| Acknowledgements |
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xv | |
| Preface |
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xvii | |
| Common Acronyms, Symbols And Abbreviations Used In the text |
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xxiii | |
| Introduction to Volume I |
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xlv | |
| About the authors |
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xlvii | |
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1 | (1) |
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1.1 Range and application of commercial bulk magnetic materials |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Industrially important characteristics of soft magnetic materials |
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3 | (4) |
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1.3 Families of commercial soft magnetic materials |
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7 | (7) |
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14 | (7) |
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1.5 Global impact of energy wastage in electrical steels |
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21 | (4) |
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23 | (2) |
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2 Basic magnetic concepts |
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25 | (1) |
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2.1 Magnetic fields, flux density and magnetisation |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Magnetic dipole moment (m) |
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25 | (3) |
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2.1.3 Magnetic polarisation (J) |
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28 | (1) |
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2.1.4 Magnetic flux density (B) |
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29 | (3) |
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32 | (2) |
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2.1.6 Relationships between H, B and M |
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34 | (5) |
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2.1.7 Demagnetising effects |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (3) |
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2.3 Dimensional analysis of magnetic quantities |
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44 | (2) |
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2.4 Crystal planes and directions |
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46 | (5) |
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49 | (2) |
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3 Magnetic domains, energy minimisation and magnetostriction |
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51 | (1) |
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3.1 Magnetic dipole moments and domains |
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51 | (1) |
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3.2 Weiss theory and molecular field |
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52 | (2) |
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3.3 Minimisation of free energy |
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54 | (1) |
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3.4 Domain wall structure and motion |
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55 | (2) |
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3.5 Domain changes occurring during magnetisation |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (4) |
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3.6.1 Anisotropy energy in materials with cubic crystal structure (Ek) |
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59 | (4) |
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3.6.2 Uniaxial anisotropy energy (Eu) |
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63 | (1) |
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3.7 Magnetostatic energy (Ems) |
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63 | (1) |
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3.8 Fundamentals of magnetostriction |
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64 | (5) |
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3.8.1 Stress-strain relationship in soft magnetic materials |
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64 | (1) |
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3.8.2 Origin of magnetostriction in soft magnetic materials |
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65 | (4) |
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3.9 Magnetoelastic energy (Eme) |
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69 | (3) |
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3.10 Domain wall energy (Ew) |
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72 | (1) |
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3.11 Work and energy in the magnetisation process |
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73 | (1) |
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3.12 Static domain structure with minimum stored energy |
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74 | (2) |
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3.13 Domain changes occurring during magnetisation |
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76 | (3) |
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3.14 Energy (£/,) due to an externally applied field |
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79 | (1) |
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3.15 Effect of an applied field on a domain wall |
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80 | (1) |
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3.16 Magnetostriction in soft magnetic materials |
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81 | (7) |
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3.16.1 Saturation magnetostriction along principal crystal axes |
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81 | (1) |
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3.16.2 The special case of (110)[ 001] oriented silicon-iron |
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82 | (1) |
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3.16.3 Saturation magnetostriction of a polycrystalline material |
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83 | (1) |
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3.16.4 Variation of magnetostriction with flux density |
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84 | (4) |
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3.17 The Barkhausen effect |
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88 | (7) |
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92 | (3) |
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4 Methods of observing magnetic domains in electrical steels |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (3) |
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4.3 Optical methods of surface domain observation |
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99 | (5) |
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4.3.1 The magneto-optic effect |
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99 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Domain observation using the longitudinal KMO effect |
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100 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Observation of rapid domain wall motion using the KMO effect |
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102 | (2) |
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4.4 Magnetic force microscope |
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104 | (3) |
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4.5 Domain visualisation from surface field sensors |
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107 | (3) |
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4.6 Observation of sub-surface domain features |
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110 | (4) |
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4.6.1 Electron microscope techniques |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (1) |
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4.6.3 Freeze-in techniques for observing sub-surface structures |
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112 | (2) |
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4.6.4 Visualisation of sub-surface domain structures using neutron mediation |
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114 | (1) |
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4.7 Use of magnetic bacteria for domain observation |
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114 | (1) |
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4.8 Magneto-optical indicator films |
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115 | (1) |
