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E-raamat: Electric Power Distribution Engineering

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(California State University, Sacramento, USA)
  • Formaat: 1061 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Aug-2015
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781498785846
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Electric Power Distribution EngineeringSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 1061 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Aug-2015
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781498785846
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A quick scan of any bookstore, library, or online bookseller will produce a multitude of books covering power systems. However, few, if any, are totally devoted to power distribution engineering, and none of them are true textbooks. Filling this vacuum in the power system engineering literature, Electric Power Distribution System Engineering broke new ground.

Written in the classic, self-learning style of the original, Electric Power Distribution Engineering, Third Edition is updated and expanded with:











Over 180 detailed numerical examples More than 170 end-of-chapter problems New MATLAB® applications

The Third Edition also features new chapters on:











Distributed generation Renewable energy (e.g., wind and solar energies) Modern energy storage systems Smart grids and their applications

Designed specifically for junior- or senior-level electrical engineering courses, the book covers all aspects of distribution engineering from basic system planning and concepts through distribution system protection and reliability. Drawing on decades of experience to provide a text that is as attractive to students as it is useful to professors and practicing engineers, the author demonstrates how to design, analyze, and perform modern distribution system engineering. He takes special care to cover industry terms and symbols, providing a glossary and clearly defining each term when it is introduced. The discussion of distribution planning and design considerations goes beyond the usual analytical and qualitative analysis to emphasize the economical explication and overall impact of the distribution design considerations discussed.

Arvustused

Praise for the Third Edition:"This classic book is now updated to include new chapters on distributed generation, renewable energy (wind and solar), modem energy-storage systems, and smart grids. Besides the wealth of theoretical information and design details, the book is loaded with practical information useful for the working distribution engineer (e.g., ground grid resistance, power meter connections, wire ampacity, and much more). The appendix is an excellent resource for learning many of the essential tools used by distribution engineers (i.e., per unit calculations, impedance tables, symbols used in schematics, and definitions). For academic use, questions at the end of each chapter provide the teacher with easy homework assignments. Whether you are a professor teaching power engineering looking for a course textbook or a working power engineer, this textbook provides a wealth of knowledge and information useful for the power distribution engineer." John J. Shea, Eaton Corporation, Moon Township, Pennsylvania, USA, from IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, May/June 2015

