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E-raamat: Effect of Sterilization on Plastics and Elastomers

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(Independent Consultant and Retired Senior Research Associate, DuPont Fluoroproducts, USA)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Plastics Design Library
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Oct-2012
  • Kirjastus: William Andrew Publishing
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781455728053
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Effect of Sterilization on Plastics and ElastomersSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Plastics Design Library
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Oct-2012
  • Kirjastus: William Andrew Publishing
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781455728053
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A chemist at a large US chemical company, McKeen updates and expands Liesl K. Massey's reference, published in 1994 and 2006, incorporating the many new plastics that have been introduced, and especially green materials. The emphasis is on plastic containers for food products, which are often sterilized together. The topics are food irradiation and medical sterilization; plastics and polymers; the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of plastics and elastomers; styrenic plastics; polyesters; polyimides; polyamides (nylons); polyolefins; polyvinyls and acrylics; fluoropolymers; high-temperature/high-performance polymers; renewable resources and biodegradable polymers; and elastomers. William Andrew Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier. Annotation ©2012 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

This reference guide brings together a wide range of essential data on the sterilization of plastics and elastomers, enabling engineers to make optimal material choices and design decisions. The data tables in this book enable engineers and scientists to select the right materials, and right sterilization method for a given product or application.

The third edition includes new text chapters that provide the underpinning knowledge required to make best use of the data. Larry McKeen has also added detailed descriptions of sterilization methods for most common polymer classes such as polyolefins, polyamides, polyesters, elastomers, fluoropolymers, biodegradable plastics. Data has been updated throughout, with expanded information on newer classes of polymer utilized in medical devices and sterile packaging, such as UHMWPE, high temperature plastics (PEEK, PES, PPS, etc.), PBT, PETG, etc. The resulting Handbook is an essential reference for Plastics Engineers, Materials Scientists and Chemists working in contexts where sterilization is required, such as food packaging, pharmaceutical packaging and medical devices.

  • Essential data and practical guidance for engineers and scientists working with plastics in applications that require sterile packaging and equipment.
  • 3rd edition includes new introductory chapters on sterilization processes and polymer chemistry, providing the underpinning knowledge required to utilize the data.
  • Provides essential information and guidance for FDA submissions required for new Medical Devices.

Muu info

Essential data and best practice guidance for engineers and product designers working in the plastics industry, and industry sectors that utilize plastics in sterile environments, such as packaging (food, pharmaceuticals, healthcare products, etc.), medical devices, chemical processing, agriculture and defense.
Preafce xi
1 Introduction to Food Irradiation and Medical Sterilization
1(40)
1.1 Pathogens
1(5)
1.1.1 Bacteria
1(2)
1.1.2 Viruses
3(1)
1.1.3 Endospores
3(1)
1.1.4 Other Infectious Agents
4(1)
1.1.4.1 Prions
4(1)
1.1.4.2 Helminthes
4(1)
1.1.4.3 Fungi: Molds and Yeasts
5(1)
1.1.4.4 Protozoans
5(1)
1.1.5 Biofilm
6(1)
1.2 Food-Borne Disease Control
6(10)
1.2.1 The History of Food Preservation
7(1)
1.2.2 The History of Food Irradiation
8(1)
1.2.3 Dosage Measures of Radiation
9(1)
1.2.4 Electron Beam Irradiator
9(1)
1.2.5 Gamma Irradiator
10(1)
1.2.6 X-Ray Irradiator
11(1)
1.2.7 Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation
12(2)
1.2.8 Microwave
14(1)
1.2.9 Infrared
14(1)
1.2.10 How Does Irradiation Destroy Bacteria?
15(1)
1.2.11 Doses of Radiation Required
15(1)
1.2.12 Dosimetry
16(1)
1.3 Medical Sterilization
16(20)
1.3.1 Sterilization, Disinfection, and Asepsis
17(1)
1.3.2 Thermal Methods of Sterilization
18(1)
1.3.2.1 Steam Sterilization/Autoclave
18(2)
1.3.2.2 Flash Sterilization
20(1)
1.3.2.3 Dry Heat Sterilization
20(1)
1.3.2.4 Glass Bead Sterilizer
21(1)
1.3.2.5 Microwave
21(1)
1.3.2.6 IR Radiation
21(1)
1.3.3 Chemical Disinfectants --- Liquids
22(1)
1.3.3.1 Alcohol
22(1)
1.3.3.2 Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds
23(2)
1.3.3.3 Liquid Formaldehyde
25(1)
1.3.3.4 Glutaraldehyde
26(1)
1.3.3.5 Hydrogen Peroxide
26(1)
1.3.3.6 Iodophors
27(1)
1.3.3.7 Ortho-Phthalaldehyde
27(1)
1.3.3.8 Peracetic Acid
28(1)
1.3.3.9 Peracetic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide
28(1)
1.3.3.10 Phenolics
29(1)
1.3.3.11 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
30(1)
1.3.3.12 Surfacine
30(1)
1.3.3.13 Controlling Biofilm
30(1)
1.3.4 Gas and Vapor Sterilizing
31(1)
1.3.4.1 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization
31(2)
1.3.4.2 Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide
33(1)
1.3.4.3 Low-Temperature Hydrogen Peroxide Gas Plasma
33(1)
1.3.4.4 Formaldehyde Gaseous Sterilization
34(1)
1.3.4.5 Formaldehyde Steam
34(1)
1.3.4.6 Ozone
35(1)
1.3.4.7 Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide
35(1)
1.3.4.8 Vaporized Peracetic Acid
35(1)
1.3.5 Ionizing Radiation
36(1)
1.3.5.1 UV Radiation
36(1)
1.4 Bioterrorism
36(3)
1.5 Summary
39(2)
References
39(2)
2 Introduction to Plastics and Polymers
41(16)
2.1 Polymerization
41(1)
2.1.1 Addition Polymerization
41(1)
2.1.2 Condensation Polymerization
41(1)
2.2 Copolymers
42(1)
2.3 Linear, Branched, and Cross-Linked Polymers
43(1)
2.4 Polarity
43(1)
2.5 Unsaturation
44(1)
2.6 Steric Hindrance
45(1)
2.7 Isomers
45(1)
2.7.1 Structural Isomers
45(1)
2.7.2 Geometric Isomers
45(1)
2.7.3 Stereosiomers --- Syndiotactic, Isotactic, and Atactic
46(1)
2.8 Inter- and Intramolecular Attractions in Polymers
46(2)
2.8.1 Hydrogen Bonding
47(1)
2.8.2 Van der Waals Forces
47(1)
2.8.3 Chain Entanglement
48(1)
2.9 General Classifications
48(2)
2.9.1 Molecular Weight
48(1)
2.9.2 Thermosets vs. Thermoplastics
49(1)
2.9.3 Crystalline vs. Amorphous
49(1)
2.9.4 Orientation
50(1)
2.10 Plastic Compositions
50(5)
2.10.1 Polymer Blends
50(1)
2.10.2 Elastomers
51(1)
2.10.3 Additives
51(1)
2.10.3.1 Fillers, Reinforcement, Composites
51(1)
2.10.3.2 Combustion Modifiers, Fire, Flame Retardants, and Smoke Suppressants
52(1)
2.10.3.3 Release Agents
52(1)
2.10.3.4 Slip Additives/Internal Lubricants
53(1)
2.10.3.5 Antiblock Additives
53(1)
2.10.3.6 Catalysts
53(1)
2.10.3.7 Impact Modifiers and Tougheners
54(1)
2.10.3.8 Radiation Stabilizers
54(1)
2.10.3.9 Optical Brighteners
54(1)
2.10.3.10 Plasticizers
54(1)
2.10.3.11 Pigments, Extenders, Dyes, and Mica
55(1)
2.10.3.12 Coupling Agents
55(1)
2.10.3.13 Thermal Stabilizers
55(1)
2.10.3.14 Antistats
55(1)
2.11 Summary
55(2)
References
55(2)
3 Introduction to the Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Plastics and Elastomers
57(28)
3.1 Physical Property Testing
57(5)
3.1.1 Specific Gravity or Density
57(1)
3.1.2 Appearance: Color, Haze, and Gloss
58(1)
3.1.2.1 Color
58(1)
3.1.2.2 Gloss Measurement
59(2)
3.1.2.3 Haze Measurement
61(1)
3.1.2.4 Yellowness Index
61(1)
3.2 Mechanical Testing of Plastics
62(15)
3.2.1 Tensile Properties
64(3)
3.2.2 Rigidity of Plastics Materials
67(1)
3.2.3 Shear Properties
68(2)
3.2.4 Flexural Properties
70(1)
3.2.5 Puncture and Impact Properties
70(1)
3.2.5.1 High-Speed Puncture Test
71(1)
3.2.5.2 Drop Dart Impact Test for Plastics Film
72(1)
3.2.5.3 Izod Impact Strength and Charpy Impact Strength
73(1)
3.2.5.4 Gardner and Falling Dart Impact Strength
73(2)
3.2.6 Tear Properties