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4.9 Comparison of methods for observations on electrical steels |
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116 | (7) |
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118 | (5) |
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5 Electromagnetic induction |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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5.3 Expressions for an induced e.m.f |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (2) |
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6 Fundamentals of a.c. signals |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (4) |
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133 | (1) |
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6.3 Distorted voltages on power systems |
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134 | (1) |
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6.4 Distorted B or H waveforms due to non-linear magnetisation curves |
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135 | (1) |
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6.5 Effect of the electric circuit on waveform distortion |
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135 | (2) |
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6.6 General relationship between harmonics in B and H waveforms |
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137 | (1) |
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6.7 Calculation of flux density under distorted magnetisation conditions |
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138 | (3) |
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140 | (1) |
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7 Losses and eddy currents in soft magnetic materials |
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141 | (1) |
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7.1 Physical and engineering approaches to magnetic losses |
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141 | (1) |
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7.2 Energy dissipation derived from the area enclosed by a B-H loop |
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142 | (3) |
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7.3 Derivation of the dependence of loss on B and H using the Poynting vector theorem |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (1) |
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7.5 Eddy current generation in a rod of conducting material |
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148 | (1) |
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7.6 Eddy currents in a thin sheet |
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149 | (6) |
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7.6.1 Skin depth and equivalent depth of uniform magnetisation |
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153 | (2) |
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7.7 Classical eddy current loss |
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155 | (3) |
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7.7.1 Reduction of eddy current loss by use of laminations |
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156 | (2) |
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7.8 Separation of losses into eddy current and hysteresis components |
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158 | (5) |
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7.8.1 Hysteresis loss components |
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158 | (1) |
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7.8.2 Separation of total loss into two or three components |
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158 | (5) |
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7.9 Total loss within a sheet |
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163 | (3) |
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7.10 Total power loss of a strip expressed in terms of B and H |
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166 | (5) |
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168 | (3) |
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8 Rotational magnetisation and losses |
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171 | (2) |
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8.1 Vector representation of a pure rotating magnetic field |
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173 | (2) |
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8.2 Rotational flux density |
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175 | (2) |
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8.3 Torque curves and stored magnetocrystallme energy |
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177 | (5) |
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8.4 Rotational hysteresis loss |
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182 | (4) |
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8.5 Magnetic domain structures under rotational magnetisation |
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186 | (7) |
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8.6 Combined alternating, rotational and d.c. offset magnetisation |
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193 | (1) |
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8.6.1 Combined alternating and rotationa magnetisation |
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193 | (4) |
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8.6.2 Alternating magnetisation combined with d.c. offset fields |
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197 | (1) |
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8.7 Rotational loss at power frequency |
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198 | (1) |
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8.7.1 Distinction from rotational |
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198 | (1) |
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8.7.2 Total rotational loss in terms of B and H |
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199 | (3) |
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8.7.3 Loss separation under rotational magnetisation |
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202 | (6) |
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8.8 Magnetostriction under rotational magnetisation |
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208 | (5) |
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8.8.1 Multidirectional magnetostriction |
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208 | (2) |
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8.8.2 Simulation of rotational magnetostricton |
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210 | (3) |
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8.9 Three-dimensional magnetisation |
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213 | (8) |
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216 | (5) |
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9 Anisotropy of iron and its alloys |
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221 | (1) |
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9.1 Magnetisation at an angle to a preferred crystal direction |
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222 | (6) |
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9.2 Magnetisation at angles to an easy direction under a.c. magnetisation |
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228 | (2) |
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9.3 Effect of strip width on magnetisation direction in anisotropic material |
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230 | (5) |
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9.4 Effect of stacking method on apparent loss of anisotropic strips cut at angles to an easy axis |
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235 | (8) |
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239 | (4) |
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243 | (1) |
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10.1 The basic magnetic circuit |
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243 | (5) |
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248 | (2) |
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10.3 Field and flux density distribution in a circular core |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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10.5 Flux density in a magnetic material measured by an enwrapping search coil |
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253 | (1) |
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10.6 Field and flux density at the interface between two media |
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254 | (2) |
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10.7 Forces between magnetised laminations |
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256 | (3) |
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257 | (2) |