"This book gives a wide overview on topics of electric power distribution engineering, delivers insight in special subjects and treats both conventional and actual issues. People interested in electric power distribution will find Turan Gonens textbook very helpful to get technical information regarding all interesting topics in this field." Nejila Parspour, Professor für Electrical Energy Conversion, University of Stuttgart, Germany

"This text provides a very accessible overview of topics in distribution engineering, from fundamental design principles to the transition to a smarter, more active distribution grid. The material is particularly accessible for those students transferring to power engineering from other engineering disciplines." Dr. James Pilgrim, University of Southampton, UK Praise for the Previous Edition:"An outstanding technical reference for power engineering students and working professionals having broad overage with excellent insight into the practical aspects of power system distribution engineering this is suitable for a senior and graduate textbook in power engineering. Well worth the investment." IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine

Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
Author xxv
Chapter 1 Distribution System Planning and Automation 1(34)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Distribution System Planning
1(3)
1.3 Factors Affecting System Planning
4(4)
1.3.1 Load Forecasting
4(1)
1.3.2 Substation Expansion
5(1)
1.3.3 Substation Site Selection
6(1)
1.3.4 Other Factors
7(1)
1.4 Present Distribution System Planning Techniques
8(2)
1.5 Distribution System Planning Models
10(3)
1.5.1 Computer Applications
11(1)
1.5.2 New Expansion Planning
12(1)
1.5.3 Augmentation and Upgrades
12(1)
1.5.4 Operational Planning
12(1)
1.5.5 Benefits of Optimization Applications
13(1)
1.6 Distribution System Planning in the Future
13(1)
1.6.1 Economic Factors
13(1)
1.6.2 Demographic Factors
14(1)
1.6.3 Technological Factors
14(1)
1.7 Future Nature of Distribution Planning
14(2)
1.7.1 Increasing Importance of Good Planning
14(1)
1.7.2 Impacts of Load Management (or Demand-Side Management)
15(1)
1.7.3 Cost/Benefit Ratio for Innovation
15(1)
1.7.4 New Planning Tools
15(1)
1.8 Central Role of the Computer in Distribution Planning
16(1)
1.8.1 System Approach
16(1)
1.8.2 Database Concept
16(1)
1.8.3 New Automated Tools
17(1)
1.9 Impact of Dispersed Storage and Generation
17(1)
1.10 Distribution System Automation
18(13)
1.10.1 Distribution Automation and Control Functions
22(2)
1.10.2 Level of Penetration of Distribution Automation
24(6)
1.10.3 Alternatives of Communication Systems
30(1)
1.11 Summary and Conclusions
31(1)
References
32(3)
Chapter 2 Load Characteristics 35(58)
2.1 Basic Definitions
35(13)
2.2 Relationship between the Load and Loss Factors
48(10)
2.3 Maximum Diversified Demand
58(4)
2.4 Load Forecasting
62(8)
2.4.1 Box-Jenkins Methodology
66(1)
2.4.2 Small-Area Load Forecasting
66(1)
2.4.3 Spatial Load Forecasting
66(4)
2.5 Load Management
70(2)
2.6 Rate Structure
72(7)
2.6.1 Customer Billing
73(2)
2.6.2 Fuel Cost Adjustment
75(4)
2.7 Electric Meter Types
79(9)
2.7.1 Electronic (or Digital) Meters
82(1)
