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E-raamat: Ecosystem Responses to Mercury Contamination: Indicators of Change

Edited by , Edited by , Edited by (University of Connecticut, Groton, USA), Edited by (American Electric Power, Columbus, Ohio, USA), Edited by (U.S. Geological Survey, Middleton, Wisconsin, USA), Edited by
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Mar-2007
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780849388897
  • Formaat - PDF+DRM
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Mar-2007
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780849388897

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As rising levels of mercury in the environment pose an increasing threat of toxicity to humans and wildlife, several laws already call for industries to reduce mercury emissions at the source. Ecosystem Responses to Mercury Contamination: Indicators of Change outlines the infrastructure and methods needed to measure, monitor, and regulate the concentration of mercury present in the environment.

This book draws on the knowledge of forty international experts in the fields of atmospheric transport and deposition, mercury cycling in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and mercury bioaccumulation in aquatic foodwebs and wildlife. The authors propose a set of indicators to use as a measure of changing mercury concentrations in the environment. Next, they recommend a monitoring strategy and offer guidance for determining systematic changes in concentration. Then the authors examine additional monitoring strategies to relate observed changes in concentration to regulatory controls on mercury emissions. The final chapter provides an integrated framework for establishing a national-scale program to monitor mercury concentrations in the environment.

Ecosystem Responses to Mercury Contamination: Indicators of Change contains the information needed to design a large-scale monitoring program for mercury and to use the concentration data to create, enforce, and evaluate the progress of initiatives aimed at reducing mercury emissions.
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
About the Editors xvii
Introduction
1(12)
Reed Harris
David Krabbenhoft
Robert Mason
Michael W. Murray
Robin Reash
Tamara Saltman
Mercury Emissions and Deposition
3(1)
Mercury Concentration Trends in Fish
4(3)
Book Objectives
7(6)
Establishing Baseline Conditions and Temporal Trends
8(1)
Establishing Cause-Effect Relationships
9(1)
Sampling Strategy
9(1)
Monitoring Data and Modeling
9(1)
References
10(3)
Airsheds and Watersheds
13(34)
Charles T. Driscoll
Michael Abbott
Russell Bullock
John Jansen
Dennis Leonard
Steven Lindberg
John Munthe
Nicola Pirrone
Mark Nilles
Abstract
13(1)
Introduction
14(8)
Objective
17(1)
Limitations
18(1)
Emissions of Mercury
18(1)
Detection of Trends
18(2)
Attribution of Causality
20(1)
Overall Criteria for Selecting Monitoring Sites, Global and Regional Influence
20(2)
Airsheds
22(13)
Introduction
22(3)
The Chemistry of Atmospheric Mercury
25(1)
Dry Deposition to Terrestrial and Aquatic Receptors
25(1)
Wet Scavenging by Precipitation Events
25(1)
Atmospheric Residence Time
26(1)
Measurements and Analytical Methods
26(1)
Modeling and the Need for Co-location/Intensive Sites
27(1)
Existing Atmospheric Mercury Monitoring Networks
27(5)
Air Quality Mercury Intensive Sites
32(1)
Total Ecosystem Deposition
33(2)
Snow Surveys
35(1)
Watersheds
35(12)
Introduction
35(3)
Intensive Watershed Monitoring
38(3)
Soil Surveys
41(1)
Forest Floor Surveys
41(1)
Surface Water Surveys
41(1)
References
41(6)
Monitoring and Evaluating Trends in Sediment and Water Indicators
47(40)
David Krabbenhoft
Daniel Engstrom
Cynthia Gilmour
Reed Harris
James Hurley
Robert Mason
Abstract
47(1)
