| Preface |
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xix | |
| Part I Principles |
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1 | (374) |
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1 Introduction to Multiphase Flows |
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3 | (28) |
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1.1 Multiphase Flow Phenomena |
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3 | (12) |
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1.1.1 Sedimentation in a Particulate Flow |
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3 | (3) |
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1.1.2 Dispersion by Sprays or Multiphase Jets |
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6 | (2) |
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1.1.3 Mixing and Material Processing |
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8 | (3) |
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11 | (2) |
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1.1.5 Flows with Charged Particles |
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13 | (1) |
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1.1.6 Flows with Chemical Reactions |
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14 | (1) |
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1.2 Definition of Multiphase Flow |
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15 | (2) |
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1.2.1 Multiphase Flows versus Multicomponent Flows |
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15 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Dilute Phase versus Dense Phase |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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1.3.1 Eulerian-Lagrangian Modeling |
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17 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Eulerian-Eulerian Modeling |
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18 | (1) |
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1.4 Case Studies: Peculiarities of Multiphase Flows |
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18 | (8) |
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1.4.1 Bubble Acceleration |
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19 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Pressure Drop Reduction in Pneumatic Transport |
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20 | (1) |
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1.4.3 Acceleration of Solids in a Dense Gas-Solid Riser |
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21 | (1) |
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1.4.4 Cluster Formation and Instability |
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22 | (2) |
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1.4.5 Wake-Induced Phenomena |
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24 | (1) |
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1.4.6 Particle Trajectories in a Cyclone Separator |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (2) |
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2 Continuum Modeling of Single-Phase Flows |
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31 | (50) |
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31 | (1) |
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2.2 Flow of a Viscous Fluid |
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32 | (11) |
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2.2.1 Constitutive Relation of a Viscous Fluid |
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33 | (1) |
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2.2.2 General Transport Theorem |
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34 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Governing Equations of Viscous Flows |
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35 | (2) |
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2.2.4 Interfacial Phenomena and Boundary Conditions |
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37 | (4) |
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2.2.5 Theory Simplifications and Limitations |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (12) |
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43 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Length Scales in Turbulence |
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45 | (1) |
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2.3.3 Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations |
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46 | (2) |
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2.3.4 Turbulence Modeling |
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48 | (5) |
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2.3.5 Large Eddy Simulation |
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53 | (2) |
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2.4 Flows in Porous Media |
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55 | (5) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (2) |
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2.5 Kinetic Theory of Collision-Dominated Granular Flows |
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60 | (8) |
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2.5.1 Regimes of Granular Flows |
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61 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Transport Theorem of Collision-Dominated Granular Particles |
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62 | (2) |
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2.5.3 Governing Equations |
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64 | (2) |
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2.5.4 Constitutive Relations |
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66 | (1) |
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2.5.5 Advancement in Kinetic Theory for Granular Flow |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (4) |
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2.6.1 Model Closure of a Multicomponent Single-Phase Reacting Flow |
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68 | (1) |
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2.6.2 Smallest Characteristic Length of a Continuum-Based CFD |
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69 | (1) |
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2.6.3 Flow into a Spherical Cavity in an Infinite Porous Medium |
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69 | (2) |
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2.6.4 Electroosmotic Flow |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (3) |
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3 Transport of Isolated Objects: Solid Particles, Droplets, and Bubbles |
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81 | (45) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (14) |
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84 | (6) |
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3.2.2 Basset Force and Carried Mass |
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90 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Saffman Force and Other Gradient-Related Forces |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (3) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (4) |
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3.3.1 Heat Conduction of a Sphere in Quiescent Fluid |
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97 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Convective and Radiant Heat Transfer of a Sphere |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (5) |
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3.4.1 Mass Fluxes in a Multicomponent Fluid |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Evaporation of a Droplet |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (2) |
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3.5.1 Basset-Boussinesq-Oseen Equation |
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105 | (1) |
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3.5.2 General Equation of Motion |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (3) |
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3.6.1 Characteristics and Shape Regime of Fluid Particles |
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107 | (2) |
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3.6.2 Orientation and Path Instability of Nonspherical Particles |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (7) |
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3.7.1 Particle Trajectory in a Rotating Fluid |
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110 | (3) |
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3.7.2 Motion of a Charged Particle between Parallel Electric Plates |
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113 | (1) |
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3.7.3 Motion of a Parachuted Object from an Airplane |
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114 | (2) |
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3.7.4 Motion of an Evaporating Droplet |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (3) |
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123 | (3) |
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4 Interactions of Particles, Droplets, and Bubbles |
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126 | (46) |
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126 | (1) |
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4.2 Transport Properties of a Cloud of Particles |
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127 | (9) |
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4.2.1 Hydrodynamic Forces of a Pair of Spheres |
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127 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Hydrodynamic Forces on a Sphere in a Swamp of Spheres |
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129 | (2) |
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4.2.3 Heat Transfer of Suspended Particles |
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131 | (3) |
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4.2.4 Mass Transfer of a Cluster |
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134 | (1) |
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4.2.5 Charge Effect due to Interparticle and Particle-Wall Interactions |
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135 | (1) |
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4.3 Collision of a Pair of Solid Spheres |
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136 | (12) |
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4.3.1 Hertzian Contact of Frictionless Spheres |
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137 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Frictional Contact of Spheres |
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138 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Normal Collision of Elastic Spheres |
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140 | (2) |
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4.3.4 Oblique and Rotational Collisions |
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142 | (2) |
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4.3.5 Collision of Inelastic Spheres |
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144 | (2) |
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4.3.6 Heat Transfer by Collision of Solids |
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146 | (1) |
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4.3.7 Charge Transfer by Collision of Solids |
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147 | (1) |
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4.4 Other Interaction Forces between Solid Particles |
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148 | (1) |
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4.4.1 Van der Waals Force |
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148 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Liquid-Bridge Force |
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149 | (1) |
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4.5 Interactions between Fluid Particles |
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149 | (8) |
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4.5.1 Droplet Impact on a Flat Solid Surface |
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150 | (2) |
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4.5.2 Binary Droplet Collision |
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152 | (1) |
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4.5.3 Breakup of Fluid Particles |
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153 | (2) |
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4.5.4 Coalescence of Fluid Particles |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (8) |
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4.6.1 Settling of Suspended Particles in Column |
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157 | (2) |
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4.6.2 Wake-Induced Motion of a Pair of Spheres |
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159 | (2) |
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4.6.3 Collision of Elastic Spheres in Fluid |
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161 | (1) |
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4.6.4 Leidenfrost Collision of a Drop with a Flat Surface |
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162 | (3) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (3) |
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170 | (2) |
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5 Continuum-Discrete Tracking Modeling of Multiphase Flows |
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172 | (40) |
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172 | (3) |
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5.2 Lagrangian Trajectory Modeling |
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175 | (7) |
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5.2.1 Deterministic Trajectory Models |
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176 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Stochastic Trajectory Models |
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177 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Particle Cloud Tracking Models |
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179 | (3) |
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5.3 Discrete Element Method |
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182 | (9) |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (6) |
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5.4 Coupling in Eulerian-Lagrangian Model |
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191 | (5) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Coupling due to Charge-Induced Electric Field |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (8) |
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5.5.1 Flow over Airfoil in Rain |
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196 | (2) |
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5.5.2 Inhalation of Ultrafine Particulates |
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198 | (2) |
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5.5.3 Solar-Absorbing Particulate-Laden Flow |
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200 | (2) |
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5.5.4 Transport of Charged Particles in Chamber |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (3) |
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207 | (4) |
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211 | (1) |
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6 Continuum Modeling of Multiphase Flows |
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212 | (49) |
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212 | (1) |
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6.2 Averages and Averaging Theorems |
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212 | (4) |
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6.2.1 Phase and Intrinsic Averaging |
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213 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Volume-Averaging Theorems |
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214 | (2) |
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6.3 Volume-Averaged Equations |
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216 | (5) |
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6.3.1 General Volume-Averaged Equations |
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217 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Volume-Averaged Continuity Equation |
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217 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Volume-Averaged Momentum Equation |
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218 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Volume-Averaged Energy Equation |
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219 | (2) |
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6.4 Volume-Time-Averaged Equations |
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221 | (8) |
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6.4.1 Volume-Time Averages and Covariance |
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222 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Volume-Time-Averaged Continuity Equation |
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223 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Volume-Time-Averaged Momentum Equation |
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224 | (1) |
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6.4.4 Volume-Time-Averaged Energy Equation |
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224 | (2) |
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6.4.5 Closure of Volume-Time-Averaged Equations |
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226 | (3) |
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6.5 Constitutive Relations in Multifluid Model |
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229 | (5) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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6.5.4 Interfacial Transport |
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231 | (2) |
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6.5.5 Turbulence Modeling |
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233 | (1) |
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6.6 Constitutive Relations for Fluid-Solid Flows |
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234 | (4) |
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6.6.1 Stresses of Solid Particles |
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234 | (1) |
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6.6.2 Turbulent Diffusion of Particulates |
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235 | (3) |
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238 | (8) |
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6.7.1 Effect of Mesoscale Structures on Phase Interaction |
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238 | (1) |
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6.7.2 Particle Size Distribution and Interfacial Area Concentration |
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239 | (3) |
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6.7.3 Turbulence Modulation |
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242 | (4) |
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246 | (8) |
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6.8.1 Particle Suspension in a Stirred Tank |
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246 | (2) |
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6.8.2 Bubble Plume Flow in Bubble Column |
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248 | (2) |
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6.8.3 Heat Transfer of Immersed Tubes in Dense Gas-Solid Fluidized Bed |
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250 | (1) |
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6.8.4 Evaporating Spray in Gas-Solid Suspension Flow |
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251 | (3) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (3) |
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7 Numerical Modeling and Simulation |
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261 | (55) |
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261 | (1) |
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7.2 General Procedure of Numerical Modeling and Simulation |
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262 | (2) |
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7.3 Numerical Solutions of Partial Differential Equations |
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264 | (8) |
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7.3.1 Numerical Solution of General Transport Equation |
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265 | (3) |
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7.3.2 Numerical Methods for Single-Phase Flow |
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268 | (4) |
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7.3.3 Boundary Conditions |
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272 | (1) |
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7.4 Resolved Interface Approach for Dispersed Phase Objects |
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272 | (13) |
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7.4.1 Conformal Mesh Methods |
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273 | (3) |
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7.4.2 Nonconformal Mesh Methods |
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276 | (9) |
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7.5 Eulerian-Lagrangian Algorithms for Multiphase Flows |
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285 | (4) |
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7.5.1 Governing Equations |
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286 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Continuous-Discrete Phase Coupling |
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287 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Particle-Particle Interactions |
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288 | (1) |
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7.6 Eulerian-Eulerian Algorithms for Multiphase Flows |
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289 | (5) |
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7.6.1 Calculation of Velocity and Pressure Field |
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290 | (3) |
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293 | (1) |
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7.6.3 Pressure and Volume Fraction for Dense Solid Phase |
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293 | (1) |
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7.7 Lattice Boltzmann Method |
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294 | (8) |
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7.7.1 LBM for Single-Phase Flows |
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294 | (3) |
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7.7.2 LBM for Particle Suspensions |
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297 | (2) |
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7.7.3 LBM with Two Fluid Phases |
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299 | (3) |
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302 | (6) |
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7.8.1 Particle-Fluid Force in LBM |
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302 | (1) |
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7.8.2 Modeling of Aerosol Delivery by a Powder Inhaler |
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303 | (2) |
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7.8.3 Air Entrainment in a Hydraulic Jump |
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305 | (1) |
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7.8.4 Evaluation of Sparger in Bubble Column |
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306 | (2) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (2) |
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310 | (2) |
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312 | (4) |
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316 | (59) |
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316 | (2) |
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8.2 Particle Size and Morphology Measurement |
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318 | (13) |
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8.2.1 Optical Visualization Methods |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Sedimentation Methods |
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321 | (3) |
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324 | (1) |
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8.2.6 Phase Doppler Method |
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325 | (3) |
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8.2.7 Particle Size Distribution and Averaged Size |
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328 | (3) |
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8.3 Volume Fraction Measurement |
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331 | (11) |
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8.3.1 Beam Attenuation Method |
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331 | (3) |
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8.3.2 Permittivity Measurement Method |
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334 | (2) |
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8.3.3 Transmission Tomography |
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336 | (3) |
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8.3.4 Electrical Impedance Tomography |
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339 | (3) |
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8.4 Mass Flow Measurement |
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342 | (6) |
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8.4.1 Overall Mass Flow Measurement |
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342 | (2) |
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8.4.2 Isokinetic Sampling Method |
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344 | (2) |
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346 | (2) |
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348 | (10) |
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8.5.1 Cross-correlation Method |
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348 | (2) |
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350 | (2) |
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8.5.3 Laser Doppler Velocimetry |
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352 | (3) |
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8.5.4 Corona Discharge Method |
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355 | (1) |
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8.5.5 Particle Image Velocimetry |
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356 | (2) |
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358 | (2) |
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8.6.1 Sampling with Faraday Cup |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (5) |
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8.7.1 Particle Size Distribution by Deconvolution Method |
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360 | (2) |
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8.7.2 Optical Measurement of Microbubbles and Droplets |
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362 | (1) |
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8.7.3 Volume Fraction in a Pressurized Slurry-Bubble Column |
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363 | (2) |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (2) |
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368 | (4) |
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372 | (3) |
| Part II Application-Based Analysis of Multiphase Flows |
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375 | (209) |
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9 Separation of Multiphase Flows |
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377 | (46) |
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377 | (1) |
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9.2 Separation by Phase Inertia |
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377 | (13) |
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9.2.1 Phase-Inertia Separation Methods |
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378 | (5) |
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9.2.2 Modeling Approaches |
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383 | (7) |
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390 | (7) |
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9.3.1 Collection Efficiency of a Single Fiber or Granular Particle |
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390 | (4) |
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9.3.2 Collection Efficiency of a Filter |
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394 | (2) |
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9.3.3 Pressure Drop through a Filter |
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396 | (1) |
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9.4 Separation by External Electric Field |
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397 | (9) |
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9.4.1 Electrostatic Precipitation |
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397 | (5) |
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9.4.2 Separation by Polarization of Dielectric Particles |
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402 | (4) |
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406 | (8) |
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9.5.1 Cyclone Collection Efficiency for a Polydispersed Particulate Flow |
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406 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Inertial Impaction-Dominated Fibrous Filtration of Fine Particles |
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407 | (3) |
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9.5.3 Numerical Modeling of Gas-Solid Flow in a Cyclone Separator |
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410 | (2) |
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9.5.4 Numerical Modeling of Particulate Removal by Electrostatic Precipitator |