2.7.2 Reading Electric Meters
83(1)
2.7.3 Instantaneous Load Measurements Using Electromechanical Watthour Meters
84(4)
Problems
88(4)
References
92(1)
Chapter 3 Application of Distribution Transformers 93(94)
3.1 Introduction
93(2)
3.2 Types of Distribution Transformers
95(13)
3.3 Regulation
108(1)
3.4 Transformer Efficiency
109(1)
3.5 Terminal or Lead Markings
110(2)
3.6 Transformer Polarity
112(1)
3.7 Distribution Transformer Loading Guides
113(1)
3.8 Equivalent Circuits of a Transformer
114(3)
3.9 Single-Phase Transformer Connections
117(9)
3.9.1 General
117(1)
3.9.2 Single-Phase Transformer Paralleling
118(8)
3.10 Three-Phase Connections
126(23)
3.10.1 Δ-Δ Transformer Connection
126(10)
3.10.2 Open-Δ Open-Δ Transformer Connection
136(5)
3.10.3 Y-Y Transformer Connection
141(1)
3.10.4 Y-Δ Transformer Connection
142(2)
3.10.5 Open-Y Open-Δ Transformer Connection
144(3)
3.10.6 Δ-Y Transformer Connection
147(2)
3.11 Three-Phase Transformers
149(2)
3.12 T or Scott Connection
151(14)
3.13 Autotransformer
165(3)
3.14 Booster Transformers
168(1)
3.15 Amorphous Metal Distribution Transformers
169(1)
3.16 Nature of Zero-Sequence Currents
170(6)
3.17 Zigzag Power Transformers
176(3)
3.18 Grounding Transformers Used in the Utility Systems
179(2)
3.19 Protection Scheme of a Distribution Feeder Circuit
181(1)
Problems
182(4)
References
186(1)
Chapter 4 Design of Subtransmission Lines and Distribution Substations 187(96)
4.1 Introduction
187(1)
4.2 Subtransmission
188(3)
4.2.1 Subtransmission Line Costs
191(1)
4.3 Distribution Substations
191(7)
4.3.1 Substation Costs
195(3)
4.4 Substation Bus Schemes
198(1)
4.5 Substation Location
198(3)
4.6 Rating of a Distribution Substation
201(5)
4.7 General Case: Substation Service Area with n Primary Feeders
206(2)
4.8 Comparison of the Four- and Six-Feeder Patterns
208(3)
4.9 Derivation of the K Constant
211(9)
4.10 Substation Application Curves
220(4)
4.11 Interpretation of Percent Voltage Drop Formula
224(12)
4.12 Capability of Facilities
236(1)
4.13 Substation Grounding
237(14)
4.13.1 Electric Shock and Its Effects on Humans
237(2)
4.13.2 Ground Resistance
239(6)
4.13.3 Reduction of Factor Cs
245(3)
4.13.4 Soil Resistivity Measurements
248(16)
4.13.4.1 Wenner Four-Pin Method
248(2)
4.13.4.2 Three-Pin or Driven Ground Rod Method
250(1)
4.14 Substation Grounding
251(4)
4.15 Ground Conductor Sizing Factors
255(3)
4.16 Mesh Voltage Design Calculations
258(4)
4.17 Step Voltage Design Calculations
262(2)
4.18 Types of Ground Faults
264(1)
4.18.1 Line-to-Line-to-Ground Fault
264(1)
4.18.2 Single Line-to-Ground Fault
265(1)
4.19 Ground Potential Rise
265(10)
4.20 Transmission Line Grounds
275(2)
4.21 Types of Grounding
277(2)
4.22 Transformer Classifications
279(1)
Problems
280(2)
References
282(1)
Chapter 5 Design Considerations of Primary Systems 283(48)
5.1 Introduction
283(2)
5.2 Radial-Type Primary Feeder
285(1)
5.3 Loop-Type Primary Feeder
286(2)
5.4 Primary Network
288(1)
5.5 Primary-Feeder Voltage Levels
289(4)
5.6 Primary-Feeder Loading
293(1)
5.7 Tie Lines
294(1)
5.8 Distribution Feeder Exit: Rectangular-Type Development
294(5)
5.9 Radial-Type Development
299(1)
5.10 Radial Feeders with Uniformly Distributed Load
299(5)
5.11 Radial Feeders with Nonuniformly Distributed Load
304(2)
5.12 Application of the A, B, C, D General Circuit Constants to Radial Feeders
