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E-raamat: The Economics of Immigration

  • Formaat: 470 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 26-Nov-2020
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9781000283877
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  • Formaat: 470 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 26-Nov-2020
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9781000283877

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This book, in its second edition, introduces readers to the economics of immigration, which is a booming field within economics. The main themes and objectives of the book are for readers to understand the decision to migrate, the impacts of immigration on markets and government budgets and the consequences of immigration policies in a global context. Our goal is for readers to be able to make informed economic arguments about key issues related to immigration around the world.

This book applies economic tools to the topic of immigration to answer questions like whether immigration raises or lowers the standard of living of people in a country. The book examines many other consequences of immigration as well, such as the effect on tax revenues and government expenditures, the effect on how and what firms decide to produce and the effect on income inequality, to name just a few. It also examines questions like what determines whether people choose to move and where they decide to go. It even examines how immigration affects the ethnic diversity of restaurants and financial markets.

Readers will learn how to apply economic tools to the topic of immigration. Immigration is frequently in the news as more people move around the world to work, to study and to join family members. The economics of immigration has important policy implications. Immigration policy is controversial in many countries. This book explains why this is so and equips the reader to understand and contribute to policy debates on this important topic.

Arvustused

"Great textbook for undergraduate, interdisciplinary classes on immigration! It provides an up-to-date summary of key research findings regarding migration flows over the past decades, focusing on their determinants and selectivity, as well as on the assimilation of migrants and their impact on receiving and sending economies. Overall, a useful and clear introduction to the economics of immigration and a prerequisite to immigration policy discussions."

Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes, Professor of Economics, University of California, Merced

"The Economics of Immigration covers the breadth and depth of the economic analysis of migration. For each topic, the book provides an intuitive summary of the theory, an overview of the state-of-the-art research as well as interesting case studies from all over the world. The book is an indispensable resource for students interested in the causes and consequences of migration."

Benjamin Elsner, Assistant Professor of Economics, University College Dublin

"The authors have created a thoroughly accessible, informative, and authoritative introduction to the economics of immigration. The book is particularly effective at presenting formal economic models in an understandable way and at providing a well-rounded synthesis of the empirical research on the economics of immigration. This textbook is unique in that it goes beyond theory and covers an extensive range of relevant topics and current policy discussions with remarkable breadth and depth. This is an outstanding and comprehensive resource for any student studying migration."

Mary Lopez, Professor of Economics, Occidental College

"Bansak, Simpson, and Zavodny have written an ideal textbook for undergraduate students interested in the economics of emmigration. The text examines the economic costs and benefits of the migration experience from the perspective of immigrants, residents of origin countries, and people in the destination. The authors cover a range of immigration issues while providing important context for understanding how and why academics sometimes disagree about the economic causes and consequences of migration."

Chad Sparber, W. Bradford Wiley Professor of Economics, Colgate University

"The past two decades have seen economists interest in immigration grow from beyond the labor market effects on wages and employment to virtually every facet of the economy. Recent research has examined the relationship between immigration and economic growth, fiscal policy, income mobility, law, health, housing, families, innovation, and more. Bansak, Simpson, and Zavodny have managed to distil this vast body of literature into a format that is easily accessible to anyone interested in immigration policy. The result is a textbook than can simultaneously be assigned in both an upper-division economics course and introductory courses on immigration across the social sciences."

