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E-raamat: Effective Programs for Treating Autism Spectrum Disorder: Applied Behavior Analysis Models

(Gonzaga University, USA), (Whitworth University, USA)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Aug-2010
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780203855034
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Aug-2010
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780203855034
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Effective Programs for Treating Autism Spectrum Disorder: Applied Behavior Analysis models is written for teachers, parents, and the many service providers who work with individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Part I reviews the characteristics of ASD, summarizes major theories and research findings regarding cause(s) of ASD, and discusses the most popular treatment claims, examining each approach's scientific base and value. Part II provides an informative overview of applied behavior analysis, focusing on the principles of learning and basic procedures based upon those principles. These two parts provide a foundation for understanding the strategies implemented by the outstanding treatment programs described in Part III.

The eight models described in Part III represent the state-of-the art in terms of comprehensive, evidence-based programs for the treatment of persons with ASD, from infancy through adulthood. Programs reviewed include the Lovaas Institute, Koegel Center, Strategic Teaching and Reinforcement Systems (STARS), Project DATA, New England Children's Center, May Institute, Princeton Child Development Institute, and Judge Rotenberg Center. Strategies explained include intensive early behavioral intervention, Pivotal Response Training, verbal behavior, script fading, social stories, visual activity schedules, functional analysis, the Picture Exchange Communication System, and the Family-Teaching Model. Key features of this unique new book include:

Multiple Treatment Models-Unlike most books in this field which focus on a single approach to treatment, this one provides an overview and comparison of many successful approaches.

Common Chapter Structure-Each Part III chapter follows a common structure: historical background and program description, distinguishing features, quality control, and research and replication. Program descriptions include definitions, summaries of recent developments, and future trends. References and resources permit further study and examples illustrate application.

Program Descriptions - Each of the centers was personally visited by the authors, who conducted in-depth interviews with founders and/or key personnel.

Evidence-Based Presentations - Summaries of promising research findings on the characteristics and causes of ASD are brought together with cautions about extrapolating from scientific research.

Effective Programs for Treating Autism Spectrum Disorder is written for teachers, parents, and the many service providers who work with individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Part one reviews the characteristics of ASD, summarizes major theories and research findings regarding cause(s) of ASD, and discusses the most popular treatment claims, examining each approach's scientific base and value. Part two provides an informative overview of applied behavior analysis, focusing on the principles of learning and basic procedures based upon those principles. These two parts provide a foundation for understanding the strategies implemented by the outstanding treatment programs described in Part three.

The eight models described in Part three represent comprehensive, evidence-based programs for the treatment of persons with ASD, from infancy through adulthood. Programs reviewed include the Lovaas Institute, Koegel Center, Strategic Teaching and Reinforcement Systems (STARS), Project DATA, New England Children's Center, May Institute, Princeton Child Development Institute, and Judge Rotenberg Center. Strategies explained include intensive early behavioral intervention, Pivotal Response Training, verbal behavior, script fading, social stories, visual activity schedules, functional analysis, the Picture Exchange Communication System, and the Family-Teaching Model.

Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
Part I: Autism Spectrum Disorder 1(62)
1 Characteristics Of Autism Spectrum Disorder
3(16)
History
4(2)
Diagnosis Of Autism Spectrum Disorder
6(3)
Characteristics
9(5)
Social Interaction
9(1)
Language Development
10(1)
Repetitive Behaviors And Limited Interests
10(1)
Other Features
11(3)
Cognitive Differences
11(1)
Response To Environmental Stimuli
12(1)
Adaptive Behavior Deficits
12(1)
Savant Syndrome
13(1)
Increased Mortality Rate
13(1)
Accompanying Disorders
14(3)
Seizure Disorders
14(1)
Psychiatric Disorders
14(1)
Sleep Disorders
15(1)
Eating Disorders
15(1)
Behavior Disorders
16(1)
Prevalence
17(1)
Cautionary Remarks
18(1)
2 Searching For The Cause Of Autism Spectrum Disorder
19(24)
Primary Research Routes
22(1)
Evidence Relating To Neuropathology
23(5)
Research Findings On Brain Structure
23(1)
Cautions Regarding Evidence In Brain Structure
24(1)
Research Findings On Brain Function
24(4)
Seizures And Autism Spectrum Disorder
25(1)
Underconnectivity
25(1)
Serotonin Abnormalities
26(1)
Cautions Regarding Brain Function Evidence
26(2)
Conclusions Regarding Neuropathology
28(1)
The Opioid Excess Theory
28(7)
Evidence Implicating Opioid Excess
28(1)
Evidence For Diets Eliminating Gluten And Casein
29(2)
Cautions And Conclusions Regarding Diets Eliminating Gluten And Casein
30(1)
Evidence Regarding Vaccinations
31(2)
Cautions Regarding Evidence On Vaccines
31(2)
Conclusions Regarding Vaccinations As A Cause Of Autism
33(1)
Evidence Regarding Immune Reactions
33(2)
Cautions And Conclusions Regarding Immune Responses
35(1)
Conclusions Regarding The Opioid Excess Theory
35(1)
Genetic Inheritance
35(8)
Chromosome Abnormalities
36(1)
Candidate Genes
37(1)
Inheritance Patterns
37(2)
Recessive Inheritance
38(1)
Dominant Inheritance
38(1)
Complications Of Inheritance
38(1)
Sex-Linked Inheritance
38(1)
Spontaneous Germ-Line Mutation
39(1)
Evidence Regarding Genetic Inheritance Of Autism
39(5)
Twin Studies
39(1)
Environmental Factors
40(1)
Timing Of Environmental Impact
40(1)
Research On Candidate Genes
41(1)
Cautions Regarding Genetic Inheritance
41(1)
Conclusions Regarding Genetic Inheritance
42(1)
3 Examining The Evidence For Treatment Of Autism Spectrum Disorder
43(20)
Evidence-Based Practice
44(4)
Group Research Designs
45(1)
Single-Subject Research Designs
46(2)
Scientifically Based Treatment
48(1)
Promising Practice
48(1)
Limited Supporting Information
48(1)
Not Recommended
48(1)
Categories Of Treatment
48(2)
Nutritional—Biologically-Based Treatment
49(1)
Relational—Socially/psychologically-Based Treatment
49(1)
Sensory/Neural—brain-Based Treatment
49(1)
Pharmacological—Medically-Based Treatment
50(1)
Educational/Behavioral—Skill-Based Treatment
50(1)
Nutritional—Biologically-Based Treatment
50(2)
Gluten-Free And Casein-Free Diets—Limited Supporting Information
50(1)
Vitamin Therapy—Limited Supporting Information
51(1)
Relational—socially-Based Treatment
52(2)
DIR®/Floortime™—Limited Supporting Information
52(1)
The Son-Rise Program Or Option Method—Limited Supporting Information
52(1)
Gentle Teaching—Limited Supporting Information
53(1)
Holding Therapy—Not Recommended
53(1)
Sensory/Neural—Brain-Based Treatment
54(2)
Sensory Integration—Limited Supporting Information
54(1)
Vision Therapy—Limited Supporting Information
54(1)
Auditory Integration—Limited Supporting Information
55(1)
Art Therapy—Limited Supporting Information
55(1)
Music Therapy—Limited Supporting Information
56(1)
Facilitated Communication—Not Recommended
56(1)
Pharmacological—Medically-Based Treatment
56(3)
Amphetamines—Limited Supporting Information
57(1)
Antipsychotics—Benzodiazepines—Limited Supporting Information
57(1)
Antidepressants—Limited Supporting Information
58(1)
Secretin—not Recommended
58(1)
Chelation—not Recommended
58(1)
Educational/Behavioral—Skill-Based Treatment
59(6)
Treatment Of Autistic And Related Communication-Handicapped Children—Promising Practice
59(1)
Learning Experiences: An Alternative Program For Preschoolers And Parents—Promising Practice
60(1)
Applied Behavior Analysis Programs—Promising Practices And Scientifically Based Treatment
60(3)
Part II: Applied Behavior Analysis 63(42)
4 Principles Of Applied Behavior Analysis