306(6)
5.13 Design of Radial Primary Distribution Systems
312(15)
5.13.1 Overhead Primaries
312(1)
5.13.2 Underground Residential Distribution
313(14)
5.14 Primary System Costs
327(1)
Problems
327(2)
References
329(2)
Chapter 6 Design Considerations of Secondary Systems 331(42)
6.1 Introduction
331(1)
6.2 Secondary Voltage Levels
332(1)
6.3 Present Design Practice
332(2)
6.4 Secondary Banking
334(1)
6.5 Secondary Networks
335(7)
6.5.1 Secondary Mains
337(1)
6.5.2 Limiters
338(1)
6.5.3 Network Protectors
339(1)
6.5.4 High-Voltage Switch
339(1)
6.5.5 Network Transformers
340(1)
6.5.6 Transformer Application Factor
341(1)
6.6 Spot Networks
342(1)
6.7 Economic Design of Secondaries
343(15)
6.7.1 Patterns and Some of the Variables
343(2)
6.7.2 Further Assumptions
345(1)
6.7.3 General TAC Equation
345(1)
6.7.4 Illustrating the Assembly of Cost Data
346(1)
6.7.5 Illustrating the Estimation of Circuit Loading
347(2)
6.7.6 Developed Total Annual Cost Equation
349(1)
6.7.7 Minimization of Total Annual Costs
349(1)
6.7.8 Other Constraints
350(8)
6.8 Unbalanced Load and Voltages
358(9)
6.9 Secondary System costs
367(1)
Problems
368(2)
References
370(3)
Chapter 7 Voltage-Drop and Power-Loss Calculations 373(48)
7.1 Three-Phase Balanced Primary Lines
373(1)
7.2 Non-three-phase Primary Lines
373(10)
7.2.1 Single-Phase Two-Wire Laterals with Ungrounded Neutral
373(2)
7.2.2 Single-Phase Two Wire Ungrounded Laterals
375(2)
7.2.3 Single-Phase Two-Wire Laterals with Multigrounded Common Neutrals
377(1)
7.2.4 Two-Phase Plus Neutral (Open-Wye) Laterals
378(5)
7.3 Four-Wire Multigrounded Common Neutral Distribution System
383(25)
7.4 Percent Power (or Copper) Loss
408(2)
7.5 Method to Analyze Distribution Costs
410(7)
7.5.1 Annual Equivalent of Investment Cost
410(1)
7.5.2 Annual Equivalent of Energy Cost
410(1)
7.5.3 Annual Equivalent of Demand Cost
411(1)
7.5.4 Levelized Annual Cost
411(6)
7.6 Economic Analysis of Equipment Losses
417(1)
Problems
418(2)
References
420(1)
Chapter 8 Application of Capacitors to Distribution Systems 421(84)
8.1 Basic Definitions
421(1)
8.2 Power Capacitors
421(2)
8.3 Effects of Series and Shunt Capacitors
423(4)
8.3.1 Series Capacitors
423(2)
8.3.1.1 Overcompensation
424(1)
8.3.1.2 Leading Power Factor
425(1)
8.3.2 Shunt Capacitors
425(2)
8.4 Power Factor Correction
427(15)
8.4.1 General
427(2)
8.4.2 Concept of Leading and Lagging Power Factors
429(1)
8.4.3 Economic Power Factor
429(2)
8.4.4 Use of a Power Factor Correction Table
431(1)
8.4.5 Alternating Cycles of a Magnetic Field
431(1)
8.4.6 Power Factor of a Group of Loads
431(5)
8.4.7 Practical Methods Used by the Power Industry for Power Factor Improvement Calculations
436(4)
8.4.8 Real Power-Limited Equipment
440(2)
8.4.9 Computerized Method to Determine the Economic Power Factor
442(1)
8.5 Application of Capacitors
442(15)
8.5.1 Capacitor Installation Types
451(4)
8.5.2 Types of Controls for Switched Shunt Capacitors
455(1)
8.5.3 Types of Three-Phase Capacitor-Bank Connections
455(2)
8.6 Economic Justification for Capacitors
457(7)
8.6.1 Benefits due to Released Generation Capacity
457(1)
8.6.2 Benefits due to Released Transmission Capacity
458(1)
8.6.3 Benefits due to Released Distribution Substation Capacity
459(1)
8.6.4 Benefits due to Reduced Energy Losses
459(1)
8.6.5 Benefits due to Reduced Voltage Drops
