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E-raamat: Electrical Machines: Fundamentals of Electromechanical Energy Conversion

(University of Technology and Life Sciences, Bydgoszcz, Poland)
  • Formaat: 450 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Oct-2016
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9781498708869
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  • Formaat: 450 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Oct-2016
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9781498708869
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This book endeavors to break the stereotype that basic electrical machine courses are limited only to transformers, DC brush machines, induction machines, and wound-field synchronous machines. It is intended to serve as a textbook for basic courses on Electrical Machines covering the fundamentals of the electromechanical energy conversion, transformers, classical electrical machines, i.e., DC brush machines, induction machines, wound-field rotor synchronous machines and modern electrical machines, i.e., switched reluctance machines (SRM) and permanent magnet (PM) brushless machines. In addition to academic research and teaching, the author has worked for over 18 years in US high-technology corporative businesses providing solutions to problems such as design, simulation, manufacturing and laboratory testing of large variety of electrical machines for electric traction, energy generation, marine propulsion, and aerospace electric systems.
Preface XIII
1 Introduction To Electromechanical Energy Conversion 1(40)
1.1 What is electromechanical energy conversion?
1(3)
1.1.1 Block diagrams of electromechanical energy conversion devices
1(2)
1.1.2 Left-hand and right-hand rule
3(1)
1.1.3 Energy flow in an electromechanical energy conversion device
4(1)
1.2 Analogies between electric and magnetic circuits
4(2)
1.3 Losses in ferromagnetic cores
6(4)
1.4 Inductor
10(6)
1.4.1 Ideal inductor
10(1)
1.4.2 Practical inductor
11(5)
1.5 Two magnetically coupled electric circuits
16(1)
1.6 Doubly-excited rotary device
17(6)
1.7 Basic coordinates and parameters of systems
23(4)
1.7.1 Capacitive element
23(1)
1.7.2 Inductive element
23(1)
1.7.3 Resistive element
24(1)
1.7.4 Mass in translatory motion
24(1)
1.7.5 Elastic element in translatory motion
25(1)
1.7.6 Dissipative element in translatory motion
25(1)
1.7.7 Concentrated-parameter elements in rotary motion
25(2)
1.8 Energy and coenergy
27(5)
1.8.1 Energy and coenergy of a nonlinear inductive element
27(2)
1.8.2 Energy and coenergy of a nonlinear capacitive element
29(1)
1.8.3 Energy and coenergy of mechanical systems
29(3)
1.9 Force and torque balance equations
32(1)
Summary
33(3)
Problems
36(5)
2 Transformers 41(40)
2.1 Single-phase transformer
41(18)
2.1.1 Principle of operation and construction
41(1)
2.1.2 Ideal single-phase transformer
41(4)
2.1.3 Real transformer
45(2)
2.1.4 Open-circuit test
47(3)
2.1.5 Short-circuit test
50(6)
2.1.6 Voltage regulation (secondary voltage change)
56(1)
2.1.7 Efficiency
57(2)
2.2 Three-phase transformer
59(12)
2.2.1 Principle of operation and construction
59(4)
2.2.2 Name plate
63(2)
2.2.3 Voltage ratio of three-phase transformers
65(5)
2.2.4 Parallel operation
70(1)
2.3 Autotransformer
71(2)
2.4 Scott transformer
73(1)
Summary
74(3)
Problems
77(4)
