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E-raamat: Effectiveness of Bank Filtration for Water Supply in Arid Climates

(IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands)
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Effectiveness of Bank Filtration for Water Supply in Arid ClimatesSuurem pilt
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In many developing countries, water demand is increasing while surface- and groundwater resources are threatened by pollution and overexploitation. Hence, a more sustainable approach to water resources management and water treatment is required. In this capacity, bank filtration is a natural treatment process that makes use of the storage and contaminant attenuation capacity of natural soil/rock. However, BF is site-specific and a significant knowledge gap exists regarding the design and management of bank filtration systems, particularly in developing countries. This research aimed to address these gaps and contribute to the transfer of bank filtration to developing countries. This study comprised both column and batch laboratory-scale experiments to determine the effect of environmental variables such as temperature, raw water organic composition and redox conditions on the removal of chemical pollutants such as organic matter, micro-pollutants and heavy metals as well as the mobility of iron, manganese and arsenic under anaerobic conditions. Ultimately, the effectiveness of BF for supplying high drinking water quality was assessed in a case study in Egypt. The study showed that more than 80% of biodegradable organic matter was removed during infiltration at temperatures between 20 and 30 °C. However, humic compounds enriched during BF, required post-treatment. Moreover, high humic content of infiltrating water reduced the removal of heavy metal and promoted the release of metal (loids) into the infiltrating water, rendering it more feasible to install BF wells within surface water systems with low levels of organic matter. Moderately-hydrophobic organic micropollutants were most persistent and required infiltration times longer than 30 days for complete elimination even at high temperatures (>20 °C). Finally, design parameters such as the number of infiltration wells should be configured to minimise the proportion of polluted groundwater in the pumped water. Overall, this study provides insight into the effectiveness of BF in removing chemical pollutants from surface water and proposes guidelines for the successful application of BF in developing countries where arid conditions and high temperatures prevail.

