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E-raamat: Electrochemical Surface Modification: Thin Films, Functionalization and Characterization

Edited by (University of Guelph, Canada), Edited by , Edited by (University of Ulm, Gemany), Edited by (University of Illinois, Urbana, USA)
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The series provides experienced readers with reviews of both fundamental and practical topics, focusing on recent developments in modification to form thin films and surface regions that have unique functional properties, and can be well characterized by multi-scale mathematical models. Beginning here, the volumes will be topical. Four papers cover valve metal, silicon and ceramic oxides as dielectric films for passive and active electronic devices; superconformal film growth; transition metal macrocyles as electro-catalysts for dioxygen reduction; and multiscale modeling and design of electrochemical systems. Annotation ©2009 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

In this topical volume, the authors provide in-depth coverage of the vital relationship between electrochemistry and the morphology of thin films and surfaces. Clearly divided into four major sections, the book covers nanoscale dielectric films for electronic devices, superconformal film growth, electrocatalytic properties of transition metal macrocycles, and the use of synchrotron techniques in electrochemistry. All the chapters offer a concise introduction to the relevant topic, as well as supplying numerous references for easy access to further reading and the original literature.
The result is must-have reading for electrochemists, physical and surface chemists and physicists, as well as materials scientists and engineers active in the field of spectroscopic methods in electrochemistry.

Arvustused

"Despite these weaknesses, the book is a must for all libraries already owning previous volumes." (J Solid State Electrochem, 2010)  