3 Switched-Reluctance Machines 81(30)
3.1 What is a switched reluctance machine?
81(2)
3.2 Construction
83(2)
3.3 Aligned and unaligned positions
85(2)
3.4 Electromagnetic torque
87(4)
3.5 Electromagnetic torque derived from coenergy
91(6)
3.6 Power electronics converters for SRMs
97(5)
3.6.1 Current hysteresis control
97(2)
3.6.2 Voltage PWM control
99(1)
3.6.3 Asymmetric bridge converter with freewheeling and regeneration capability
99(2)
3.6.4 (m + 1) converter
101(1)
3.7 Advantages and disadvantages
102(1)
3.8 Applications of SRMs
103(1)
3.9 Steady-state performance characteristics
104(1)
3.10 Design recommendation
105(1)
Summary
106(2)
Problems
108(3)
4 DC Machines 111(54)
4.1 Function and objective
111(1)
4.2 Principle of operation
111(2)
4.3 Construction of DC brush machine
113(5)
4.4 Armature winding
118(3)
4.5 Fundamental equations
121(5)
4.5.1 Terminal voltage
121(1)
4.5.2 Armature winding EMF
122(1)
4.5.3 Magnetic flux
122(1)
4.5.4 MMF of the field winding
122(1)
4.5.5 Electromagnetic power
123(1)
4.5.6 Electromagnetic (developed) torque
124(1)
4.5.7 Rotor and commutator linear speed
124(1)
4.5.8 Input power, output power and efficiency
124(1)
4.5.9 Losses
125(1)
4.5.10 Armature line current density
126(1)
4.6 Armature reaction
126(1)
4.7 Classification of DC machines according to armature and field winding connections
127(2)
4.8 DC generators
129(8)
4.8.1 Separately-excited generator
129(1)
4.8.2 Shunt generator
130(7)
4.9 DC motors
137(3)
4.9.1 DC shunt motor
137(1)
4.9.2 DC series motor
138(2)
4.10 Compound-wound motor
140(6)
4.10.1 Starting
141(2)
4.10.2 Speed control of DC motors
143(3)
4.11 Braking
146(1)
4.11.1 Braking a shunt DC motor
146(1)
4.11.2 Braking a series DC motor
147(1)
4.12 Permanent magnet DC commutator motors
147(10)
4.12.1 Permanent magnet materials
147(2)
4.12.2 Construction of DC permanent magnet motors
149(2)
4.12.3 Slotted-rotor PM DC motors
151(2)
4.12.4 Slotless rotor PM motors
153(1)
4.12.5 Moving-coil cylindrical motors
153(2)
4.12.6 Disk-type motors
155(2)
Summary
157(5)
Problems
162(3)
5 Windings Of AC Machines 165(46)
5.1 Construction or windings
165(7)
5.2 Winding diagrams
172(2)
5.3 Electromotive force induced in a winding by rotating magnetic field
174(4)
5.4 Distribution factor and pitch factor
178(3)
5.5 Higher harmonics of EMF
181(3)
5.6 Magnetic field produced by a single coil
184(4)
5.7 Magnetic field of a phase winding
188(1)
5.8 Magnetic field of a three-phase winding
189(8)
5.9 Influence of magnetic saturation
197(1)
5.10 MMF of two-phase winding
198(4)
5.11 MMF of a single-phase winding
202(1)
Summary
203(4)
Problems
207(4)
6 Induction Machines 211(82)
6.1 Construction
211(4)
6.2 Fundamental relationships
215(11)
6.2.1 Slip
215(1)
6.2.2 Rotor speed
216(1)
6.2.3 Input power
217(1)
6.2.4 Electromagnetic power
217(1)
6.2.5 Electromagnetic (developed) torque
218(1)
6.2.6 Mechanical power
218(1)
6.2.7 Rotor winding losses
219(1)
6.2.8 EMF (voltage induced) in the stator winding
219(1)
6.2.9 EMF induced in the rotor winding
220(1)
6.2.10 Rotor EMF referred to the stator system
221(1)
6.2.11 Rotor current referred to as the stator system
221(1)
6.2.12 Rotor impedance
222(1)
6.2.13 Rotor impedance referred to as the stator system
222(1)
6.2.14 Output power
223(1)
6.2.15 Rotational (mechanical) losses
224(1)
6.2.16 Stray losses
225(1)
6.2.17 Slip, electromagnetic power, and mechanical power
225(1)
6.2.18 Efficiency
225(1)
6.2.19 Shaft torque
226(1)
6.3 Equivalent circuit
226(4)
6.4 No-load and locked-rotor tests
230(5)
6.4.1 No-load test
231(2)
6.4.2 Locked-rotor test
233(2)
6.5 Torque-speed characteristics
235(11)
6.5.1 Equivalent circuit impedance
235(1)
6.5.2 Stator current derived from the equivalent circuit
236(1)
6.5.3 Rotor current derived from the equivalent circuit
236(1)
6.5.4 Electromagnetic torque developed by an induction machine
237(1)
6.5.5 Critical slip and maximum electromagnetic torque
238(1)
6.5.6 Starting torque
239(1)
6.5.7 Torque—speed and torque—slip curves
239(6)
6.5.8 Influence of rotor resistance on torque—speed characteristics
245(1)
6.5.9 Load characteristics
246(1)
6.6 Starting
246(9)
6.6.1 Slip—ring motors
246(1)
6.6.2 Cage—rotor motors
247(8)
6.7 Induction motors that use skin effect in the rotor winding
255(5)
6.7.1 Deep bar motors
256(2)
6.7.2 Double-cage motors
