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E-raamat: Effectiveness of Mathematics Teaching in Primary Schools: Lessons from England and China

(University of Southampton, UK), (University of Southampton, UK)
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Includes research from Southampton, England, and Nanjing, China.

The Effectiveness of Mathematics Teaching in Primary Schools: Lessons from England and China provides a unique insight into the mathematics classrooms of these two countries and arrives at a time when the world is eager to know how Chinese learners consistently excel at learning mathematics and other core subjects.

Showcasing the kinds of teaching methods that work within and across countries, this book presents a rich collection of views, including those from teachers, their native colleagues, their foreign colleagues and the researcher, regarding the quality of mathematics teaching today. Interweaving scientific results about teaching and learning evaluations with multiple perspectives of various roles in and out of the classroom, Miao and Reynolds offer insights into how and why different approaches of teaching have led to different learning outcomes in mathematics internationally. Building on rigid and robust analyses of the most up-to-date data in England and China, the book indicates that it is through changing teaching rather than changing teachers that mathematics learning can be improved, because it is what teachers do in the classroom that really makes a big difference.

Containing four decades of wisdom from the field of teaching effectiveness research, this book is essential reading for all who want to improve the quality of mathematics teaching worldwide. This book is particularly relevant for educational researchers, postgraduate students and teachers, as well as school leaders, policymakers and parents.