460(1)
8.6.6 Benefits due to Released Feeder Capacity
460(1)
8.6.7 Financial Benefits due to Voltage Improvement
461(1)
8.6.8 Total Financial Benefits due to Capacitor Installations
462(2)
8.7 Practical Procedure to Determine the Best Capacitor Location
464(1)
8.8 Mathematical Procedure to Determine the Optimum Capacitor Allocation
465(23)
8.8.1 Loss Reduction due to Capacitor Allocation
467(7)
8.8.1.1 Case 1: One Capacitor Bank
467(5)
8.8.1.2 Case 2: Two Capacitor Banks
472(1)
8.8.1.3 Case 3: Three Capacitor Banks
473(1)
8.8.1.4 Case 4: Four Capacitor Banks
473(1)
8.8.1.5 Case 5: n Capacitor Banks
474(1)
8.8.2 Optimum Location of a Capacitor Bank
474(5)
8.8.3 Energy Loss Reduction due to Capacitors
479(7)
8.8.4 Relative Ratings of Multiple Fixed Capacitors
486(1)
8.8.5 General Savings Equation for Any Number of Fixed Capacitors
487(1)
8.9 Further Thoughts on Capacitors and Improving Power Factors
488(1)
8.10 Capacitor Tank-Rupture Considerations
489(1)
8.11 Dynamic Behavior of Distribution Systems
490(9)
8.11.1 Ferroresonance
491(2)
8.11.2 Harmonics on Distribution systems
493(6)
Problems
499(3)
References
502(3)
Chapter 9 Distribution System Voltage Regulation 505(44)
9.1 Basic Definitions
505(1)
9.2 Quality of Service and Voltage Standards
505(3)
9.3 Voltage Control
508(1)
9.4 Feeder Voltage Regulators
508(6)
9.5 Line-Drop Compensation
514(24)
9.6 Distribution Capacitor Automation
538(2)
9.7 Voltage Fluctuations
540(4)
9.7.1 Shortcut Method to Calculate the Voltage Dips due to a Single-Phase Motor Start
541(2)
9.7.2 Shortcut Method to Calculate the Voltage Dips due to a Three-Phase Motor Start
543(1)
Problems
544(3)
References
547(2)
Chapter 10 Distribution System Protection 549(74)
10.1 Basic Definitions
549(1)
10.2 Overcurrent Protection Devices
549(16)
10.2.1 Fuses
549(4)
10.2.2 Automatic Circuit Reclosers
553(3)
10.2.3 Automatic Line Sectionalizers
556(6)
10.2.4 Automatic Circuit Breakers
562(3)
10.3 Objective of Distribution System Protection
565(2)
10.4 Coordination of Protective Devices
567(1)
10.5 Fuse-to-Fuse Coordination
568(1)
10.6 Recloser-to-Recloser Coordination
569(3)
10.7 Recloser-to-Fuse Coordination
572(3)
10.8 Recloser-to-Substation Transformer High-Side Fuse Coordination
575(1)
10.9 Fuse-to-Circuit-Breaker Coordination
576(1)
10.10 Recloser-to-Circuit-Breaker Coordination
576(3)
10.11 Fault-Current Calculations
579(15)
10.11.1 Three-Phase Faults
580(1)
10.11.2 Line-to-Line Faults
581(1)
10.11.3 Single Line-to-Ground Faults
582(2)
10.11.4 Components of the Associated Impedance to the Fault
584(3)
10.11.5 Sequence-Impedance Tables for the Application of Symmetrical Components
587(7)
10.12 Fault-Current Calculations in Per Units
594(5)
10.13 Secondary-System Fault-Current Calculations
599(8)
10.13.1 Single-Phase 120/240 V Three-Wire Secondary Service
599(2)
10.13.2 Three-Phase 240/120 or 480/240 V Wye-Delta or Delta-Delta Four-Wire Secondary Service
601(1)
10.13.3 Three-Phase 240/120 or 480/240 V Open-Wye Primary and Four-Wire Open-Delta Secondary Service
602(2)
10.13.4 Three-Phase 208Y/120 V, 480Y/277 V, or 832Y/480 V Four-Wire Wye-Wye Secondary Service
604(3)
10.14 High-Impedance Faults
607(1)
10.15 Lightning Protection
608(12)
10.15.1 A Brief Review of Lightning Phenomenon
609(2)
10.15.2 Lightning Surges
611(1)
10.15.3 Lightning Protection
612(1)