258(2)
6.8 Speed control
260(6)
6.8.1 Frequency changing for speed control
260(3)
6.8.2 Pole changing for speed control
263(2)
6.8.3 Speed control by voltage variation
265(1)
6.8.4 Changing the resistance in the rotor circuit
265(1)
6.9 Inverter-fed induction motor capabilities
266(4)
6.10 Braking
270(2)
6.10.1 Direct current injection (dynamic) braking
271(1)
6.10.2 Plugging
271(1)
6.10.3 Regenerative braking
271(1)
6.11 Connection of a three-phase motor to a single-phase power supply
272(1)
6.12 Induction motors with copper cage rotor
272(2)
6.13 Abnormal operating conditions
274(1)
6.13.1 Increase in voltage, Pout = const
274(1)
6.13.2 Decrease in voltage Pout = const
274(1)
6.13.3 Change in frequency
275(1)
6.14 Single-phase induction motors
275(4)
6.14.1 Split-phase induction motor
276(1)
6.14.2 Capacitor-start induction motor
277(1)
6.14.3 Permanent—split capacitor induction motor
277(1)
6.14.4 Capacitor—start capacitor-run induction motor
277(1)
6.14.5 Shaded—pole induction motor
278(1)
Summary
279(9)
Problems
288(5)
7 Synchronous Machines 293(76)
7.1 Construction
293(1)
7.2 Classification of synchronous machines
294(7)
7.2.1 Turboalternators
295(1)
7.2.2 Hydroalternators
296(2)
7.2.3 Combustion engine driven synchronous generators
298(1)
7.2.4 Gas turbine driven generators
298(2)
7.2.5 Microturbines
300(1)
7.2.6 Wind generators
300(1)
7.3 Electromotive force induced in armature winding
301(2)
7.4 Armature reaction
303(1)
7.5 Generator and motor operation
304(1)
7.6 Operation at no load
304(2)
7.7 Operation at short circuit
306(2)
7.8 Phasor diagram of synchronous machine with non-salient pole rotor and unsaturated magnetic circuit
308(4)
7.9 Phasor diagram of synchronous machine with non-salient pole rotor and saturated magnetic circuit
312(2)
7.10 Steady-state characteristics of synchronous turboalternator
314(1)
7.11 Losses and efficiency
314(4)
7.12 Exciters
318(2)
7.13 Operation of synchronous generators
320(9)
7.13.1 Modes of operation of synchronous generators
320(1)
7.13.2 Operation on infinite bus bar
320(1)
7.13.3 Torque—load angle characteristics of non-salient pole rotor synchronous machine
321(2)
7.13.4 Circle diagram of non-salient pole rotor synchronous machine
323(1)
7.13.5 V-curves
324(1)
7.13.6 Synchronization
324(5)
7.14 Salient-pole rotor synchronous machine
329(11)
7.14.1 Magnetic field in a salient-pole rotor synchronous machine
329(2)
7.14.2 Form factor of the excitation field
331(1)
7.14.3 Form factors of the armature reaction
331(1)
7.14.4 Reaction factor
331(1)
7.14.5 Phasor diagram of a salient-pole rotor synchronous machine
332(3)
7.14.6 Power and electromagnetic torque of a salient-pole rotor synchronous machine
335(5)
7.15 Aircraft generators
340(6)
7.16 Synchronous motor
346(7)
7.16.1 Fundamentals
346(4)
7.16.2 Starting
350(2)
7.16.3 Comparison of synchronous motors with induction motors
352(1)
7.17 Synchronous reluctance motors
353(3)
7.18 Written pole motors
356(2)
Summary
358(6)
Problems
364(5)
8 Permanent Magnet Brushless Motors 369(50)
8.1 Permanent magnet motor drives
369(2)
8.2 Permanent magnet synchronous motors
371(2)
8.3 Air gap magnetic flux density
373(5)
8.3.1 Electromotive force EMF (voltage induced)
374(1)
8.3.2 Armature line current density and current density
375(1)
8.3.3 Electromagnetic power
376(1)
8.3.4 Synchronous reactance
376(1)
8.3.5 Electromagnetic (developed) torque
376(1)
8.3.6 Equivalent field MMF
377(1)
8.3.7 Armature reaction reactance
377(1)
8.4 Phasor diagram
378(4)
8.5 Characteristics
382(4)
8.6 Starting
386(1)
8.6.1 Asynchronous starting
386(1)
8.6.2 Starting by means of an auxiliary motor
387(1)
8.6.3 Frequency-change starting
387(1)
8.7 Permanent magnet DC brushless motors
387(22)
8.7.1 Electromagnetic torque
388(1)
8.7.2 Linear and rotational speed of brushless motors
389(1)
8.7.3 Commutation of PM brushless motors
389(3)
8.7.4 EMF
392(1)
8.7.5 Inverter AC output voltage
393(1)
8.7.6 DC bus voltage of a controlled rectifier
394(5)
8.7.7 Rotor position sensing of DC brushless motors
399(1)
8.7.8 Mathematical model
400(2)
8.7.9 Cogging torque
402(1)
8.7.10 Concentrated-coil armature winding
402(2)
8.7.11 Electromechanical drive with PM brushless motor
404(1)
8.7.12 Electric and hybrid electric vehicles
405(4)
Summary
409(6)
Problems
415(4)
Symbols and Abbreviations 419(6)