Arvustused

List of figures
xii
List of tables
xiii
Acronyms and abbreviations xiv
1 The effectiveness of mathematics teaching study
1(10)
Chapter overview
1(1)
Rationale and questions
1(3)
Contexts and schools
4(5)
England and China
4(3)
Southampton and Nanjing
7(1)
The participating English schools
8(1)
The participating Chinese schools
9(1)
What's in the book?
9(2)
2 Growing apart: worldwide pursuit of effective maths education
11(15)
Chapter overview
11(1)
Mathematics pedagogy: theories and practices
11(6)
Progressive teaching
11(2)
Teaching and ability grouping
13(1)
Teacher knowledge
14(1)
Teaching with coherence
15(1)
Teaching with variation
16(1)
Teaching with reflection
16(1)
Summary
16(1)
Facts and factors in international maths learning gaps
17(1)
International comparisons of maths learning outcomes
18(2)
The IEA's international studies
18(1)
The ETS's IAEP 1 and IAEP 2
19(1)
The OECD's assessments --- PISA
19(1)
International comparisons of maths teaching practices
20(4)
The TEA's TIMSS Video Studies
20(2)
The OECD's Teaching and Learning International Survey
22(1)
The learner's perspective study
23(1)
Chapter conclusion
24(2)
3 Four decades of educational effectiveness research in the West
26(25)
Chapter overview
26(1)
Educational effectiveness research and its subfields
26(3)
Five phases of educational effectiveness research
26(1)
Trends in EER
27(1)
Teacher effects vs school effects
28(1)
Early teaching effectiveness research in the US
29(10)
The definition of teaching effectiveness
30(1)
The methodological and conceptual development
30(2)
Effective teacher behaviours identified
32(7)
Conclusion
39(1)
Teaching effectiveness research in the UK
39(8)
The research designs and methods utilised
40(4)
The universal interest in the individual child
44(1)
Effective teacher behaviours identified
45(1)
Conclusion
46(1)
Teaching effectiveness research in other nations
47(3)
Chapter conclusion
50(1)
4 Research paradigm, design and methods
51(10)
Chapter overview
51(1)
Research philosophy
51(1)
Research design
52(3)
Structured lesson observations (M1)
55(1)
Questionnaires to teachers and pupils (M2)
56(1)
Standardised mathematics tests (M3)
57(1)
Unstructured lesson observations (M4)
57(1)
Interviews with teachers (M5)
57(1)
Focus groups with teachers (M6)
58(2)
Integrating findings across methods
60(1)
Chapter conclusion
60(1)
5 Children and their maths teachers
61(8)
Chapter overview
61(1)
Children as individuals
61(2)
Children as classes of pupils in schools
63(1)
Maths teachers --- the demographic selves
64(1)
Maths teachers --- the professional selves
64(4)
Professional development
64(1)
Teacher school-based activities
65(2)
Teacher beliefs --- direct transmission or constructivist?
67(1)
Subjects) that teachers teach
67(1)
Time arrangement in the maths class
67(1)
Teacher self-perceived influence and social status
68(1)
Chapter conclusion
68(1)
6 Evaluating and correlating maths teaching and learning
69(27)
Chapter overview
69(1)
Quantity of maths teaching
69(5)
OTL 1 whole class interaction
69(1)
OTL 2 whole class lecture
70(1)
OTL 3 individual/group work
70(1)
OTL 4 classroom management
71(1)
OTL 5 Partial class interaction
71(1)
OTL 6 pupil time on task
72(1)
Summary on the OTL measures
72(2)
Quality of maths teaching
74(10)
ISTOF 1 assessment and evaluation
74(1)
ISTOF 2 clarity of instruction
75(1)
ISTOF 3 instructional skills
76(2)
ISTOF 4 promoting active learning and developing metacognitive skills
78(2)
ISTOF 5 classroom climate
80(1)
ISTOF 6 classroom management
81(1)
Summary on the ISTOF measures
82(2)
Outcomes of maths learning
84(9)
Test results by item
85(3)
Test results by domain
88(3)
Overall test results
91(2)
Effects of maths teaching
93(2)
Chapter conclusion
95(1)
7 Seeing maths teaching through different eyes
96(40)
Chapter overview
96(1)
Seeing maths teaching through the researchers' eyes
96(12)
Typical lesson flow of the maths class in England
96(2)
Key characteristics of the maths lessons in England
98(3)
Typical lesson flow of the maths class in China
101(2)
Key characteristics of the maths lessons in China
103(5)
Seeing maths teaching through individual teachers' eyes
108(18)
Teacher beliefs of effective maths teaching
108(3)
Teacher self-evaluations of their maths teaching
111(14)
International awareness and flexibility to change
125(1)
Seeing maths teaching through groups of teachers' eyes
126(9)
The focused maths lesson from England: content and process
126(2)
The focused maths lesson from England --- native colleagues' views
128(1)
The focused maths lesson from England --- foreign colleagues' views
128(1)
The focused maths lesson from China: content and process
129(4)
The focused maths lesson from China --- native colleagues' views
133(1)
The focused maths lesson from China --- foreign colleagues' views
133(2)
Chapter conclusion
135(1)
8 Connecting the dots
136(16)
Chapter overview
136(1)
Correlations between maths teaching and learning
136(4)
The evaluation of teacher behaviours
137(1)
The evaluation of learning outcomes
138(1)
Correlating teaching with learning
139(1)
Multiple perspectives on effective maths teaching --- one aim
140(4)
In the researchers' mind
140(1)
In the maths teacher's mind
141(2)
In the local and foreign colleagues' mind
143(1)
Connecting numbers with voices
144(7)
Differentiation and ability gaps (EN)
144(1)
Pro direct transmission, re-inputs and partial interaction (EN)
144(1)
Child-led or not? (EN)
144(1)
Teaching for all, pro-constructivist and whole class interaction (CN)
145(1)
The effectiveness of first input and teachers' SMK and PCK
145(1)
Lesson objectives, direct transmission and constructivist
146(1)
Self-reflection and metacognition
146(1)
Teacher questioning: who solves the problem?
147(1)
Who's in charge of what?
147(1)
Who repeats what?
147(1)
Where to conclude?
148(1)
Classroom management and corresponding CPD needs
148(1)
Cultural explanations
148(1)
Homework differences
149(1)
Discussion
150(1)
Chapter conclusion
151(1)
9 Improving maths teaching cross-nationally
152(11)
Chapter overview
152(1)
What we have achieved thus far
152(4)
A cross-national voyage towards effective maths teaching
153(1)
Effective maths teaching formula --- we know it all along
153(1)
The discovery of TER evidence from the West in an Eastern context
154(1)
First TER study ever attempting the value-added approach across nations
155(1)
Advancing the TER field by applying effectiveness and improvement methods
155(1)
First TER study seeking to form an international dialogue on teaching
155(1)
Reunion of two communities of maths teaching research
155(1)
New paradigm, new methods, the holistic reality
155(1)
Methodological contribution: multifunction of videos in TER
156(1)
We could have achieved more
156(2)
A few regrets on this journey
156(1)
A lot to look forward to next
157(1)
Improve maths teaching cross-nationally, now!
158(2)
Final remarks
160(3)
References 163(12)
Index 175
Zhenzhen Miao is Lecturer at the College of Elementary Education, Jiangxi Normal University, China. She completed her PhD under the supervision of Professor David Reynolds at the University of Southampton and had worked as a research assistant at the University of Aberdeen in the fourth year of her PhD. Zhenzhens research interests are inspired by her experiences of being a mother and a former award-winning mathematics and English teacher in China. She has a strong interest in the STEM subjects, especially mathematics.

David Reynolds (CBE) is Professor of Education at Swansea University. He has published 20 books and more than 200 articles and book chapters. He is one of the founders of the field of School Effectiveness and School Improvement (SESI), the SESI Journal and the International Congress for School Effectiveness and Improvement (ICSEI). David has advised, lectured and/or consulted in over 50 countries over the years.