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Part I Fundamentals of Electrical Contacts |
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1 | (260) |
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Introduction to Electrical Contacts |
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3 | (6) |
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3 | (3) |
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Summary of Basic Features |
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6 | (3) |
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9 | (26) |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (6) |
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Modern Techniques of Measuring Surface Parameters |
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17 | (4) |
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Contact of Smooth Surfaces |
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21 | (6) |
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Plastic and Elastoplastic Contacts |
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23 | (4) |
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Contact between Rough Surfaces |
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27 | (8) |
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Greenwood-Williamson Model |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (4) |
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Transition from Elastic to Plastic Contact |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (36) |
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35 | (12) |
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35 | (3) |
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38 | (1) |
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Interfacial Bonds (Adhesion Component of Friction) |
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38 | (3) |
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41 | (1) |
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Friction as a Function of Operating Conditions |
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42 | (2) |
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The Preliminary Displacement |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (18) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (4) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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Current Trends in Tribology |
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67 | (4) |
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71 | (78) |
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Metallic Contact Materials |
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71 | (18) |
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Properties of Contact Materials |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (4) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Metals and Alloys for Heavy- and Medium-Duty Contacts |
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80 | (3) |
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Metals and Alloys for Light-Duty Contacts |
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83 | (2) |
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Materials for Liquid-Metal Contacts |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (1) |
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Shape-Memory Alloys and Their Applications in Electrical Contacts |
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88 | (1) |
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Coatings for Electrical Contacts |
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89 | (22) |
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89 | (2) |
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Surface Engineering Technologies |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (3) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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Physical Vapor Deposition Technology |
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99 | (1) |
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Electro-Spark Deposition (ESD) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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Coatings for Power Connectors (Copper and Aluminum Joints) |
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102 | (2) |
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Coatings for Electronic/Electrical Applications |
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104 | (7) |
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Composite Contact Materials |
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111 | (14) |
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Composite Materials for Contacts of Commutating Apparatuses |
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111 | (7) |
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Self-Lubricating Composites for Sliding Contacts |
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118 | (7) |
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125 | (24) |
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``Bulk'' Properties Nanomaterials |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (4) |
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131 | (5) |
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136 | (1) |
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Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) |
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136 | (2) |
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Ballistic Magnetoresistance (BMR) |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (1) |
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Characterization Techniques for Nanostructured Materials |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Scanning Probe Microscopes |
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144 | (5) |
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Current and Heat Transfer across the Contact Interface |
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149 | (56) |
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149 | (31) |
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Circular and Noncircular a-Spots |
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149 | (5) |
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Effect of Signal Frequency |
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154 | (3) |
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Size Effects, Nanocontacts |
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157 | (3) |
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160 | (6) |
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Effect of Contact Geometry |
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166 | (6) |
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Conductivity of Rough Contact |
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172 | (8) |
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180 | (25) |
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Principles of Heat Conduction Theory |
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181 | (2) |
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Simple Problems of Heat Conduction Theory |
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183 | (5) |
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Contact Spots Heated by Electrical Current |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (2) |
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Heating of Contact Spots Having Surface Films |
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190 | (4) |
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Field Intensity in the Contact Clearance with Tunnel-Conductive Films |
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194 | (1) |
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Formulation of Heat Problem with Friction |
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195 | (3) |
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Flash Temperature of Electrical Contact |
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198 | (2) |
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Thermal Instability of Friction Contact |
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200 | (1) |
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Thermoelastic Instability |
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201 | (1) |
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Instability Caused by Temperature-Dependent Coefficient of Friction |
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202 | (1) |
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Instability Related to Friction Mode Variation |
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202 | (3) |
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Reliability Issues in Electrical Contacts |
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205 | (56) |
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Significance of Electrical Contacts Reliability |
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205 | (1) |
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Electrical Contact Requirements |
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206 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Reliability |
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206 | (2) |