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11 Effect of mechanical stress on loss, permeability and magnetostriction |
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259 | (1) |
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11.1 Effect of stress on simple magnetic domain structures |
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260 | (2) |
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11.2 Stress sensitivity derived from domain structures |
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262 | (6) |
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11.3 Effect of biaxial stress |
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268 | (3) |
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11.4 Stress sensitivity of GO steel |
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271 | (5) |
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11.5 Stress sensitivity of NO steel |
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276 | (4) |
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11.6 Effect of bending stress |
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280 | (4) |
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11.7 Effect of normal stress |
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284 | (3) |
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11.8 Effect of stress on components of loss |
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287 | (1) |
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11.9 Effects of building stresses in electrical machine cores |
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288 | (5) |
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288 | (3) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (2) |
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11.10 Slitting and punching stress in electrical steel |
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293 | (22) |
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293 | (6) |
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11.10.2 Practical aspects of the cut edge region |
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299 | (3) |
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11.10.3 Other cutting methods |
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302 | (1) |
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11.10.4 Modelling the effect of the cut edge effect |
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303 | (1) |
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11.10.5 Shrink fitted stator cores |
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304 | (3) |
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307 | (8) |
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12 Magnetic measurements on electrical steels |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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12.2 Effect of sample geometry (toroids, single strips, rings and single sheet) |
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316 | (7) |
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316 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Single sheet tester |
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316 | (3) |
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319 | (4) |
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323 | (2) |
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12.3.1 Flux density sensing |
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325 | (1) |
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123.2 Magnetic field measurement |
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325 | (5) |
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12.4 A.C. magnetic measurements of losses and permeability |
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330 | (16) |
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12.4.1 The wattmeter method |
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330 | (3) |
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12.4.2 Digital interpretation of the wattmeter method |
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333 | (4) |
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12.4.3 Localised measurements |
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337 | (5) |
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12.4.4 Measurements under simulated operational conditions |
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342 | (2) |
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12.4.5 D.C. biased a.c. measurements |
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344 | (2) |
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12.5 2D and rotational magnetic measurements |
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346 | (6) |
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12.5.1 Measurement principles |
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346 | (1) |
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12.5.2 Magnetisation systems |
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347 | (2) |
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349 | (3) |
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12.6 Magnetostriction measurements |
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352 | (9) |
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12.6.1 Magnetostriction parameters |
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353 | (1) |
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12.6.2 Magnetostriction measurement transducers |
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353 | (6) |
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12.6.3 Rotational magnetostriction |
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359 | (2) |
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12.7 On-Line measurements |
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361 | (5) |
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12.7.1 Practical challenges |
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361 | (3) |
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12.7.2 Non-enwrapping systems |
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364 | (2) |
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12.8 The d.c. magnetic measurements |
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366 | (11) |
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12.8.1 Quasi-static measurements |
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367 | (4) |
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12.8.2 Point-by-point measurement |
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371 | (1) |
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12.8.3 Vibrating sample magnetometer |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (3) |
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12.9 Surface insulation testing |
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377 | (3) |
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12.10 Barkhausen noise measurement |
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380 | (9) |
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381 | (8) |
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13 Background to modern electrical steels |
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389 | (1) |
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13.1 History and development of electrical steels |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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13.1.2 Increased resistivity |
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391 | (3) |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (2) |
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13.1.5 Crystal orientation |
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397 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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13.2 Metallurgical requirements and control |
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398 | (5) |
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399 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Chemical composition |
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400 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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13.2.4 Crystal orientation |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (2) |
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14 Production of electrical steels |
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403 | (1) |
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14.1 Chemical composition |
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403 | (1) |
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14.2 Hot rolled coil production |
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404 | (1) |
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14.3 Cold mill processing |
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405 | (7) |
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14.3.1 Grain oriented electrical steel |