Acknowledgments vii
Summary ix
Samenvatting xv
Contents xxi
1 Introduction
1(14)
1.1 Background
2(1)
1.2 Bank filtration
2(1)
1.3 Experience of bank filtration
3(1)
1.4 Bank filtrate quality
4(4)
1.4.1 Raw water quality
5(1)
1.4.2 Travel time
5(1)
1.4.3 Redox process
6(2)
1.5 Impacts of climate on bank filtration
8(4)
1.5.1 Impact of climate on raw water quality
9(1)
1.5.2 Impact of climate on travel time
10(1)
1.5.3 Impacts of climate on the redox conditions
10(1)
1.5.4 Impact of climate on BF quality
11(1)
1.5.5 Impact of climate on bank filtrate yield
12(1)
1.6 Relevance of the research
12(1)
1.7 Research Objectives
13(1)
1.8 Outline of the thesis
14(1)
2 Removal of dissolved organic matter during bank filtration
15(28)
Abstract
16(1)
2.1 Introduction
17(2)
2.2 Materials and Methods
19(5)
2.2.1 Batch Experiments
19(1)
2.2.2 Column Experiments
20(2)
2.2.3 Analytical methods
22(1)
2.2.4 PARAFAC modelling
23(1)
2.2.5 Statistical analysis
23(1)
2.3 Results
24(13)
2.3.1 PARAFAC components
24(1)
2.3.2 Impact of temperature and influent organic composition on DOM
25(9)
2.3.3 Impact of redox conditions on DOM behaviour
34(3)
2.4 Discussion
37(3)
2.4.1 Impact of temperature and influent organic composition on DOM
37(2)
2.4.2 Impact of redox conditions on DOM behaviour
39(1)
2.5 Conclusions
40(3)
3 Removal of organics micro-pollutants during bank filtration
43(24)
Abstract
44(1)
3.1 Introduction
45(1)
3.2 Materials and Methods
46(4)
3.2.1 Experimental set-up
46(1)
3.2.2 Effect of organic composition and temperature on OMPs removal
46(1)
3.2.3 Abiotic experiments
47(1)
3.2.4 Redox experiments
47(1)
3.2.5 Organic micropollutants (OMPs)
48(1)
3.2.6 Characterization of influents and effluents
49(1)
3.2.7 Data analysis
50(1)
3.3 Results and Discussion
50(11)
3.3.1 Characterization of influents and effluents water
50(4)
3.3.2 Effect of feed water organic matter composition on OMPs removal
54(4)
3.3.3 Effect of temperature on OMPs removal
58(1)
3.3.4 Effect of redox on removal of OMPs
59(2)
3.4 Conclusions
61(2)
3.5 Supplementary documents
63(4)
4 Removal of metals during bank filtration
67(26)
Abstract
68(1)
4.1 Introduction
69(1)
4.2 Materials and methods
70(4)
4.2.1 Filter media characteristics
70(1)
4.2.2 Column experiment
70(2)
4.2.3 Analytical methods
72(1)
4.2.4 Fluorescence modelling
73(1)
4.2.5 Data analysis
74(1)
4.3 Results
74(9)
4.3.1 Impact of feed water source on HMs removal
74(2)
4.3.2 Impact of fluorescence organic compounds on HMs removal
76(3)
4.3.3 Impact of NOM on HMs removal
79(4)
4.4 Discussion
83(4)
4.4.1 Removal of HMs during bank filtration
83(2)
4.4.2 Impact of organic matter on HM removal efficiency
85(1)
4.4.3 Impact of metals on sorption of Cu and Se during bank filtration
86(1)
4.5 Conclusions
87(2)
4.6 Supplemetary documents
89(4)
5 Reduction of iron, manganese and arsenic during bank filtration
93(26)
Abstract
94(1)
5.1 Introduction
95(1)
5.2 Research Methodology
96(3)
5.2.1 Soil characteristics
96(1)
5.2.2 Column experiment
96(2)
5.2.3 Batch experiment
98(1)
5.2.4 Analytical methods
98(1)
5.2.5 Fluorescence modelling
99(1)
5.2.6 Statistical analysis
99(1)
5.3 Results
99(8)
5.3.1 Impact of DOM composition on metal(loids) mobilization
99(5)
5.3.2 Relationship between DOM composition and metal(loid) mobilisation
104(2)
5.3.3 Impact of NOM concentrations on metal(loid) mobilisation
106(1)
5.4 Discussion
107(3)
5.4.1 Mobilisation of Fe, Mn and As during BF
107(1)
5.4.2 Influence of composition and concentration of DOM on metal(loid)
108(2)
5.5 Conclusions
110(2)
5.6 Supplementary documents
112(7)
6 Analysis of the performance of Bank Filtration for Water Supply in Arid Climates: case study in Egypt
119(30)
Abstract
120(1)
6.1 Introduction
121(2)
6.2 Study area
123(1)
6.3 Research Methods
123(8)
6.3.1 Hydrological model
123(4)
6.3.2 Development of BF management scenarios
127(2)
6.3.3 Water quality characterisation
129(1)
6.3.4 Cost analysis
130(1)
6.4 Results and discussion
131(12)
6.4.1 Aswan aquifer model (Current situation)
131(1)
6.4.2 Bank filtration management scenarios
131(8)
6.4.3 Bank-filtrate chemistry
139(3)
6.4.4 Economic analysis
142(1)
6.5 Conclusions
143(2)
6.6 Supplementary documents
145(4)
7 Conclusions and future perspectives
149(10)
7.1 Introduction
150(1)
7.2 Fate of organic matter during the bank filtration process
150(1)
7.3 Removal of organic micropollutants during bank filtration
151(1)
7.4 Removal of heavy metals during bank filtration
152(1)
7.5 Mobilisation of iron, manganese and arsenic during bank filtration
153(2)
7.6 Analysis of the performance of bank filtration in arid climates
155(1)
7.7 Practical implications and further research
156(3)
References 159(26)
List of acronyms 185(4)
List of Tables 189(2)
List of Figures 191(2)
About the author 193
Ahmed is a post-doctoral researcher at the water management department, TU Delft. He obtained his bachelor degree in chemistry from Aswan University (Egypt), postgraduate diploma in applied environmental geoscience from Assiut University (Egypt), a master of science in water resources management at ITC, University of Twente. He conducted his PhD research at TU Delft and IHE-Delft, focused on development of a management framework for bank filtration technique for water supply in arid environments.

Ahmed has participated in several projects in water resources management, including; groundwater modelling, remote sensing for resources management, and modelling of water quality. He also developed a remote-sensing based model (AquaSEBS) to estimate the evaporation rate over fresh and saline water bodies. His research interests include: DNA tracer for hydrological processes, managed aquifer recharge, removal of micropollutants, and groundwater modelling.
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