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Connection Degradation Mechanisms |
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208 | (40) |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (2) |
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214 | (3) |
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217 | (2) |
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Factors Affecting Fretting |
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219 | (1) |
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Fretting in Electrical Contacts |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (2) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (2) |
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Effect of Electrical Current |
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232 | (5) |
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237 | (3) |
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Stress Relaxation and Creep |
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240 | (1) |
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Nature of the Effect of Electric Current |
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241 | (1) |
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Effect of Electric Current on Stress Relaxation |
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242 | (5) |
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247 | (1) |
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Impact of Connection Degradation |
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248 | (13) |
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Prognostic Model for Contact Remaining Life |
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250 | (6) |
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Economical Consequences of Contact Deterioration |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (3) |
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Part II Applications of Electrical Contacts |
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261 | (234) |
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263 | (46) |
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Types of Power Connectors |
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263 | (1) |
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Design Features and Degradation Mechanisms |
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263 | (29) |
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263 | (6) |
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Fretting in Bolted Connectors |
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269 | (2) |
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Fretting in Aluminum Connections |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (3) |
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Creep and Stress Relaxation |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (3) |
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279 | (2) |
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Degradation Mechanisms in Compression Connectors |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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Fretting in Compression Connectors |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Binding-Head Screw Connectors |
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285 | (4) |
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Insulation Piercing Connectors |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (2) |
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292 | (14) |
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Contact Area-Connector Design |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (1) |
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Mechanical Contact Devices |
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297 | (3) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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Multilam Contact Elements |
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302 | (1) |
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Shape-Memory Alloy Mechanical Devices |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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Lubrication: Contact Aid Compounds |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (3) |
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309 | (60) |
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Types of Electronic Connections |
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309 | (1) |
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Materials for Electronic Connections |
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309 | (8) |
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310 | (2) |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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Tin--Silver--Copper--Antimony |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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Tin--Zinc--Silver--Aluminum--Gallium |
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317 | (1) |
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Degradation Mechanisms in Electronic Connections |
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317 | (44) |
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319 | (3) |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (3) |
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327 | (7) |
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Frictional Polymerization |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (12) |
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Creep and Stress Relaxation |
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348 | (5) |
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353 | (4) |
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357 | (4) |
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361 | (8) |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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Palladium and Palladium Alloys |
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362 | (2) |
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364 | (1) |
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Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloys |
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364 | (1) |
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364 | (5) |
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369 | (126) |
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Tribology of Electrical Contacts |
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369 | (7) |
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Interrelation of Friction and Electrical Processes |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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Main Means of Improving Reliability of Sliding Contacts |
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371 | (2) |
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Tribophysical Aspects in the Development of Sliding Contacts |
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373 | (3) |
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376 | (38) |
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376 | (1) |
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Effects of Low Current and Electrical Field on Friction |
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377 | (1) |
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Effect of Interfacial Shear |
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378 | (2) |
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Adhesion, Transfer, Wear Debris Formation, and Surface Transformation |
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380 | (6) |
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386 | (1) |
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Effects of Electrical Current on Tribological Behavior |
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386 | (4) |
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Influence of Electric Fields |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (1) |
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Effect of Material Combination of Contacting Members |
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393 | (1) |
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Electroplastic Effect in Sliding Contact |
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394 | (2) |
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Friction and Current Transfer in Metal Fiber Brush Contacts |
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396 | (4) |
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Stability of the Contact Resistance. Electrical Noise |
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400 | (1) |
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Contact Noise in Closed Connections |
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400 | (2) |
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Electrical Noise in Sliding Contacts |
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402 | (12) |
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Lubricated Metal Contacts |
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414 | (40) |
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Introduction. Lubrication Factors |