Michael Coon, Associate Professor of Economics, The University of Tampa

List of illustrations
xii
Preface xvii
PART I BACKGROUND ON IMMIGRATION
1(86)
1 Why study the economics of immigration?
3(26)
Types of immigrants
5(3)
Immigration is controversial
8(1)
Immigration versus international trade
8(1)
Immigration policy
9(1)
Economics of immigration terminology
10(2)
A basic model of immigration
12(3)
A global overview of immigration
15(3)
An overview of U.S. immigration
18(1)
The rest of this book
18(1)
What this book does not cover
19(4)
Appendix
23(6)
Supply and demand
23(2)
Elasticity
25(1)
Consumer and producer surplus
26(1)
Present value
27(2)
2 Patterns of international migration
29(23)
Where are immigrants from?
29(2)
Where do immigrants go?
31(5)
Immigrant destinations within countries
31(3)
Measuring immigrant concentration and dispersion
34(2)
Immigration to poor countries
36(1)
Do immigrants stay? Return and repeat migration
36(3)
Circular migration
39(1)
The role of immigration policy
39(2)
Refugees and asylum seekers
41(2)
Unauthorized immigrants
43(4)
Concluding thoughts
47(5)
3 Determinants of immigration
52(35)
Push and pull factors
52(4)
The migration decision
56(6)
Family decision-making
59(2)
Uncertainty
61(1)
The role of immigration policy
62(1)
The gravity model of migration
62(2)
Empirical evidence
64(10)
The role of economic conditions in the origin
64(3)
The role of economic conditions in the destination
67(2)
The role of migration costs
69(2)
The role of migrant networks
71(1)
The role of immigration policy
72(1)
Evidence for specific groups of immigrants
73(1)
Determinants of immigrant destinations within countries
74(1)
Determinants of return migration
75(1)
Immigration paradigms
76(2)
Conclusion
78(7)
Appendix
85(2)
PART II IMMIGRANT SELECTION AND ASSIMILATION
87(94)
4 Selection in immigration
89(35)
The Roy model
90(7)
The direction of selection
92(3)
Refugees and selection
95(1)
Intermediate selection
96(1)
Summing up the model
97(1)
Implications for the returns to migration
97(2)
Empirical evidence on selection
99(10)
Measuring the return to skill
99(1)
Global patterns of selection
100(4)
Effects of migration costs and other factors
104(1)
Effects of immigration policy
105(3)
Selection among Mexico-U.S. immigrants
108(1)
Selection on health
109(1)
Selection in return migration
110(7)
The Roy model and return migration
111(5)
Empirical evidence on selection in return migration
116(1)
Final thoughts on selection
117(5)
Appendix
122(2)
5 Assimilation
124(31)
Labor market assimilation
125(13)
Cohort differences in assimilation
128(6)
Gender issues in immigrants' labor market assimilation
134(1)
Accounting for return migration
135(1)
Immigrant types and assimilation
135(3)
Participation in public assistance programs
138(1)
Location choice and enclaves
139(1)
Education
140(2)
Language
142(1)
Marriage and fertility
143(2)
Health
145(1)
Naturalization
146(3)
Final thoughts on assimilation
149(6)
6 The second generation
155(26)
Measuring intergenerational mobility
156(2)
Intergenerational transmission and intergenerational elasticities
156(2)
Intergenerational mobility among immigrants in the labor market
158(6)
Transition matrices in Switzerland
160(1)
Intergenerational transmission
161(3)
Issues in measuring intergenerational mobility among immigrants
164(1)
Intergenerational mobility in education
165(4)
Language proficiency
169(2)
Marriage and fertility
171(1)
Ethnic identity
172(2)
Final thoughts on the second generation
174(7)
PART III LABOR MARKET EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION
181(66)
7 Labor market effects of immigration: theory
183(25)
Immigration model
184(4)
Immigration model with costs
188(1)
Upward-sloping labor supply when immigrants and natives are perfect substitutes
189(2)
Labor demand
191(2)
Upward-sloping labor supply when immigrants and natives are complements
193(1)
Unskilled and skilled labor
194(3)
Elasticity of substitution between different types of workers
197(1)
Physical capital
198(2)
Open versus closed economy
200(1)
Final thoughts on theoretical labor market effects
200(3)
Appendix
203(5)
Production function
203(1)
Natives and immigrants as perfect substitutes
203(1)
Natives and immigrants as imperfect substitutes
204(1)
Unskilled and skilled labor
205(1)
Physical capital
206(1)
Elasticity of substitution between different types of workers
206(2)
8 Labor market effects of immigration: evidence
208(39)
Brief review of theory
209(1)
Empirical approaches
210(17)
Approach #1; Spatial correlations
211(4)
Approach #2: Natural experiments
215(5)
Approach #3: Skill cells
220(3)
Approach #4: Structural models
223(3)
Concluding remarks regarding wage effects
226(1)
Other channels of labor market adjustment
227(3)
Job upgrading by natives
227(1)
Complementarities among highly educated workers
228(1)
Changes in input and output mix
229(1)
Productivity gains
229(1)