Series Preface ix
Volume Preface xi
List of Contributors
xiii
Valve Metal, Si and Ceramic Oxides as Dielectric Films for Passive and Active Electronic Devices
1(106)
Alexander Michaelis
Introduction
1(4)
Experimental Approaches
2(3)
Fundamentals and Experimental Details
5(10)
Electrochemical Oxide Layer Formation on Valve Metals
5(2)
The C(U) Curve of a Valve Metal Electrode
7(1)
Application of Lasers in Electrochemistry
8(1)
Thermal Effects
9(1)
Electrochemical Photocurrent Measurements (Optical/Electrical Method Class), Introduction of a New Model
10(1)
Photocurrent Model for Ultra-thin, Amorphous Films With TiO2 as an Example
11(4)
Valve Metal Systems
15(59)
Ti/TiO2 System
15(1)
Experimental Details
15(2)
Determination of Ti Substrate Grain Orientation by SAME
17(1)
Photocurrent Spectra and iph(U) Measurements on Single Ti/TiO2 Grains
18(1)
Microscopic Modification of the TiO2 Films by Means of Laser Scanning
19(2)
Characterization of the Modified TiO2 Films
21(4)
Photoresist Microelectrochemistry (Nanoliter Droplet Method)
25(3)
Applications of Photoresist Microelectrodes
28(8)
Summary and Conclusions for the Ti/TiO2 System
36(1)
Zr/ZrO2 and Hf/HfO2 Systems
37(1)
Zr/ZrO2
37(9)
Hf/HfO2
46(2)
Systems: Nb/Nb2O5, Ta/Ta2O5 and A1/A12O3
48(1)
Nb/Nb2O5 System
49(4)
A1/A12O3 System
53(1)
Ta/Ta2O5 System
54(3)
Application of Valve Metals in Electrolytic Capacitor Manufacturing
57(1)
Capacitor Fundamentals
57(5)
Capacitor Device Types and Production of Ta Capacitors
62(3)
Current Development Trends for Ta Capacitors and Research Issues Involved
65(2)
Effect of Oxygen Content and Sinter Conditions on Dislocation Formation
67(3)
Thermal Runaway
70(4)
Si/SiO2 System
74(22)
Application of the Si/SiO2 System
77(1)
Si/SiO2 in MOSFETs
77(3)
Si/SiO2 in DRAMs
80(2)
DRAM Storage Capacitor (Deep Trench)
82(8)
Alternative Dielectric Materials
90(2)
Ta2O5
92(3)
Ti/TiO2
95(1)
Summary and Conclusions
96(11)
References
99(8)
Superconformal Film Growth
107(84)
Thomas P. Moffat
Daniel Wheeler
Daniel Josell
Introduction
107(1)
Destabilizing Influences
108(2)
Stabilization and Smoothing Mechanisms
110(3)
Geometric Leveling
110(1)
Inhibitor-based Leveling
110(1)
Brightening by Grain Refinement
111(1)
Catalyst-derived Brightening
112(1)
Stabilization Across Length Scales
112(1)
Additive Processes
113(33)
Adsorption Kinetics
117(1)
Surface Segregation versus Consumption Processes
117(1)
Adsorbates Segregated onto Growing Surface
118(1)
Adsorbates Incorporated into Growing Deposit
119(2)
Deactivation of Adsorbate
121(1)
Adsorbate Evolution
121(1)
Impact on Microstructure
122(3)
Quantifying Adsorbate Inhibition of Metal Deposition
125(5)
Co-adsorption Effects
130(4)
Catalysis of Metal Deposition
134(1)
Activation of Blocked Electrodes by Competitive Adsorption of a Catalyst
135(3)
Catalyst Function and Consumption
138(3)
Quantifying the Effects of Competitive Adsorption on Metal Deposition
141(1)
Site Dependence of Charge Transfer Kinetics
142(1)
Catalyst Evolution
143(1)
SPS Adsorption from the Electrolyte
143(3)
Interface Motion and Morphological Evolution
146(33)
Shape Change Simulations
146(4)
Geometric Leveling
150(3)
Inhibitor-based Leveling
153(1)
Feature Filling
153(7)
Stability Analysis
160(1)
Catalyst-derived Brightening
161(1)
Feature Filling
161(12)
Stability Analysis
173(3)
Bridging the Length Scales
176(3)
Conclusions and Outlook
179(12)
References
179(12)
Transition Metal Macrocycles as Electrocatalysts for Dioxygen Reduction
191(98)
Daniel A. Scherson
Attila Palencsar
Yuriy Tolmachev
Lonel Stefan
Introduction
191(13)
Electrocatalysis
192(1)
Dioxygen Reduction in Aqueous Electrolytes: General Aspects
193(6)
Transition Metal Macrocycles
199(1)
General Characteristics
199(2)
Electrocatalytic Properties Toward Oxygen Reduction
201(3)
Homogeneous Electrocatalysis
204(15)
Intrinsic Properties of Solution Phase Transition Metal Macrocycles
204(1)
Formal Redox Potentials and Diffusion Coefficients
204(5)
Molecular Speciation
209(2)
Rates of Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Reactions
211(1)
Macrocyclic-Mediated Reduction of Dioxygen in Aqueous Electrolytes
212(1)
Model Systems
212(7)
Heterogeneous Electrocatalysis
219(50)
Adsorption Isotherms
220(1)
Chemically Modified Electrodes
221(1)
Preparation and Electrochemical Characterization
221(5)
In situ Spectroscopic Characterization
226(6)
Redox Active Chemically Modified Electrodes
232(1)
Thermodynamic Aspects
232(3)
Redox Speciation
235(3)
Redox Dynamics
238(3)
Electrocatalytic Aspects of Dioxygen Reduction
241(1)
Theoretical Considerations
241(3)
Model Systems
244(25)
Thermal Activation of Transition Metal Macrocycles
269(20)
Brief Introduction
269(1)
Electrochemical Characterization
269(1)
Cyclic Voltammetry
270(1)
Oxygen Reduction Polarization Curves
271(2)
Spectroscopic and Structural Characterization
273(1)
Pyrolysis-Mass Spectrometry
273(4)
Mossbauer Effect Spectroscopy
277(1)
X-ray Absorption Fine Structure
278(3)
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
281(1)
In Situ and Quasi In Situ Spectroscopic Characterization
281(2)
Concluding Remarks
283(2)
References
285(4)
Multiscale Modeling and Design of Electrochemical Systems
289(46)
Richard D. Braatz
Edmund G. Seebauer
Richard C. Alkire
Introduction
289(2)
Background and Motivation
291(7)
Multiscale Simulation
291(2)
Electrochemical Systems
293(2)
Microelectronic Applications
295(1)
Nanoscale Science and Technology
296(1)
Other Electrochemical Applications
297(1)
Trend Toward Atomistic/Molecular Simulation
298(6)
Integrated Circuit Example
298(2)
Continuum Methods
300(1)
Molecular Simulation Methods
300(3)
Coarse-grained Simulation Methods
303(1)
Multiscale Simulation
304(6)
Challenges and Requirements of Multiscale Modeling
310(1)
Addressing the Challenges in Multiscale Modeling
311(4)
Design Based on Multiscale Models
315(7)
Concluding Remarks
322(13)
References
324(11)
Index 335
Richard C. Alkire is Professor Emeritus of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Charles and Dorothy Prizer Chair at the University of Illinois, Urbana, USA. He obtained his degrees at Lafayette College and University of California at Berkeley. He has received numerous prizes, including Vittorio de Nora Award and Lifetime National Associate award from National Academy.

Dieter M. Kolb is Professor of Electrochemistry at the University of Ulm, Germany. He received his undergraduate and PhD degrees at the Technical University of Munich. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow at Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, USA. He worked as a Senior Scientist at the Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, Berlin and completed his habilitation at the Free University of Berlin, where he also was Professor. Prof. Kolb has received many prizes and is a member of several societies.

Jacek Lipkowski is Professor at the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Guelph, Canada. His research interests focus on surface analysis and interfacial electrochemistry. He has authored over 120 publications and is a member of several societies, including a Fellow of the International Society of Electrochemistry.

Philip N. Ross has recently retired from his position as a Senior Scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He received his academic degrees at Yale University, New Haven, CT, and University of Delaware, Newark, DL. He has received the David C. Grahame Award of the Electrochemical Society, and is a member of several Committees and Advisory Boards.