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414 | (1) |
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Electrical Properties of Lubricating Boundary Layers |
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415 | (4) |
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Conductivity of Lubricated Contacts |
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419 | (1) |
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Effect of Lubricant on Conductivity near the Contact Spots |
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419 | (1) |
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Effect of Lubricant on Conductivity of Contact Spots |
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420 | (7) |
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Experimental Studies of Electric Conductivity of Lubricated Contacts |
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427 | (3) |
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Contact Resistance between Very Smooth Lubricated Surfaces |
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430 | (1) |
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Temperature Dependencies of Contact Conductivity |
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431 | (2) |
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Lubrication Factors in Sliding Contacts |
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433 | (1) |
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Effect of Lubricant Origin |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (3) |
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Tribochemical Aspects of Lubrication |
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438 | (3) |
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Effect of Velocity in Light-Current Contacts |
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441 | (1) |
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Effects of Lubricant Contact Properties |
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442 | (2) |
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Current Passage and Friction in High-Current Lubricated Contacts |
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444 | (5) |
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Lubricants for Electrical Contacts |
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449 | (1) |
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Lubricants for Sliding Electric Switch Contacts |
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450 | (1) |
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Lubricants for Sliding Contacts of Sensors |
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451 | (3) |
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Selection of Contact Lubricants |
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454 | (1) |
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454 | (41) |
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Effect of Intermediate Layers on Electrical Characteristics |
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455 | (1) |
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Structure and Electrical Properties of Intermediate Films |
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456 | (4) |
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Mechanism of Current Passage through the Contact with Intermediate Films |
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460 | (7) |
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Influence of Polarity on Conductivity in Composite-Metal Contact |
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467 | (4) |
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The ``Lubricating'' Effect of Electrical Current |
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471 | (1) |
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Effect of Current on Friction Characteristics |
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471 | (2) |
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Mechanism of the ``Lubricating'' Action of the Electric Current |
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473 | (4) |
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Effect of Brush Material on Friction Behavior with Electric Current |
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477 | (2) |
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479 | (1) |
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Wear of Currentless Contacts |
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479 | (1) |
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Effect of Current on Wear |
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480 | (3) |
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Factors Leading to Electrical Wear in the Absence of Sparking |
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483 | (6) |
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Influence of the Electric Field in the Clearance |
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489 | (2) |
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Wear with Sparking and Arcing |
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491 | (2) |
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Some Ways to Reduce Electrical Wear |
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493 | (2) |
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Part III Diagnostic and Monitoring Technologies |
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495 | (60) |
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Electrical Methods in Tribology |
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497 | (32) |
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497 | (6) |
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Diagnosis of Contact Area and Friction Regimes |
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503 | (8) |
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Formation of Contact Area |
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503 | (5) |
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Control of Sliding Contact with the Presence of Oxide Films |
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508 | (1) |
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Experimental Study of Metallic Contact Spots Formation |
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509 | (2) |
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Evaluation of Tribological Performance of Materials and Lubricants |
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511 | (18) |
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Evaluation of Load-Bearing Capacity and Lubricity of Surface Films |
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511 | (4) |
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Estimation of Lubricant Interlayer Shear Strength under Imperfect Lubrication |
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515 | (2) |
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Evaluation of Thermal Stability of Materials and Lubricants by Electrical Methods |
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517 | (2) |
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Control of Surface Coatings and Films |
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519 | (2) |
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Novel Systems for Measuring and Analysis of Contact Characteristics |
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521 | (2) |
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523 | (6) |
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529 | (26) |
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530 | (12) |
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532 | (1) |
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Basic Features of Infrared Thermography |
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532 | (2) |
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Types of Infrared Thermal Systems |
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534 | (4) |
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SME Temperature Indicators |
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538 | (2) |
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Temperature Stickers (Labels) |
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540 | (1) |
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Remote Temperature Sensors |
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541 | (1) |
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542 | (3) |
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Monitoring Contact Load (Pressure) |
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545 | (1) |
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546 | (2) |
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548 | (4) |
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Cost Benefits of Monitoring and Diagnostic Techniques |
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552 | (3) |
Appendix 1: Methods of Description of Rough Surface |
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555 | (10) |
Appendix 2: Shape-Memory Materials |
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565 | (20) |
Appendix 3: Electrical Contact Tables |
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585 | (14) |
References |
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599 | (42) |
Index |
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641 | |