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405 | (5) |
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14.3.2 Non-oriented electrical steel |
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410 | (2) |
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14.4 Final property assessment |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (5) |
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14.5.1 Grain oriented electrical steel |
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412 | (2) |
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14.5.2 Non-oriented electrical steels |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (2) |
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15 Amorphous and nano-crystalline soft magnetic materials |
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417 | (1) |
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15.1 Amorphous materi als |
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417 | (1) |
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15.1.1 Production of amorphous magnetic materials |
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417 | (2) |
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419 | (1) |
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15.1.3 Magnetic structure |
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420 | (3) |
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15.1.4 Coatings and surface treatment |
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423 | (1) |
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15.1.5 Stress sensitivity |
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424 | (2) |
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426 | (1) |
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15.1.7 Consolidated Fe-based amorphous material (POWERCORE) |
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426 | (2) |
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15.1.8 Bulk amorphous material |
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428 | (2) |
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15.2 Nano-crystalline magnetic materials |
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430 | (5) |
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15.2.1 Production of nano-magnetic material |
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431 | (2) |
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15.2.2 Magnetic properties |
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433 | (1) |
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15.2.3 Coating and surface treatment |
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434 | (1) |
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15.2.4 Stress sensitivity |
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434 | (1) |
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15.3 General properties of amorphous and nano-materials |
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435 | (1) |
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15.3.1 Families of amorphous materials |
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435 | (1) |
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15.3.2 Commercial materials |
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435 | (1) |
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15.4 High silicon micro-crystalline ribbon |
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436 | (3) |
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15.5 Applications of amorphous and nano-crystalline ribbons |
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439 | (8) |
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441 | (6) |
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16 Nickel-iron, cobalt-iron and aluminium-iron alloys |
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447 | (1) |
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447 | (1) |
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16.2 Iron, cobalt and nickel |
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447 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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449 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (7) |
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457 | (10) |
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16.5.1 Stress dependence of magnetic properties of Co-Fe alloys |
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438 | (29) |
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16.6 Aluminium iron alloys |
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467 | (3) |
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470 | (3) |
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471 | (1) |
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471 | (1) |
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472 | (1) |
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17 Consolidated ivon powder and ferrite cores |
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473 | (1) |
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477 | (1) |
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17.2 Consolidated iron and SiFe powder cores |
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477 | (1) |
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478 | (1) |
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17.2.2 SMC compositions for power applications |
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479 | (1) |
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17.2.3 Magnetic properties |
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479 | (3) |
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17.2.4 Loss components in SMCs |
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482 | (2) |
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17.2.5 Applications of iron-based SMCs |
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484 | (1) |
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17.2.6 Opportunities for future developments |
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485 | (1) |
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486 | (9) |
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486 | (1) |
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486 | (1) |
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17.3.3 Magnetic properties |
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487 | (1) |
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17.3.4 Loss components in ferrite cores |
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488 | (3) |
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491 | (1) |
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491 | (4) |
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18 Temperature and irradiation dependence of magnetic and mechanical properties of soft magnetic materials |
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495 | (1) |
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18.1 Effects of temperature on structure insensitive magnetic properties |
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496 | (1) |
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18.1.1 Saturation magnetisation Ms |
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496 | (1) |
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497 | (2) |
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18.1.3 Magnetociystalline anisotropy constants |
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499 | (2) |
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18.1.4 Magnetostriction constants |
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501 | (1) |
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18.2 Effect of temperature on permeability, coercivity and losses |
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502 | (1) |
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18.3 The d.c. and a.c. properties of silicon steels at elevated temperatures |
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503 | (5) |
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18.4 Temperature dependencies of magnetic properties of various material |
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508 | (4) |
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18.5 Modelling high temperature performance |
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512 | (2) |
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18.6 Magnetic properties at cryogenic temperatures |
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514 | (1) |
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18.7 Effect of non-uniform temperature gradients in magnetic core laminations |
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515 | (1) |
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18.8 Effect of irradiation on soft magnetic materials |
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516 | (5) |
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|
517 | (4) |
| Index |
|
521 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta