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E-raamat: Ecological Modeling in Risk Assessment: Chemical Effects on Populations, Ecosystems, and Landscapes

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  • Formaat: 328 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Apr-2016
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781420032321
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Ecological Modeling in Risk Assessment: Chemical Effects on Populations, Ecosystems, and LandscapesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 328 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Apr-2016
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781420032321
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Toxic chemicals can exert effects on all levels of the biological hierarchy, from cells to organs to organisms to populations to entire ecosystems. However, most risk assessment models express their results in terms of effects on individual organisms, without corresponding information on how populations, groups of species, or whole ecosystems may respond to chemical stressors. Ecological Modeling in Risk Assessment: Chemical Effects on Populations, Ecosystems, and Landscapes takes a new approach by compiling and evaluating models that can be used in assessing risk at the population, ecosystem, and landscape levels.
The authors give an overview of the current process of ecological risk assessment for toxic chemicals and of how modeling of populations, ecosystems, and landscapes could improve the status quo. They present a classification of ecological models and explain the differences between population, ecosystem, landscape, and toxicity-extrapolation models. The authors describe the model evaluation process and define evaluation criteria. Finally, the results of the model evaluations are presented in a concise format with recommendations on modeling approaches to use now and develop further.
The authors present and evaluate various models on the basis of their realism and complexity, prediction of relevant assessment endpoints, treatment of uncertainty, regulatory acceptance, resource efficiency, and other criteria. They provide models that will improve the ecological relevance of risk assessments and make data collection more cost-effective. Ecological Modeling in Risk Assessment serves as a reference for selecting and applying the best models when performing a risk assessment.
Introduction 1(22) Robert A. Pastorok Objectives 2(1) The Process of Ecological Modeling for Chemical Risk Assessment 3(20) Limitations of the Hazard Quotient Approach 4(2) Role of Ecological Modeling in Chemical Risk Assessment 6(3) Deciding When to Use an Ecological Model 9(1) Selecting Ecological Models for Application to Specific Risk Assessments 10(1) Steps in Ecological Modeling for a Chemical Risk Assessment 11(12) Methods 23(12) Robert A. Pastorok H. Resit Akcakaya Compilation and Review of Models 23(10) Compilation and Classification of Models 23(2) Definition of General Model Categories 25(4) Initial Selection of Models 29(1) Detailed Evaluation of Models 29(4) Selection of Models for Further Development and Use 33(2) Results of the Evaluation of Ecological Models: Introduction 35(2) Robert A. Pastorok Population Models - Scalar Abundance 37(18) Scott Ferson Malthusian Population Growth Models 39(2) Logistic Population Growth Model 41(1) Stock-Recruitment Population Models 42(2) Stochastic Differential Equation Models 44(1) Stochastic Discrete-Time Models 45(2) Equilibrium Exposure Model 47(2) Bioaccumulation and Population Growth Models 49(2) Discussion and Recommendations 51(4) Population Models - Life History 55(10) Steve Carroll Deterministic Matrix Models (Age or Stage Based) 55(3) Stochastic Matrix Models (Age or Stage Based) 58(1) RAMAS Age. Stage, Metapop, or Ecotoxicology 58(1) Unified Life Model (ULM) 59(1) Discussion and Recommendations 60(5) Population Models - Individual Based 65(18) Helen M. Regan SIMPDEL 66(3) SIMSPAR 69(1) CompMech 70(1) EcoBeaker 71(1) Daphnia Model 72(1) CIFSS 73(1) WESP and ECOTOOLS 74(1) GAPPS 75(1) PATCH 76(1) NOYELP 77(1) Wading Bird Nesting Colony 78(1) Discussion and Recommendations 79(4) Population Models - Metapopulations 83(14) H. Resit Akcakaya Helen M. Regan Occupancy Models - Incidence Function 86(1) Occupancy Models - State Transition 86(1) RAMAS Metapop and RAMAS GIS 87(2) VORTEX 89(1) ALFISH 90(1) ALEX 91(1) Meta-X 92(1) Discussion and Recommendations 92(5) Ecosystem Models - Food Webs 97(10) Steve Carroll Predator-Prey Models 99(1) Population-Dynamic Food-Chain Models 100(1) RAMAS Ecosystem 101(1) Populus 102(1) Ecotox 102(1) Discussion and Recommendations 103(4) Ecosystem Models - Aquatic 107(22) Steven M. Bartell Transfer of Impacts between Trophic Levels 110(1) AQUATOX 111(1) ASTER/EOLE (MELODIA) 112(1) DYNAMO Pond Model 113(1) EcoWin 114(1) LEEM 115(1) LERAM 116(1) CASM, a Modified SWACOM 117(1) PC Lake 118(1) PH-ALA 119(1) SALMO 119(2) SIMPLE 121(1) FLEX/MIMIC 122(1) IFEM 123(1) INTASS 124(2) Discussion and Recommendations 126(3) Ecosystem Models - Terrestrial 129(20) Christopher E. Mackay Robert A. Pastorok Desert Competition Model 131(1) FVS 132(1) FORCLIM 133(1) FORSKA 134(1) HYBRID 135(1) ORGANON 136(1) SIMA 137(1) TEEM 138(1) Short Grass Prairie Model 139(1) SAGE 140(2) Modified SWARD 142(1) SPUR 143(1) Multi-timescale Community Dynamics Models 143(1) Nestedness Analysis Model 144(1) Discussion and Recommendations 145(4) Landscape Models - Aquatic and Terrestrial 149(32) Christopher E. Mackay Robert A. Pastorok ERSEM 151(1) Barataria Bay Model 152(1) CEL HYBRID 153(1) Delaware River Basin Model 154(2) Patuxent Watershed Model 156(2) ATLSS 158(2) Disturbance to Wetland Vascular Plants Model 160(1) LANDIS 161(1) FORMOSAIC 162(2) FORMIX 164(1) ZELIG 165(2) JABOWA 167(2) Regional Forest Landscape Model 169(1) Spatial Dynamics of Species Richness Model 170(1) STEPPE 170(1) Wildlife-Urban Interface Model 171(2) SLOSS 173(1) Island Disturbance Biogeographic Model 174(1) Multiscale Landscape Model 175(2) Discussion and Recommendations 177(4) Toxicity-Extrapolation Models 181(14) Jenee A. Colton Estimation of Final Chronic Value Model 184(1) HCS 185(1) HCp 186(1) ACR 187(1) Acute-to-Chronic UF Model 188(1) NOEC for Survival to Other Endpoints Model 188(1) Acute Lethality to NOEC Model 189(1) Allometric Scaling Model 190(1) Scaling Between Bird Species Model 190(1) Interspecies Toxicity Model 191(1) Species-Sensitivity Ratios Model 191(1) AEE 192(1) Errors-in-Variables Regression Model 192(1) Discussion and Recommendations 193(2) Profiles of Selected Models 195(10) Robert A. Pastorok Enhancing the Use of Ecological Models in Environmental Decision-Making 205(6) Lev R. Ginzburg H. Resit Akcakaya Training and Education 205(1) Applying Existing Ecological Models 206(1) Integrating Existing Models 207(1) Developing New, Case-Specific Models 208(1) Investment Trade-offs 208(3) Conclusions and Recommendations 211(4) Robert A. Pastorok Lev. R. Ginzburg Summary 215(4) Robert A. Pastorok H. Resit Akcakaya Selecting and Using Ecological Models in Ecological Risk Assessment 216(1) Results of the Evaluation of Ecological Models 216(3) References 219(72) Appendices Appendix A -- Fish Population Modeling Data Needs and Case Study 245(22) Appendix B -- Classification Systems 267(8) Appendix C -- Results of the Initial Screening of Ecological Models 275(16) Glossary 291(8) Index 299
Robert A. Pastorok, Steven M. Bartell, Scott Ferson, Lev R. Ginzburg
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