References 425(2)
Index 427
Jacek F. Gieras graduated in 1971 from the Technical University of Lodz, Poland with distinction. He received his PhD degree in electrical engineering (electrical machines) in 1975 and DSc degree (Dr habil.), also in electrical engineering, in 1980 from the University of Technology, Poznan, Poland. His research area is electrical machines, drives, electromagnetics, power systems, railway engineering and aircraft electric systems. Major research achievements relate to analytical methods of analysis of power frequency electromagnetic fields, linear motors, magnetic levitation, computer aided design of electrical motors, new topologies of permanent magnet motors, and optimization of permanent magnet brushless motors using the finite element method and population-based algorithm. He is an internationally recognized scientist and one of the leaders in electrical machines and electromechanical drives. His works on linear motors and permanent magnet motors are frequently cited worldwide (over 4500 citations).











From 1971 to 1987, he was with Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, and Academy of Technology and Agriculture, Bydgoszcz, Poland. In 1975/76 (6 months) he was a Visiting Researcher at Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (Laboratory of Electromagnetics), Prague, Czechoslovakia. From 1983 to 1985, he was a Research Visiting Professor at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. In 1987, he was promoted in Poland to the rank of Full Professor of Electrical Engineering (life title given by the President of the Republic of Poland). From 1987 to 1989, he was with the Department of Electrical Engineering at Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. From 1989 to 1998, he was with the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. In 1994, he was a Visiting Professor at the University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy. In 1996, he was JR Central Company Visiting Professor (Endowed Chair of Transportation System Engineering established by Central Japan Railway Company) at the University of Tokyo, Japan. In 1996/1997, he was a Guest Professor at Chungbuk National University (School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering), Cheongju, South Korea.









Prof. Gieras has authored and co-authored 11 books, over 250 scientific and technical papers, and over 70 patents and patent publications. His monograph, "Linear Induction Motors", Oxford University Press, 1994, U.K. is the fundamental reference book in linear induction machines. He co-authored an 800-page "Handbook of Electric Motors", Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, U.S.A. edited by W.H. Middendorf and R.H. Engelmann (University of Cincinnati). The second edition was published in 2004 (editors H. Toliyat and J. Kliman). His book entitled, "Permanent Magnet Motors Technology: Design and Applications", Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1996, second edition 2002, 3rd edition 2010 offers comprehensive coverage of all types of rotary permanent magnet motors, their modern applications, design, and principles of optimization. Permanent magnet linear synchronous motors have been discussed in his book entitled, "Linear Synchronous Motors: Transportation and Automation Systems", CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida, 1999 (co-author Z.J. Piech), 2nd edition 2012 (co-authors Z.J. Piech and B. Tomczuk). "Noise of Polyphase Electric Motors", Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, U.S.A., 2005 (coauthors C. Wang and J.C. Lai), is the first in the world monograph which discusses magnetic noise produced by permanent magnet brushless motors. "Advancements in Electric Machines", Springer, Dordrecht-New York-London, 2008, is the first book in the world on most recent advances in electrical machinery and drives.











Prof. Gieras is a Fellow of IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, U.S.A.), Fellow of UTC Aerospace Systems (United Technologies Corporation), U.S.A., Full Member of International Academy of Electrical Sciences, foreign member of PTETiS (Polish Association of Theoretical and Applied Electrotechnology), and member of steering committees of numerous international conferences.