10.15.4 Basic Lightning Impulse Level
612(3)
10.15.5 Determining the Expected Number of Strikes on a Line
615(5)
10.16 Insulators
620(1)
Problems
620(2)
References
622(1)
Chapter 11 Distribution System Reliability 623(70)
11.1 Basic Definitions
623(2)
11.2 National Electric Reliability Council
625(1)
11.3 Appropriate Levels of Distribution Reliability
626(4)
11.4 Basic Reliability Concepts and Mathematics
630(11)
11.4.1 General Reliability Function
630(6)
11.4.2 Basic Single-Component Concepts
636(5)
11.5 Series Systems
641(5)
11.5.1 Unrepairable Components in Series
641(3)
11.5.2 Repairable Components in Series
644(2)
11.6 Parallel Systems
646(10)
11.6.1 Unrepairable Components in Parallel
646(2)
11.6.2 Repairable Components in Parallel
648(8)
11.7 Series and Parallel Combinations
656(6)
11.8 Markov Processes
662(9)
11.8.1 Chapman-Kolmogorov Equations
667(4)
11.8.2 Classification of States in Markov Chains
671(1)
11.9 Development of the State-Transition Model to Determine Steady-State Probabilities
671(4)
11.10 Distribution Reliability Indices
675(1)
11.11 Sustained Interruption Indices
675(4)
11.11.1 SAIFI
676(1)
11.11.2 SAIDI
676(1)
11.11.3 CAIDI
676(1)
11.11.4 CTAIDI
677(1)
11.11.5 CAIFI
677(1)
11.11.6 ASAI
677(1)
11.11.7 ASIFI
678(1)
11.11.8 ASIDI
678(1)
11.11.9 CEMIn
678(1)
11.12 Other Indices (Momentary)
679(1)
11.12.1 MAIFI
679(1)
11.12.2 MAIFIE
679(1)
11.12.3 CEMSMIn
679(1)
11.13 Load- and Energy-Based1ndices
680(2)
11.13.1 ENS
680(1)
11.13.2 AENS
680(1)
11.13.3 ACCT
681(1)
11.14 Usage of Reliability Indices
682(1)
11.15 Benefits of Reliability Modeling in System Performance
683(1)
11.16 Economics of Reliability Assessment
684(2)
Problems
686(5)
References
691(2)
Chapter 12 Electric Power Quality 693(74)
12.1 Basic Definitions
693(2)
12.2 Definition of Electric Power Quality
695(1)
12.3 Classification of Power Quality
695(1)
12.4 Types of Disturbances
696(5)
12.4.1 Harmonic Distortion
696(4)
12.4.2 CBEMA and ITI Curves
700(1)
12.5 Measurements of Electric Power Quality
701(10)
12.5.1 RMS Voltage and Current
701(1)
12.5.2 Distribution Factors
702(1)
12.5.3 Active (Real) and Reactive Power
703(1)
12.5.4 Apparent Power
704(1)
12.5.5 Power Factor
704(3)
12.5.6 Current and Voltage Crest Factors
707(2)
12.5.7 Telephone Interference and the I•T Product
709(2)
12.6 Power in Passive Elements
711(3)
12.6.1 Power in a Pure Resistance
711(1)
12.6.2 Power in a Pure Inductance
712(1)
12.6.3 Power in a Pure Capacitance
713(1)
12.7 Harmonic Distortion Limits
714(2)
12.7.1 Voltage Distortion Limits
714(1)
12.7.2 Current Distortion Limits
714(2)
12.8 Effects of Harmonics
716(1)
12.9 Sources of Harmonics
717(2)
12.10 Derating Transformers
719(2)
12.10.1 K-Factor
719(1)
12.10.2 Transformer Derating
720(1)
12.11 Neutral Conductor Overloading
721(3)
12.12 Capacitor Banks and Power Factor Correction
724(1)
12.13 Short-Circuit Capacity or MVA
725(1)
12.14 System Response Characteristics
725(2)
12.14.1 System Impedance
726(1)
12.14.2 Capacitor Impedance
726(1)
12.15 Bus Voltage Rise and Resonance
727(3)
12.16 Harmonic Amplification
730(4)
12.17 Resonance
734(11)
12.17.1 Series Resonance
734(2)
12.17.2 Parallel Resonance
736(2)
12.17.3 Effects of Harmonics on the Resonance
738(2)
12.17.4 Practical Examples of Resonance Circuits
740(5)
12.18 Harmonic Control Solutions
745(7)
12.18.1 Passive Filters
746(5)
