamic interaction

200

(1)

6.7.3 Hydrodynamic versus macromolecule induced interaction

201

(1)

6.7.4 Consequences of clusters formation on flow resistance

202

(1)

6.8 Conclusion And Perspectives

202

(1)

Bibliography

203

(12)

Chapter 7 Platelet dynamics and behavior in blood flow

215

(42)

Jawaad Sheriff

Danny Bluestein

7.1 Introduction

216

(4)

7.1.1 Flow conditions in physiology, pathology, and cardiovascular devices

216

(2)

7.1.2 Pathological flow conditions in diseases and devices

218

(2)

7.2 Platelet Motion In Free Flow

220

(1)

7.2.1 Platelet margination

220

(1)

7.2.2 Platelet motion in the cell-free layer

221

(1)

7.3 Intraplatelet Dynamics And Shape Change During Shear-Mediated Activation

221

(3)

7.3.1 Resting and activated platelet morphology in the free flow

222

(2)

7.3.2 Material properties of resting and activated platelets

224

(1)

7.4 Flow-Mediated Platelet Adhesion

224

(3)

7.4.1 Physical parameters of flow-mediated platelet adhesion

224

(1)

7.4.2 Morphological changes under shear-mediated platelet adhesion

225

(1)

7.4.3 Platelet spreading under flow conditions

226

(1)

7.5 Flow-Mediated Platelet Aggregation

227

(2)

7.5.1 Flow-mediated platelet aggregation and thrombus initiation

228

(1)

7.5.2 Platelet aggregation in free flow

229

(1)

7.6 Flow-Mediated Surface Receptor And Membrane Behavior

229

(3)

7.6.1 Physical conditions for receptor-ligand interactions leading to adhesion

230

(1)

7.6.2 Physical conditions for receptor-ligand interactions leading to aggregation and thrombus formation

231

(1)

7.7 Numerical Implementations Of Platelet Dynamics

232

(7)

7.7.1 Platelet transport and margination

233

(1)

7.7.2 Flow-induced platelet deformation

234

(1)

7.7.3 Flow-mediated platelet deposition and adhesion

235

(2)

7.7.4 Flow-mediated aggregation and thrombus formation

237

(1)

7.7.5 Considerations for numerical models

238

(1)

Bibliography

239

(18)

Chapter 8 Blood suspension in a network

257

(30)

Sylvie Lorthois

8.1 Background Elements About The Architectural Organization Of Microvascular Networks And Impact On Blood Flow

258

(3)

8.2 Basic Mechanisms Of Flow Structuration In Microvascular Networks

261

(10)

8.2.1 Structuration and rheology at vessel scale

262

(6)

8.2.2 Phase separation at diverging microvascular bifurcations

268

(3)

8.3 Blood Flow In Microvascular Networks

271

(9)

8.3.1 A time-averaged network model for blood flow at network scale

271

(3)

8.3.2 Identification of in vivo versus in vitro rheology

274

(2)

8.3.3 Oscillatory behavior in microvascular networks

276

(4)

8.4 Conclusion

280

(1)

Bibliography

281

(6)

Chapter 9 White blood cell dynamics in micro-flows

287

(24)

Annie Viallat

Emmanuele Heifer

Jules Dupire

9.1 Introduction Circulating White Blood Cells

287

(1)

9.2 Migration To Sites Of Inflammation, The Leukocyte Cascade Adhesion

288

(2)

9.3 Microcirculation In The Capillary Pulmonary Bed

290

(13)

9.3.1 The biomimetic channel network

293

(1)

9.3.2 Monocytes reach a steady-state periodic dynamic in the network

293

(2)

9.3.3 The mechanical properties of monocytes affect their dynamics in the network

295

(2)

9.3.4 Relevant mechanical models for monocyte dynamics

297

(3)

9.3.5 Towards the periodic steady-state

300

(2)

9.3.6 Steady-state. Dynamics of cell transport

302

(1)

9.4 Conclusion

303

(1)

Bibliography

304

(7)

Chapter 10 Inertial Microfluidics and its applications in hematology

311

(32)

Wonhee Lee

10.1 Introduction

311

(2)

10.2 Physics Of Inertial Microfluidics

313

(9)

10.2.1 Inertial focusing of particles at finite-Re flows

313

(6)

10.2.2 Particle effects on inertial focusing

319

(3)

10.3 Applications

322

(9)

10.3.1 Blood sample preparation with inertial microfluidics

322

(6)

10.3.2 Analysis of biological cells via inertial microfluidic system

328

(3)

10.4 Conclusion And Perspectives

331

(1)

Bibliography

332

(11)

Chapter 11 Microfluidic biotechnologies for hematology: separation, disease detection and diagnosis

343

(28)

Kuan Jiang

Chwee Teck Lim

11.1 Introduction

344

(1)

11.2 Microfluidic Technology

345

(1)

11.3 Blood Components Separation

345

(13)

11.3.1 Introduction

345

(1)

11.3.2 General principle

346

(5)

11.3.3 Plasma separation

351

(2)

11.3.4 Separation of platelets

353

(2)

11.3.5 Separation of leukocytes

355

(2)

11.3.6 Summary

357

(1)

11.4 Microfluidic Applications In Malaria

358

(3)

11.4.1 Microfluidics in pre-processing blood for clinical tests

359

(1)

11.4.2 Microfluidics for malaria detection

360

(1)

11.4.3 Summary

361

(1)

11.5 Cancer Diagnosis

361

(5)

11.5.1 Microfluidics for CTC detection

362

(2)

11.5.2 Microfluidics for ctDNA and exosome detection

364

(1)

11.5.3 Cancer detection based on cell mechanics

365

(1)

11.6 Conclusions And Future Outlook

366

(1)

Bibliography

366

(5)

Chapter 12 Blood suspensions in animals

371

(50)

Ursula Windberger

12.1 Blood Of Invertebrate Animals

372

(1)

12.2 Blood Of Vertebrate Animals: Species Differences In Rbc Size And Shape

373

(5)

12.3 Species Differences In The Molecular Structure Of Rbc Membranes

378

(2)

12.3.1 Membrane proteins

378

(1)

12.3.2 Membrane lipids

379

(1)

12.4 Species Differences In The Intrinsic Properties Of Rbcs

380

(4)

12.4.1 RBC aggregability

380

(2)

12.4.2 RBC deformability

382

(2)

12.5 Species Differences In The Macroscopical Behavior Of Animal Whole Blood

384

(2)

12.6 Specific Animal Species

386

(7)

12.6.1 Species with high RBC aggregability

386

(2)

12.6.2 Species with low RBC aggregability

388

(5)

12.7 Adaptation To Environmental Stressors And Lifestyle

393

(1)

12.8 A Bottom-Up Approach To Explore Animal Blood Suspensions

394

(2)

12.9 Future Challenges

396

(4)

Bibliography

400

(21)

Index

421

Annie Viallat, senior scientist at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, France, heads the "Physics and Engineering for Living Systems" Department in Marseille. She works on the physics of active matter, microcirculation of red blood cells and mucociliary clearance in health and disease.

Manouk Abkarian is a senior scientist at the French National Centre for Scientific Research. He is a bio- and a soft matter physicist with an internationally recognized expertise on red blood cells dynamics and membrane mechanics, as well as in microfluidics and colloidal science.

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