65(22)
Historical Overview Of Applied Behavior Analysis
65(2)
Applied Behavior Analysis
67(3)
Applied
68(1)
Behavioral
68(1)
Analytic
68(1)
Other Characteristics Of Applied Behavior Analysis
68(1)
Scope Of Applied Behavior Analysis
69(1)
Behavioral Principles Of Learning
70(16)
Positive Reinforcement
70(2)
Reward Versus Reinforcement
72(1)
Negative Reinforcement
73(1)
Reinforcement
74(1)
Punishment
75(1)
Punishment With Contingent Stimulus Presentation
75(1)
Punishment With Contingent Stimulus Removal
76(1)
Combining Punishment With Reinforcement Of Appropriate Behavior
77(1)
Extinction
77(2)
Extinction Burst
78(1)
Spontaneous Recovery
78(1)
Inhibition
79(1)
Recovery
79(1)
Summary Of Reinforcement, Punishment, Extinction, And Recovery
80(1)
Primary Stimuli As Consequences
80(1)
Conditioned Stimuli As Consequences
81(1)
Motivational Operations
82(2)
Generalization
84(14)
Stimulus Generalization
84(1)
Response Generalization
85(1)
Generalization Across Time
86(1)
Conclusions
86(1)
5 Basic Procedures Based Upon Principles Of Learning
87(18)
Positive Reinforcement Procedure
87(1)
Negative Reinforcement Procedure
88(1)
Punishment (With Contingent Stimulus Presentation) Procedure
89(1)
Punishment (With Contingent Stimulus Removal) Procedure
90(1)
Extinction Procedure
91(1)
Differential Reinforcement Procedure
92(1)
Discrimination Training Procedure
93(1)
Shaping Procedure
94(2)
Prompting And Fading Procedure
96(2)
Stimulus-Response Chains
98(2)
Backward Chaining
99(1)
Forward Chaining
99(1)
Total-Task Presentation
100(1)
Task Analysis
100(1)
Teaching Conceptual Behavior
100(2)
Token Economy
102(1)
Conclusions Regarding Applied Behavior Analysis Procedures
103(2)
Part III: Effective Treatment Programs 105(124)
6 The Lovaas Institute: Intensive Early Intervention
107(16)
Historical Perspective
108(3)
Components Of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention
111(3)
Behavioral Perspective
111(1)
One-On-One Discrete Trial Training
111(1)
Errorless Learning
112(1)
Incidental Teaching
113(1)
Family Participation
114(4)
Intensive Early Intervention
115(1)
Quality Control/Treatment Integrity
116(24)
Staff And Family Training
116(2)
Research And Replication
118(2)
Guiding Principles
120(3)
7 The Koegel Center: Pivotal Response Training
123(14)
Problem Behaviors Typical Of Autism Spectrum Disorder
124(1)
Distinguishing Features Of Pivotal Response Training Intervention
125(3)
Using Functional Assessment To Reduce Problem Behaviors
128(3)
Teaching In The Natural Environment
131(1)
Involving Parents
132(1)
Services Provided
133(1)
Quality Control
134(3)
8 Strategic Teaching And Reinforcement Systems: Verbal Behavior
137(14)
Strategic Teaching And Reinforcement Systems History
138(1)
Verbal Behavior
138(2)
Skinner's Analysis Of Verbal Behavior
140(5)
The Mand
141(1)
The Tact
141(1)
The Intraverbal
142(1)
The Echoic
142(1)
Copying A Text
143(1)
Textual Response
143(1)
Transcription
144(1)
Duplic And Codic
144(1)
The Autoclitic
145(1)
Other Modes Of Communication
145(1)
Verbal Behavior—promising Practice
145(1)
Teaching Language To Children With Autism
146(5)
9 Project Data: School-Based Inclusion Model
151(12)
Historical Background
151(2)
Services And Principles
153(8)
Components
153(1)
Schedule
154(1)
Key Strategies
154(2)
Transdisciplinary Teaming
155(1)
Extended Individualized Intervention
155(1)
Independence
156(1)
Communication
156(1)
Picture Exchange Communication System
156(1)
Inclusion
157(9)
Observational Learning
157(1)
Video Modeling
158(1)
Social Stories™
159(1)
Instructional Transition
160(1)
Documented Effectiveness
161(1)
Conclusion
161(2)
10 May Institute: System Of Care
163(14)
Historical Background
164(2)
Blending Science With Service
166(9)
Clinical Services
166(5)
Home-Based Early Intervention
166(1)
School Services
166(1)
Evidence-Based Practices
167(1)
Antecedent Intervention
168(1)
Social Skills
169(2)
Consultation Services
171(2)
Behavioral Consultation
171(1)
Classroom Consultation
172(1)
School-Wide Consultation
172(1)
District-Wide Consultation
173(1)
Clinical Peer Review
173(1)
Applied Research And Training
174(1)
The National Autism Center
175(1)
Conclusion
176(1)
11 New England Center For Children: Teaching Independence