12.18.2 Active Filters
751(1)
12.19 Harmonic Filter Design
752(7)
12.19.1 Series Tuned Filters
753(3)
12.19.2 Second-Order Damped Filters
756(3)
12.20 Load Modeling in the Presence of Harmonics
759(2)
12.20.1 Impedance in the Presence of Harmonics
759(1)
12.20.2 Skin Effect
759(1)
12.20.3 Load Models
760(1)
Problems
761(4)
References
765(2)
Chapter 13 Distributed Generation and Renewable Energy 767(68)
13.1 Introduction
767(1)
13.2 Renewable Energy
767(1)
13.3 Impact of Dispersed Storage and Generation
768(1)
13.4 Integrating Renewables into Power Systems
768(1)
13.5 Distributed Generation
769(1)
13.6 Renewable Energy Penetration
770(1)
13.7 Active Distribution Network
771(1)
13.8 Concept, of Microgrid
771(2)
13.9 Wind Energy and Wind Energy Conversion System
773(34)
13.9.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy Conversion Systems
775(1)
13.9.2 Advantages of a Wind Energy Conversion System
775(1)
13.9.3 Disadvantages of a Wind Energy Conversion System
776(1)
13.9.4 Categories of Wind Turbines
776(4)
13.9.5 Types of Generators Used in Wind Turbines
780(2)
13.9.6 Wind Turbine Operating Systems
782(2)
13.9.6.1 Constant-Speed Wind Turbines
782(1)
13.9.6.2 Variable-Speed Wind Turbines
783(1)
13.9.7 Meteorology of Wind
784(6)
13.9.7.1 Power in the Wind
787(3)
13.9.8 Effects of a Wind Force
790(1)
13.9.9 Impact of Tower Height on Wind Power
791(2)
13.9.10 Wind Measurements
793(2)
13.9.11 Characteristics of a Wind Generator
795(1)
13.9.12 Efficiency and Performance
796(3)
13.9.13 Efficiency of a Wind Turbine
799(3)
13.9.13.1 Generator Efficiency
799(1)
13.9.13.2 Gearbox
800(1)
13.9.13.3 Overall Efficiency
800(1)
13.9.13.4 Other Factors to Define the Efficiency
800(2)
13.9.14 Grid Connection
802(1)
13.9.15 Some Further Issues Related to Wind Energy
803(1)
13.9.16 Development of Transmission System for Wind Energy in the United States
804(1)
13.9.17 Energy Storage
804(2)
13.9.18 Wind Power Forecasting
806(1)
13.10 Solar Energy
807(25)
13.10.1 Solar Energy Systems
807(3)
13.10.2 Crystalline Silicon
810(6)
13.10.3 Effect of Sunlight on Solar Cell's Performance
816(2)
13.10.4 Effects of Changing Strength of the Sun on a Solar Cell
818(2)
13.10.5 Temperature's Effect on Cell Characteristics
820(2)
13.10.6 Efficiency of Solar Cells
822(1)
13.10.7 Interconnection of Solar Cells
823(2)
13.10.8 Overall System Configuration
825(3)
13.10.9 Thin-Film PV
828(1)
13.10.10 Concentrating PV
828(1)
13.10.11 PV Balance of Systems
829(1)
13.10.12 Types of Conversion Technologies
829(1)
13.10.13 Linear CSP Systems
830(1)
13.10.14 Power Tower CSP Systems
830(1)
13.10.15 Dish/Engine CSP Systems
831(1)
13.10.16 PV Applications
831(5)
13.10.16.1 Utility-Interactive PV Systems
831(1)
13.10.16.2 Stand-Alone PV Systems
831(1)
Problems
832(1)
References
833(1)
General References
834(1)
Chapter 14 Energy Storage Systems for Electric Power Utility Systems 835(18)
14.1 Introduction
835(1)
14.2 Storage Systems
836(1)
14.3 Storage Devices
836(5)
14.3.1 Large Hydro
837(1)
14.3.2 Compressed Air Storage
837(1)
14.3.3 Pumped Hydro
838(1)
14.3.4 Hydrogen
838(1)
14.3.5 High-Power Flywheels
839(1)
14.3.6 High-Power Flow Batteries
839(1)
14.3.7 High-Power Supercapacitors
839(1)
14.3.8 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
840(1)
14.3.9 Heat or Cold Storage
840(1)
14.4 Battery Types
841(4)
14.4.1 Secondary Batteries
841(1)
14.4.2 Sodium-Sulfur Batteries
842(1)
14.4.3 Flow Battery Technology
843(1)
14.4.3.1 Zinc-Bromine Flow Battery
843(1)
14.4.3.2 Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
843(1)
14.4.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries
844(1)
14.4.4.1 Lithium-Titanate Batteries
844(1)
14.4.4.2 Lithium Ion Phosphate Batteries
844(1)
14.4.5 Lead-Acid Batteries
844(1)
14.4.5.1 Advanced Lead-Acid Batteries
845(1)
14.4.6 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries
845(1)
14.5 Operational Problems in Battery Usage
845(1)
14.6 Fuel Cells
845(5)
14.6.1 Types of Fuel Cells
848(27)
14.6.1.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane
848(1)
14.6.1.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
849(1)
14.6.1.3 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
849(1)
14.6.1.4 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
850(1)
References
850(3)
Chapter 15 Concept of Smart Grid and Its Applications 853(50)
15.1 Basic Definitions
853(3)
15.2 Introduction
856(5)
15.3 Need for Establishment of Smart Grid
861(6)
15.4 Smart Grid Applications versus Business Objectives
867(1)
15.5 Roots of the Motivation for the Smart Grid
868(3)
15.6 Distribution Automation
871(2)
15.7 Active Distribution Networks
873(1)
15.8 Integration of Smart Grid with the Distribution Management System
874(1)
15.9 Volt/VAR Control in Distribution Networks
875(6)
15.9.1 Traditional Approach to Volt/VAR Control in the Distribution Networks
875(1)
15.9.2 SCADA Approach to Control Volt/VAR in the Distribution Networks
876(3)
15.9.3 Integrated Volt/VAR Control Optimization
879(2)
15.10 Existing Electric Power Grid
881(1)
15.11 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
881(2)
15.12 Advanced SCADA Concepts
883(2)
15.12.1 Substation Controllers
884(1)
15.13 Advanced Developments for Integrated Substation Automation
885(3)
15.14 Evolution of Smart Grid
888(3)
15.15 Smart Microgrids
891(2)
15.16 Topology of a Microgrid
893(1)
15.17 Future of a Smart Grid
894(1)
15.18 Standards of Smart Grids
895(2)
15.19 Asset Management
897(2)
15.20 Existing Challenges to the Application of the Concept of Smart Grids
899(1)
15.21 Evolution of Smart Grid
899(2)
References
901(2)
Appendix A: Impedance Tables for Lines, Transformers, and Underground Cables 903(58)
Appendix B: Graphic Symbols Used in Distribution System Design 961(8)
Appendix C: Standard Device Numbers Used in Protection Systems 969(2)
Appendix D: The Per-Unit System 971(22)
Appendix E: Glossary for Distribution System Terminology 993(16)
Notation 1009(10)
Answers to Selected Problems 1019(4)
Index 1023
Turan Gönen received a BS and MS from Istanbul Technical College, MS and two Ph.Ds from Iowa State University, and MBA from University of Oklahoma. He has held positions at University of MissouriColumbia, University of MissouriRolla, University of Oklahoma, Iowa State University, Florida International University, and Ankara Technical College; served as a design engineer and consultant in US and international power industries; and written over 100 technical papers and five books. An IEEE fellow and IIE senior member, he is currently professor of electrical engineering and director of the Electrical Power Educational Institute at California State University, Sacramento.
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