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412 | (2) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (2) |
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417 | (4) |
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421 | (2) |
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423 | (54) |
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423 | (2) |
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10.2 Dense Phase Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds |
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425 | (21) |
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10.2.1 Classifications of Particles for Fluidization |
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428 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Dense Phase Fluidization |
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429 | (9) |
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10.2.3 External Field Modulated Fluidization |
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438 | (6) |
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10.2.4 Fluidization of Nanoparticles |
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444 | (2) |
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10.3 Circulating Fluidized Beds |
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446 | (6) |
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10.3.1 Components of a Circulating Fluidized Bed |
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447 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Fast Fluidization Regime |
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447 | (2) |
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10.3.3 Fast Fluidization Structure and Transition to Choking |
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449 | (2) |
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10.3.4 Modeling of Flow in Fast Fluidization |
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451 | (1) |
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10.4 Gas-Liquid Bubbling Flows |
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452 | (8) |
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10.4.1 Bubble Formation and Shape Regime |
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452 | (4) |
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10.4.2 Bubble Wake Dynamics and Interaction |
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456 | (1) |
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457 | (3) |
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10.5 Gas-Liquid-Solid Fluidization |
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460 | (3) |
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10.5.1 Pressure Drop and Phase Holdup |
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461 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Incipient Fluidization and Flow Regimes |
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461 | (2) |
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10.5.3 Bed Contraction and Moving Packed Bed |
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463 | (1) |
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463 | (7) |
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10.6.1 Pressure Balance in CFB |
|
|
463 | (2) |
|
10.6.2 Energy Partitions in Riser Transport |
|
|
465 | (2) |
|
10.6.3 Kinetic Theory Model for Bubbling Fluidization |
|
|
467 | (3) |
|
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
|
470 | (2) |
|
|
|
472 | (2) |
|
|
|
474 | (3) |
|
|
|
477 | (49) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
11.2 Multiphase Flow Patterns in Pipeline Transport |
|
|
477 | (6) |
|
11.2.1 Flow Regimes in Horizontal Pneumatic Conveying |
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
11.2.2 Flow Regimes in Horizontal Slurry Pipe Flows |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
11.2.3 Gas-Liquid Flow Regimes in Pipes |
|
|
481 | (2) |
|
11.3 Saltation and Pickup Velocities |
|
|
483 | (3) |
|
11.3.1 Critical Transport Velocity |
|
|
483 | (2) |
|
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
|
486 | (7) |
|
11.4.1 Pressure Drop of a Fully Developed Suspension Flow |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
11.4.2 Pressure Drop in Dilute Gas-Solid Flows |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
11.4.3 Pressure Drop in Slurry Flows |
|
|
488 | (2) |
|
11.4.4 Pressure Drop in Gas-Liquid Flows |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
11.5 Phase Distributions of Suspended Pipe Flows |
|
|
493 | (4) |
|
11.5.1 Fully Developed Dilute Pipe Flows |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
11.5.2 Effect of Electrostatic Charge on Phase Transport |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
11.5.3 Dilute Transport in a Vertical Pipe |
|
|
495 | (2) |
|
11.6 Stratified Flows in Pipes and Ducts |
|
|
497 | (6) |
|
11.6.1 Regional-Averaged Theories of Stratified Flows |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
11.6.2 Stratified Gas-Liquid Flows |
|
|
499 | (2) |
|
11.6.3 Stratified Gas-Solids Flow |
|
|
501 | (2) |
|
|
|
503 | (7) |
|
11.7.1 Single-Phase Flow in a Pipe Bend |
|
|
503 | (2) |
|
11.7.2 Particulate Flow in a Pipe Bend |
|
|
505 | (2) |
|
11.7.3 Bend Erosion by Particle Collision |
|
|
507 | (3) |
|
|
|
510 | (7) |
|
11.8.1 Particle-Laden Gas Flow and Erosion in a Bend |
|
|
510 | (2) |
|
11.8.2 Modeling of Slurry Flow over a Bend |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
11.8.3 Modeling of Transition of Stratified to Nonstratified Flow |
|
|
513 | (2) |
|
11.8.4 Modeling of Fully Suspended Slurry Pipe Flow |
|
|
515 | (2) |
|
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
|
|
517 | (3) |
|
|
|
520 | (3) |
|
|
|
523 | (3) |
|
12 Flows with Phase Changes and/or Reactions |
|
|
526 | (58) |
|
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
12.2 Boiling in Vapor-Liquid Flows |
|
|
527 | (7) |
|
12.2.1 Boiling in Stagnant Liquid |
|
|
527 | (4) |
|
12.2.2 Boiling in Liquid Pipe Flow |
|
|
531 | (3) |
|
12.3 Liquid Spray Dispersion and Evaporation |
|
|
534 | (15) |
|
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
12.3.2 Evaporating Spray Jets |
|
|
535 | (2) |
|
|
|
537 | (3) |
|
12.3.4 Spray on a Heated Surface |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
12.3.5 Evaporating Spray in Gas-Solid Flows |
|
|
541 | (2) |
|
12.3.6 Modeling of Spray Transport and Phase Interactions |
|
|
543 | (6) |
|
12.4 Bubbling Reactors in Liquid and Liquid-Solid Media |
|
|
549 | (4) |
|
12.4.1 Mass Transfer in Gas-Liquid Media |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
12.4.2 Sparged Stirred Tank |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
12.4.3 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis in Slurry Bubble Column |
|
|
551 | (2) |
|
12.5 Reactive Flows in Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds |
|
|
553 | (8) |
|
12.5.1 Fluid Catalytic Cracking |
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
12.5.2 Vaporization and Reaction in a Riser |
|
|
555 | (2) |
|
12.5.3 Gas Phase Polymerization |
|
|
557 | (4) |
|
12.6 Dispersed Fuel Combustion |
|
|
561 | (6) |
|
12.6.1 Combustion of a Fuel Droplet |
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
12.6.2 Combustion of a Solid Fuel Particle |
|
|
564 | (3) |
|
|
|
567 | (8) |
|
12.7.1 Motion of a Condensing Bubble in a Solution |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
12.7.2 Modeling of FCC Reacting Flow |
|
|
568 | (2) |
|
12.7.3 Modeling of Fisher-Tropsch Slurry Bubble Reactor |
|
|
570 | (2) |
|
12.7.4 Modeling of Reacting Flow in Coal Gasifier |
|
|
572 | (3) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
575 | (2) |
|
|
|
577 | (3) |
|
|
|
580 | (4) |
| Index |
|
584 | |
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