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INTRODUCTION | |
What are the Threats? | |
Sources, Paths, and Receptors | |
Summary | |
EMI STANDARDS FOR MEDICAL DEVICES | |
Emissions vs Immunity | |
The EU and the U.S. | |
The EU | |
U.S. Requirements | |
Summary | |
THE PHYSICS OF EMI | |
Source-Path-Receptor | |
The Nature of Interference | |
Interference is a Current | |
FAT-ID | |
Summary | |
COMPONENTS AND CIRCUITS | |
Passive Components | |
Transient Devices | |
Active Components | |
EMI Filter Design | |
Summary | |
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD DESIGN | |
Signal Integrity vs EMI | |
EMI Issues in Printed Circuit Boards | |
Digital Circuits | |
Analog Circuits | |
Where Analog Meets Digital | |
PCB Partitioning and Critical Circuits | |
PCB Construction | |
Multilayer Board Stackup | |
Isolated Planes | |
Two-Layer Board Techniques | |
Power Decoupling | |
Signal Traces | |
I/O Techniques | |
Board Shielding | |
Software | |
Summary | |
GROUNDING FOR EMI CONTROL | |
What is a Ground? | |
Different Types of Grounds | |
Microshock Hazards - A Special Medical Grounding Concern | |
What Makes a Good Ground? | |
Ground Topologies | |
Bonding Considerations | |
Grounding Design and Guidelines | |
Summary | |
POWER AND POWER FILTERING | |
Power Supplies | |
Switching Topologies | |
Interference in Power Supplies | |
Controlling Interference Generation | |
Immunity Protection | |
Filters | |
Summary | |
INTERCONNECT AND MOUNTING | |
Cables as Transmission Lines | |
Common Mode and Differential Mode on Cables | |
Cable Layout and Pinouts | |
Signal Bandwidth | |
Routing Your Cable | |
Designing an Enclosure | |
Summary | |
SHIELDING AND SHIELDING MATERIALS | |
The Physics of Shielding | |
Estimating the Impedance of a Source | |
Shielding Requirements | |
Shielding Materials | |
Where Shielding Fails | |
Gasketing | |
Perforations and Screens | |
Cable Penetrations | |
Grounding the Shield | |
How Much Shielding is Needed? | |
Partial Shields | |
Local Shields | |
Summary | |
CABLES AND CONNECTIONS | |
Cables as Antennas | |
Common Mode vs Differential Mode | |
Bandwidth | |
Classifying Cables | |
Cable Shielding and Connectors | |
Cable Terminations | |
Cable Design Recommendations | |
Summary | |
SPECIAL EMI PROBLEMS IN MEDICAL ELECTRONICS | |
High Energy Interference Sources | |
Electromechanical Devices | |
Radio Sources | |
Receiving Devices | |
Leakage Current Limitations | |
Coping with Internal Threats | |
Coping with External Threats | |
Summary | |
SYSTEMS CONSIDERATIONS | |
Identifying EMI Threats at the Site | |
Site Preparation | |
Maintaining Shielding Effectiveness | |
Troubleshooting in the Field | |
When System Fixes Will Not Work | |
Summary | |
Glossary | |
Appendix A: References for EMC Publications | |
Appendix B: Properties of Common Materials | |
Appendix C: Constants and Conversions | |
Appendix D: Miscellaneous Conversions |