Effects on previous immigrants
230(1)
Concluding thoughts
230(7)
Appendix
237(10)
Basic regression analysis and common biases
238(4)
Identification strategies
242(5)
PART IV OTHER EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION
247(92)
9 Effects on other markets in the destination
249(26)
Housing
249(4)
Prices of goods and services
253(1)
Product diversity
254(2)
International trade
256(2)
Financial markets
258(1)
Physical capital investment
259(1)
Technology, innovation and self-employment
260(3)
Income
263(1)
Income inequality
264(2)
Growth accounting
266(4)
The Solow model
267(3)
Final thoughts
270(4)
Appendix
274(1)
10 Fiscal effects
275(27)
Measuring the fiscal impact
276(6)
Fiscal costs and benefits
276(1)
Conceptual issues
277(3)
Accounting methods
280(2)
Estimates of the fiscal impact of immigration: United States
282(7)
Static estimates
283(1)
Dynamic estimates
284(2)
State-level results
286(3)
Estimates of the fiscal impact of immigration: OECD countries
289(2)
U.S. immigrants' participation in government-funded programs
291(5)
Welfare
291(2)
Education
293(1)
Health care
293(2)
Social Security
295(1)
Final thoughts on fiscal effects
296(6)
11 Effects on source countries
302(37)
Labor market consequences of emigration for the source country
302(2)
Emigration and human capital: brain drain or brain gain?
304(12)
The extent of high-skilled emigration
307(2)
Models of brain drain and brain gain
309(3)
Channels of brain drain and brain gain
312(3)
Growth accounting
315(1)
Policy issues and responses to high-skilled emigration
315(1)
Remittances
316(8)
Reasons for remitting
321(2)
Remittances in the labor market model
323(1)
Evidence on the impact of remittances
324(2)
Remittances and economic growth
324(1)
Remittances and poverty
325(1)
Remittances and development
325(1)
Remittance policy
326(1)
Impacts on political, economic and social institutions
327(3)
Impact on political institutions
327(1)
Impact on economic institutions
328(1)
Impact on social institutions
329(1)
Final thoughts on source countries
330(9)
PART V FRONTIERS IN IMMIGRATION RESEARCH
339(30)
12 Frontiers in the economics of immigration
341(28)
Environmental migration
341(1)
Voting, electoral outcomes and attitudes toward immigration
342(1)
Crime
343(6)
Human trafficking
349(2)
Education
351(5)
Health
356(1)
Fertility
357(1)
Happiness
358(3)
Final thoughts on frontiers
361(8)
PART VI IMMIGRATION POLICY
369(65)
13 U.S. immigration policy
371(30)
The evolution of U.S. immigration policy
373(7)
Shifiing from national origins to preference categories
375(2)
Addressing unauthorized immigration
377(3)
Current immigration policy
380(15)
Legal permanent resident visas
380(4)
Temporary visas
384(1)
Unauthorized immigration and enforcement
385(4)
U.S. refugee Iasylee policy
389(2)
State and local policies
391(2)
Failed attempts at federal immigration policy reform
393(1)
Immigration initiatives in the Trump era
394(1)
Final thoughts on U.S. immigration policy
395(6)
14 Immigration policy around the world
401(33)
Brief recap of U.S. immigration policy
401(1)
Point-based systems
402(8)
Canada
403(2)
Australia
405(2)
Other point-based systems
407(2)
Drawbacks of a point system
409(1)
European Union
410(3)
Guest worker programs
413(4)
Germany
416(1)
Spain
416(1)
Other countries
417(1)
Refugee and asylee policies
417(9)
Refugee crisis in Europe
421(3)
Labor market outcomes of refugees
424(2)
Legalization policies
426(1)
Policies regarding immigrants after arrival
427(2)
Introduction programs
427(1)
Language training
427(1)
Active labor market programs
428(1)
Anti-discrimination policies
428(1)
Final thoughts
429(5)
Author index 434(7)
Subject index 441
Cynthia Bansak is the Charles A. Dana Professor of Economics at St. Lawrence University. She holds a BA from Yale University and an MA and PhD in Economics from the University of California, San Diego. She considers herself an applied microeconomist with research interests in labor economics, international immigration, remittances, educational attainment and business cycles. Bansak is a research fellow at IZA.

Nicole Simpson is the W Bradford Wiley Professor of Economics at Colgate University. She holds a BA in Economics from the University of St. Thomas in Minnesota and an MA and PhD in Economics from the University of Iowa. She is a macroeconomist who focuses on labor issues. Her research areas include the determinants of immigration, the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and education. Simpson is a research fellow at IZA.

Madeline Zavodny is a Professor of Economics at the University of North Florida. She holds a BA in Economics from Claremont McKenna College and a PhD in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Before joining UNF, she taught at Agnes Scott College and Occidental College and was an economist with the Federal Reserve System. Zavodny is a research fellow at IZA.