177(18)
Historical Perspective
177(2)
The Efficacy Research Institute
177(1)
The New England Center For Autism
178(1)
The New England Center For Children
178(1)
Programs And Services Provided
179(5)
Educational And Residential Services
179(3)
Home-Based Program
180(1)
Preschool Program
180(1)
Intensive Day Classroom
180(1)
Regular Day Classroom
180(1)
Residential School
181(1)
Staff Intensive Residential Program
181(1)
Adult Programs
181(1)
Partner Program Classrooms
181(1)
The Autism Curriculum Encyclopedia
181(1)
Services For Families
182(1)
Parent Involvement
182(1)
Training And Consultation
183(1)
Classroom Evaluation
183(1)
Classroom Consultation
183(1)
Autism Workshops
183(1)
Center For Graduate Studies And Internships
183(1)
Research
184(9)
Functional Analysis
185(4)
Functional Behavioral Assessment
185(1)
Functional Analysis
185(2)
New England Center For Children Functional Analyses On Automatically Reinforced Behaviors
187(2)
Motivational Variables
189(8)
Preference Assessments
189(1)
Stimulus Preference Assessments
190(1)
Reinforcer Assessments
190(1)
New England Center For Children Research On Preferences
191(2)
Conclusion
193(2)
12 Princeton Child Development Institute: Across The Lifespan
195(16)
History And Services
195(2)
Key Strategies
197(12)
Group Homes Using The Teaching-Family Model
197(2)
Incidental Teaching
199(2)
Activity Schedules
201(5)
Prerequisite Skills
202(1)
Teaching Use Of The Activity Schedule
203(1)
Preparing The Schedule Book
203(1)
Instructional Prompting
204(1)
Physical Guidance
204(1)
Fading Guidance
204(1)
Data Collection
204(1)
Correcting Errors
205(1)
Applications
205(1)
Script Fading
206(8)
Using Scripts And Script Fading
206(1)
Preparing Materials For Scripts
206(1)
Teaching The Use Of Scripts
207(1)
Application Of Script Fading
208(1)
Conclusion
209(2)
13 Judge Rotenberg Center: Zero Exclusion
211(18)
Historical Perspective
212(1)
Program Description
213(1)
Distinctive Program Features
214(10)
Consistent, 24/7 Behavioral Treatment
214(1)
Positive Programming
215(1)
Data-Based Decision-Making
216(1)
Principles Of Precision Teaching
217(1)
Minimal Use Of Psychotropic Medication
218(1)
Innovative Instructional Approaches
218(1)
Computer-Assisted Instruction
218(1)
Self-Pacing
218(1)
Immediate Feedback
219(1)
Sequencing Of Component Skills
219(1)
Prompting
219(1)
Automatic Rewards
219(1)
Review
219(1)
Automatic Performance Recording And Graphic Display Of Results
219(1)
Mastery
219(1)
Basic Skills Instruction
219(1)
Basic Academic Skills
219(1)
Social Skills Training
219(1)
Advanced Levels Of Instruction
220(1)
Instruction On Behavioral Principles And Self-Management
220(1)
Use Of Aversive Consequences
220(2)
The Graduated Electronic Decelerator
221(1)
Health And Wellness Programs
222(1)
Quality Control Measures
223(1)
Continuous Digital Video Recording/monitoring
223(1)
Quality Of Staff
223(8)
Staff Training
223(1)
Staff Accountability
223(1)
Follow-Up Study
224(1)
Research
224(2)
The Right To Effective Treatment
226(3)
Part IV: Concluding Remarks 229(14)
14 Observations And Reflections
231(12)
Real Science Brings Real Hope
231(3)
Science-Based Applied Behavior Analysis
232(2)
Understanding The Scientific Principles
233(1)
System-Wide Application
234(1)
Technology
234(1)
Preparing Personnel
234(3)
Infrastructure For Personnel Preparation
234(3)
In-House Training
235(1)
Advanced Degrees And Certification
235(1)
Board Certified Behavior Analysts®
236(1)
The Wisdom Of Practice
237(4)
Early Assessment And Intervention
238(1)
Intensity Of Treatment
238(1)
Incidental Teaching And Natural Settings
239(1)
Aggression And Self-Injurious Behaviors
239(2)
Standards For Evidence-Based Practice
241(1)
The Future
242(1)
References 243(26)
Index 269
Betty Fry Williams, Ph.D. is Coordinator of the Special Education program at Whitworth University, is the universitys current Edward B. Lindaman Chair, researching issues in the identification and treatment of autism spectrum disorder.

Randy Lee Williams, Ph.D is a professor in the Department of Special Education at Gonzaga University, specializing in teaching applied behavior analysis and Direct Instruction to university students training to become special education teachers.