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E-raamat: Earthquake Prediction with Radio Techniques

(University of Electro-Communications, Japan)
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Jul-2015
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118770405
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Earthquake Prediction with Radio TechniquesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Jul-2015
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118770405
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The latest achievements of earthquake prediction via radio communication systems, by the world's leading authority

Prof. Hayakawa is one of the world leaders in the field of seismo-electromagnetics for EQ prediction and this area of research is still evolving Presents the fundamentals of radio communications and radio propagation, using the radio noises and propagation anomalies as a precursor of earthquakes Considers the combination of different kinds of seismogenic electromagnetic signals of both natural and artificial character Timely topic following the recent sequence of highly destructive earthquakes around the world
Preface ix
1 Earthquakes and EQ Prediction
1(18)
1.1 Fundamentals of Earthquakes
1(4)
1.1.1 Naturally Occurring EQs
3(1)
1.1.2 EQ Fault Types
3(1)
1.1.3 EQs Away from Plate Boundaries (Interplate EQs)
4(1)
1.1.4 Shallow-Focus and Deep-Focus EQs
5(1)
1.1.5 Frequency of EQ Occurrence
5(1)
1.2 Conventional EQ Prediction by Seismic Measurements
5(5)
1.2.1 Historical Background
5(3)
1.2.2 Measurement of EQs and Crustal Movement
8(1)
1.2.3 Long-Term, Medium-Term, and Short-Term EQ Prediction
9(1)
1.3 Nonconventional (Nonseismic) EQ Prediction with Radio Technique
10(9)
1.3.1 Historical Introduction of EQ Prediction
10(2)
1.3.2 Nonseismic (Mainly Electromagnetic) Short-Term Precursors
12(4)
References
16(3)
2 Radio Communication and Radio Noise
19(22)
2.1 Communication Systems
19(3)
2.1.1 General Scheme of Communication and Communication Systems
19(1)
2.1.2 General Scheme of Communication Systems
19(2)
2.1.3 General Scheme of Communication Media
21(1)
2.2 Propagating Media of Radio Communications
22(2)
2.2.1 Radio Propagation Types
22(1)
2.2.2 Radio Signal Transmission and Propagation Characteristics
23(1)
2.3 Major Radio Propagation Types (General Characteristics)
24(12)
2.3.1 Ground Wave Propagation
24(5)
2.3.2 Tropospheric Propagation
29(4)
2.3.3 Ionospheric Propagation/Earth--Space Propagation
33(3)
2.4 Radio Noise
36(5)
References
39(2)
3 DC/ULF Technique
41(46)
3.1 Historical Introduction
41(2)
3.2 DC Geoelectric Signals
43(9)
3.2.1 VAN Observational Method
43(3)
3.2.2 Selectivity Law: How to Estimate the EQ Epicenter
46(1)
3.2.3 VAN Relationships: How to Estimate the EQ Magnitude
47(1)
3.2.4 Variety of SES: How to Estimate the Time of a Coming EQ
47(1)
3.2.5 Results of EQ Prediction Using VAN Method
48(1)
3.2.6 Discussion
48(4)
3.3 ULF Electromagnetic Emissions
52(12)
3.3.1 Introduction
52(1)
3.3.2 Three Major ULF Events
52(2)
3.3.3 Correlation between ULF Emissions and EQs
54(1)
3.3.4 Existing ULF Networks in Japan
55(3)
3.3.5 Analysis Methods of ULF Magnetic Field Variations
58(5)
3.3.6 Characteristics of Seismogenic ULF Emissions and Current Activities
63(1)
3.4 Generation Mechanism of DC/ULF Emissions
64(10)
3.4.1 Microfracturing Mechanism
64(2)
3.4.2 Induction Mechanism
66(2)
3.4.3 Electrokinetic Mechanism
68(6)
3.5 ULF Magnetic Field Depression
74(13)
3.5.1 ULF Magnetic Field Depression as a New Phenomenon
74(1)
3.5.2 An Example for the 2011 Japan EQ
75(4)
3.5.3 Generation Mechanism of ULF Magnetic Field Depression
79(2)
References
81(6)
4 ELF Techniques
87(52)
4.1 Characteristics of Extremely Low-Frequency Waves
87(1)
4.2 Theoretical Aspects of Propagation on VLF/ELF
87(6)
4.2.1 Rays and Modes
87(4)
4.2.2 Fresnel Reflection
91(2)
4.3 Propagation of ELF Waves
93(2)
4.4 Seismogenic ELF Electromagnetic Emissions
95(6)
4.4.1 ELF Sensors and Selection of Frequency
95(4)
4.4.2 Some Examples
99(1)
4.4.3 Statistical Results
100(1)
4.4.4 Generation Mechanism of Seismogenic ELF Emissions
101(1)
4.5 Anomalies in SRs
101(24)
4.5.1 An Event Study: 1999 Taiwan Chi-chi EQ
102(18)
4.5.2 Statistical Results
120(5)
4.6 ULF/ELF Electromagnetic Radiation before the March 11, 2011, Japanese EQ
125(14)
4.6.1 ULF/ELF Precursor
126(9)
References
135(4)
5 VLF/LF Techniques
139(60)
5.1 Characteristics of ELF/VLF/LF Waves
139(1)
5.2 Whistlers
140(2)
5.2.1 Sources and Propagation
140(1)
5.2.2 Refractive Index
141(1)
5.2.3 Dispersion
141(1)
5.2.4 Allied Phenomena
141(1)
5.3 Theoretical Aspects of Propagation on VLF/ELF
142(3)
5.3.1 Effect of the Earth's Magnetic Field
142(2)
5.3.2 Effects of Earth--Ionosphere Curvature
144(1)
5.3.3 The Use of VLF/LF Subionospheric Propagation as a New Methodology
144(1)
5.4 Anomalies of Subionospheric VLF/LF Propagation and Lower Ionospheric Perturbations in Possible Association with EQs
145(30)
5.4.1 History of VLF/LF Subionospheric Method
145(2)
5.4.2 Japanese VLF/LF Network
147(3)
5.4.3 Short-Distance Propagation and VLF/LF Propagation Anomalies
150(21)
5.4.4 Long-Distance Propagation and Lower Ionospheric Perturbations
171(4)
5.5 Seismogenic VLF/LF Emissions
175(4)
5.6 Anomalous Propagation of Whistlers
179(10)
5.6.1 Whistler Data Used in This Paper
179(1)
5.6.2 Anomalous Whistlers and Seismic Activity
180(9)
5.7 Generation Mechanism of Seismo-ionospheric Perturbations
189(10)
References
192(7)
6 MF Techniques
199(10)
6.1 Characteristics of MF Waves
199(1)
6.2 Anomalies of MF Broadcasting Signals and Ionospheric and Atmospheric Perturbations
199(10)
6.2.1 LF Radio Precursors
199(3)
6.2.2 Propagation Characteristics of LF Anomalies and Discussion
202(4)
6.2.3 Conclusion of LF Radio Waves
206(1)
References
207(2)
7 HF/VHF/SHF Techniques
209(46)
7.1 Uses of HF/VHF/SHF Waves
209(3)
7.1.1 Instrument and Analysis
210(1)
7.1.2 Ionosonde foF2
210(1)
7.1.3 GPS TEC
211(1)
7.1.4 Doppler Shift
211(1)
7.2 HF/VHF Bottomside Sounding and Ionospheric Perturbations
212(13)
7.2.7 Seismo-ionospheric F-Region Precursor
212(13)
7.3 Over-the-Horizon VHF Propagation and Atmospheric Perturbation
225(20)
7.3.1 Characteristics of Over-the-Horizon VHF Propagation in Possible Association with EQs
225(11)
7.3.2 Interferometric VHF Direction Finding
236(9)
7.4 Line-of-Sight VHF Propagation
245(10)
7.4.1 Wideband Measurement System
245(2)
7.4.2 Statistical Analysis and Discrimination of Anomalous Data
247(1)
7.4.3 Observation Results
248(2)
7.4.4 Conclusion
250(1)
References
250(5)
8 Satellite Observations
255(32)
8.1 Historical Introduction of Satellite Observations
255(1)
8.2 Plasma Anomalies and Plasma Turbulence (Early Results)
256(3)
8.2.1 Ion and Electron Density and Temperature
256(1)
8.2.2 Energetic Particles
256(2)
8.2.3 Infrared and Thermal Measurements
258(1)
8.3 Radio Emissions in Different Frequency Ranges (Early Results)
259(5)
8.3.1 Plasma Waves
259(5)
8.4 The DEMETER Satellite and Observational Results
264(23)
8.4.1 Scientific Payload
265(1)
8.4.2 Operations and Data Processing
266(1)
8.4.3 Scientific Results from DEMETER
267(13)
References
280(7)
9 Summary and Conclusion
287(4)
9.1 Summary of the Use of Radio Techniques in EQ Prediction
287(1)
9.2 Future Directions
288(3)
References
290(1)
Index 291
Masashi Hayakawa University of Electro-Communications, Japan
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