75(1)
3.2.6.1 Elmendorf Tear Strength
75(1)
3.2.6.2 Trouser Tear Resistance
76(1)
3.2.7 Toughness
76(1)
3.3 Thermal Property Testing of Plastics
77(8)
3.3.1 Melt Flow Index
77(2)
3.3.2 Heat Deflection Temperature
79(1)
3.3.3 Vicat Softening Temperature
79(1)
3.3.4 Melting Point (Tm)
80(1)
3.3.5 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)
80(1)
3.3.5.1 Mechanical Methods of Estimating Tg
81(1)
3.3.5.2 Thermal Mechanical Analysis
81(1)
3.3.5.3 Thermal Methods of Estimating Tg
82(2)
References
84(1)
4 Styrenic Plastics
85(48)
4.1 Acrylonitrile---Butadiene---Styrene Copolymer
85(7)
4.2 Methacrylate---Acrylonitrile---Butadiene---Styrene Copolymer
92(1)
4.3 Polystyrene
92(11)
4.3.1 General-Purpose or Crystal Polystyrene
92(11)
4.3.2 High-Heat Crystal Polystyrene
103(1)
4.3.3 Syndiotactic Polystyrene
103(1)
4.3.4 High-Impact Polystyrene
103(1)
4.4 SAN Copolymer
103(7)
4.5 Styrene---Butadiene Copolymers
110(23)
References
132(1)
5 Polyesters
133(36)
5.1 Liquid Crystalline Polymers
133(2)
5.2 Polybutylene Terephthalate
135(1)
5.3 Polycarbonate
135(5)
5.4 Polyethylene Terephthalate
140(1)
5.5 Polycyclohexylene-Dimethylene Terephthalate
141(18)
5.6 Copolyesters
159(7)
5.7 Polyethylene Naphthalate
166(1)
5.8 Polyphthalate Carbonate
167(2)
References
167(2)
6 Polyimides
169(14)
6.1 Polyamide-Imide
169(1)
6.2 Polyetherimide
170(4)
6.3 Polyimide
174(9)
References
182(1)
7 Polyamides (Nylons)
183(18)
7.1 Polyamide 6 (Nylon 6)
184(1)
7.2 Polyamide 11 (Nylon 11)
185(2)
7.3 Polyamide 12 (Nylon 12)
187(1)
7.4 Polyamide 66 (Nylon 66)
188(1)
7.5 Polyarylamide
188(4)
7.6 Copolymers/Terpolymers
192(9)
References
198(3)
8 Polyolefins
201(26)
8.1 Polyethylene
201(14)
8.1.1 Ultra Low-Density polyethylene
202(1)
8.1.2 Linear Low-Density Polyethylene
202(1)
8.1.3 Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
203(1)
8.1.4 High-Density Polyethylene
203(10)
8.1.5 Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene
213(2)
8.2 Polypropylene
215(6)
8.3 Poly-4-Methyl-l-Pentene
221(4)
8.4 Cyclic Olefin Copolymer
225(1)
8.5 Plastomer
225(2)
References
226(1)
9 Polyvinyls and Acrylics
227(34)
9.1 Ethylene---Vinyl Acetate Copolymer
227(1)
9.2 Ethylene---Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer
228(3)
9.3 Polyvinyl Chloride
231(3)
9.4 Polyvinylidene Chloride
234(5)
9.5 Polyacrylics
239(14)
9.5.1 Homopolymer
240(1)
9.5.2 Acrylic Copolymer
240(1)
9.5.3 Acrylic Terpolymer
240(13)
9.6 Acrylonitrile---Methyl Acrylate Copolymer
253(1)
9.7 Ionomers
253(8)
References
258(3)
10 Fluoropolymers
261(16)
10.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene
262(2)
10.2 Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene
264(1)
10.3 Perfluoroalkoxy
265(3)
10.3.1 PFA
267(1)
10.3.2 MFA
268(1)
10.4 Amorphous Fluoropolymer --- Teflon AF®
268(1)
10.5 Polyvinyl Fluoride
269(1)
10.6 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
270(1)
10.7 Polyvinylidene Fluoride
271(3)
10.8 Ethylene---Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer
274(1)
10.9 Ethylene-Chlorotrifiuoroethylene Copolymer
275(2)
References
276(1)
11 High-Temperature/High-Performance Polymers
277(28)
11.1 Polyether Ether Ketone
277(1)
11.2 Polyaryletherketone
277(5)
11.3 Polyphenylene Sulfide
282(2)
11.4 Polysulfone
284(1)
11.5 Polyphenylsulfone
285(7)
11.6 Polyethersulfone
292(4)
11.7 Parylene (Poly(p-Xylylene))
296(4)
11.8 Polyoxymethylene (Acetal Homopolymer)/Polyoxymethylene Copolymer (Acetal Copolymer)
300(1)
11.9 Self-Reinforced Polymers
301(4)
References
304(1)
12 Renewable Resource and Biodegradable Polymers
305(14)
12.1 Polyanhydrides
309(1)
12.2 Cellophane™
309(1)
12.3 Nitrocellulose
310(1)
12.4 Ethyl Cellulose (Hydroxyethylcellulose)
311(1)
12.5 Polycaprolactone
311(1)
12.6 Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) and Poly L-Lactic Acid (PLLA)
311(2)
12.7 Poly-3-Hydroxybutyrate
313(2)
12.8 Polyglycolic Acid
315(4)
References
317(2)
13 Elastomers
319(36)
13.1 Thermoplastic Polyether Block Polyamide Elastomers (TPA-ET or PEBA)
320(1)
13.2 Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers (TPC-E or COPE)
320(2)
13.3 Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPO)
322(3)
13.4 Styrenic Block Copolymer Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPS)
325(6)
13.5 Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers (TPU)
331(8)
13.6 Polysiloxane/Silicone Rubber
339(16)
References
352(3)
Index 355
Larry McKeen has a Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of Wisconsin and worked for DuPont Fluoroproducts from 19782014. As a Senior Research Associate (Chemist), he was responsible for new product development including application technology and product optimization for particular end-uses, and product testing. He retired from DuPont at the end of 2014 and is currently a consultant.
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