Introduction
48(2)
Objectives
50(1)
Sediment and Water Indicators
50(2)
Criteria for Selecting Sediment and Water Indicators
50(2)
Recommended Indicators
52(26)
Sediment-Based Indicators
55(1)
Total Hg Concentration in Sediment
55(2)
MeHg Concentration in Sediment
57(6)
Percent MeHg in Sediment
63(1)
Instantaneous Methylation Rate
64(1)
Sediment Hg Accumulation Rates in Dated Cores
65(4)
Water-Based Indicators
69(1)
Total Hg in Water
70(5)
MeHg in Water
75(3)
Monitoring Strategy
78(2)
Ancillary Data
80(1)
Anticipated Response Times
81(6)
Acknowledgments
82(1)
References
82(5)
Monitoring and Evaluating Trends in Methylmercury Accumulation in Aquatic Biota
87(36)
James G. Wiener
R.A. Bodaly
Steven S. Brown
Marc Lucotte
Michael C. Newman
Donald B. Porcella
Robin J. Reash
Edward B. Swain
Abstract
87(1)
Introduction
88(1)
Objectives
89(1)
Aquatic Biological Indicators
90(14)
Criteria to Select Indicators
90(1)
Candidate Aquatic Biological Indicators
91(1)
Fish
92(3)
Benthic Invertebrates
95(2)
Zooplankton
97(1)
Phytoplankton
98(1)
Periphyton
99(1)
Recommended Aquatic Biological Indicators
100(4)
Monitoring and Trend Analysis
104(3)
Ancillary Data
107(1)
Interpretation of Trend-Monitoring Data
108(15)
Sources of Variation and Potential Confounding Factors
108(2)
Steps to Constrain Confounding Factors and Enhance Interpretation
110(3)
Acknowledgments
113(1)
References
113(10)
Wildlife Indicators
123(68)
Marti F. Wolfe
Thomas Atkeson
William Bowerman
Joanna Burger
David C. Evers
Michael W. Murray
Edward Zillioux
Abstract
123(1)
Introduction
124(3)
Objectives
124(3)
Issues of Concern
127(4)
Geographical and Habitat Differences
127(3)
Methodological Issues
130(1)
Host Factors
131(2)
Bioavailability
132(1)
Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics
132(1)
Types of Bioindicators
133(1)
Indicators of Exposure
133(1)
Indicators of Effect
133(1)
Candidate Bioindicator Species
134(13)
Mammals
134(1)
Mink (Mustela vison)
134(1)
River Otter (Lontra canadensis)
134(1)
Raccoon (Procyon lotor)
135(1)
Bats
135(1)
Marine Mammals
136(1)
Birds
137(1)
Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
137(1)
Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
137(1)
Common Loon (Gavia immer)
138(1)
Common Merganser (Mergus merganser)
138(1)
Seabirds
139(2)
Insectivorous Birds
141(1)
Reptiles and Amphibians
142(1)
Reptiles
142(1)
Amphibians
143(3)
Other Potential Indicators
146(1)
Albatrosses
146(1)
Hawks
146(1)
Identification of Indicators through Development of Water Quality Criteria for Wildlife
146(1)
Tissue and Other Samples
147(4)
Hair
147(1)
Feathers
148(1)
Eggs
149(1)
Organs
149(1)
Blood
149(1)
Brain
149(1)
Liver
150(1)
Muscle
150(1)
Kidney
151(1)
Physiological, Cellular, and Molecular Biomarkers
151(7)
What Is in the Pipeline? Future and Promising Biomarkers
152(6)
Elements of a Biomonitoring Framework
158(33)
Monitoring Design Considerations
158(3)
Trend Detection: The Florida Everglades Case Study
161(1)
Retrospective Studies
162(1)
Prospective Studies
162(1)
Recommended Wildlife Indicators
163(2)
Acknowledgments
165(1)
References
166(25)
An Integrated Framework for Ecological Mercury Assessments
191(18)
Tamara Saltman
Reed Harris
Michael W. Murray
Rob Reash
Introduction
191(1)
Recurring Themes
192(13)
Design of the Monitoring Network
193(2)
Criteria for Selection of Indicators
195(1)
Considerations for Sampling
196(3)
Sampling Scale
199(2)
Sampling Location
201(1)
Sampling Frequency
202(1)
Overall Duration of Sampling
202(1)
Monitoring for Trends and Monitoring for Causality
203(1)
Integration of Monitoring with Modeling Capabilities
203(2)
Complexities/Confounding Factors
205(1)
Recommendations
205(4)
References
206(3)
Index 209


Reed Harris, David P. Krabbenhoft, Robert Mason, Michael W. Murray, Robin Reash, Tamara Saltman