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E-raamat: Electronic Waste Management

Edited by (University of Birmingham, UK), Edited by (Resource Futures, UK)
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Electronic waste, which includes everything from refrigerators to smartphones, is one of the world’s fastest growing waste streams. Often these items are simply discarded as new technology becomes available. A huge amount of electronic waste is generated globally and currently only around 20% of it is recycled. The complex mixture of materials and components within electronic waste makes it difficult to manage and many of these components can pose hazards to human health or the environment if not disposed of carefully.
There have been significant changes in the global approach to electronic waste management and the legislation around it since the publication of the first edition of Electronic Waste Management. This new edition provides an updated overview across the world as well as presenting new chapters on current issues in recycling and management of this waste.
This is an essential reference not only for those working in recycling and waste management, but also for those working in manufacturing and product development who wish to consider the full lifecycle of their products. It also provides valuable insights for policymakers developing more environmentally sound and sustainable systems and strategies for the management of electronic waste.



This new edition provides an updated overview of waste management across the world including new chapters on current issues in recycling and waste management.

This new edition of Electronic Waste Management provides an updated overview of waste management across the world as well as presenting new chapters on current issues in recycling and waste management. It is an essential reference not only for those working in recycling and waste management but also for those working in manufacturing and product development who wish to consider the full lifecycle of their product. It also provides valuable insights for policymakers developing more environmentally sound and sustainable systems and strategies for the management of electronic waste.

Arvustused

Overall, this is an excellent and easily read text book on current state-of-the-art WEEE management. It is well written and is generally data-driven, using a myriad of contemporary references. The book should be an essential source of current information for all policy makers and anyone involved in the industry. * https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.2020.1723255 *

Muu info

An essential reference for anyone working in recycling, waste management, manufacturing and product development and policymakers
Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview 1(32)
Emma Goosey
Martin Goosey
1.1 Introduction
2(3)
1.2 Legislative Influences on Electronics Recycling
5(5)
1.2.1 Producer Responsibility Legislation
5(1)
1.2.2 The WEEE Directive
5(2)
1.2.3 The RoHS Directive
7(1)
1.2.4 Other Examples of Legislation
8(2)
1.3 Treatment Options for WEEE
10(3)
1.3.1 Background
10(1)
1.3.2 Material Composition of WEEE
11(2)
1.4 Recent and Emerging WEEE Challenges
13(5)
1.4.1 Critical Raw Materials
13(1)
1.4.2 Changes in Lighting Technology
13(1)
1.4.3 Photovoltaic Panels
14(1)
1.4.4 Printed Electronics and Additive Manufacturing
15(1)
1.4.5 Batteries
15(1)
1.4.6 Socioeconomic Factors
16(2)
1.5 Logistics of WEEE
18(2)
1.6 WEEE - A European Perspective
20(2)
1.7 Barriers to Recycling of WEEE
22(1)
1.8 The Recycling Hierarchy and Markets for Recyclate
22(3)
1.9 WEEE Health and Safety Implications
25(1)
1.10 Future Factors That May Influence Electronic Waste Management
26(1)
1.11 Summary and Conclusions
27(1)
References
28(5)
Chapter 2 Materials Used in Manufacturing Electrical and Electronic Products 33(33)
Martin Goosey
Emma Goosey
2.1 Current Perspective
34(1)
2.2 Impact of Legislation on Materials Used in Electronics
34(5)
2.2.1 Overview
34(2)
2.2.2 The RoHS2 Directive and Proscribed Materials
36(1)
2.2.3 Where Do RoHS Proscribed Materials Occur?
37(2)
2.3 Soldering and the Move to Lead-free Assembly
39(1)
2.3.1 Introduction
39(1)
2.3.2 Lead-free Solder Choices
40(1)
2.4 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Materials
40(5)
2.4.1 Introduction
40(1)
2.4.2 PCB Materials
41(2)
2.4.3 Provision of Flame Retardancy in PCBs
43(2)
2.4.4 Non-ferrous and Precious Metals
45(1)
2.5 Encapsulants of Electronic Components
45(1)
2.6 Indium Tin Oxide and Liquid Crystal Display Screens
45(1)
2.7 Polymeric Materials in Enclosures, Casings and Panels
46(3)
2.7.1 Polycarbonate
47(1)
2.7.2 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)
47(1)
2.7.3 High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)
48(1)
2.7.4 Polyphenyleneoxide (PPO)
48(1)
2.7.5 PC/ABS Blends
48(1)
2.8 Critical Raw Materials
49(7)
2.8.1 Gallium
50(1)
2.8.2 Cobalt
51(1)
2.8.3 Tantalum
52(1)
2.8.4 Indium
53(1)
2.8.5 Antimony
53(1)
2.8.6 Silicon
54(1)
2.8.7 Critical Raw Materials and New Developments in Electronics
55(1)
2.9 Materials Composition of WEEE
56(3)
2.9.1 Introduction
56(1)
2.9.2 Mobile Phones
56(1)
2.9.3 Televisions
57(1)
2.9.4 Washing Machines
58(1)
2.10 Summary and Conclusions
59(1)
Acknowledgements
60(1)
References
60(6)
Chapter 3 A Circular Economy for Consumer Electronics 66(35)
Marco A. Meloni
3.1 Introduction
67(1)
3.2 Addressing Waste: A Wealth of Opportunities
68(1)
3.3 The Circular Economy Framework
69(3)
3.3.1 Principles
69(2)
3.3.2 A Vision for Circular Consumer Electronics
71(1)
3.4 The Road to Circularity
72(18)
3.4.1 Design to Keep Products, Components and Materials in Use for Longer
73(6)
3.4.2 Enhance Reverse Logistics, Remanufacturing, Parts Harvesting and Recycling Processes
79(5)
3.4.3 Put in Place the Right Enabling Conditions
84(6)
3.5 Harnessing New Digital Technologies to Catalyse the Transition
90(3)
3.5.1 Intelligent Assets and Enabling Technologies
90(2)
3.5.2 Artificial Intelligence and the Circular Economy
92(1)
3.6 Closing Considerations
93(1)
Acknowledgements
94(1)
References
94(7)
Chapter 4 An Overview of Electronic Waste Management in the UK 101(36)
Sam Reeve
Gev Eduljee
4.1 Introduction
102(1)
4.2 Legislative Background
102(1)
4.3 Product Categories
103(1)
4.4 The WEEE Management System
104(1)
4.5 Targets and Fees
105(2)
4.6 EEE and WEEE Arisings
107(3)
4.7 Collection Pathways and Fate of WEEE
110(3)
4.8 Recycling of WEEE
113(5)
4.8.1 Recovery of CRMs
113(2)
4.8.2 Processing and Technologies
115(2)
4.8.3 Operating Standards
117(1)
4.9 Reuse of WEEE
118(5)
4.9.1 Value of Reuse
118(1)
4.9.2 Potential for Reuse
119(1)
4.9.3 Pathways for Reuse
120(3)
4.10 Market Demand
123(1)
4.11 Barriers and Measures to Increase the Reuse of WEEE
124(6)
4.11.1 Barriers
124(1)
4.11.2 Design for Disassembly and Repair
124(4)
4.11.3 Setting Targets for Reuse
128(1)
4.11.4 Fostering Dialogue Across the Supply Chain
128(1)
4.11.5 Improving the Marketability of Reusable WEEE
129(1)
4.12 Prospects
130(1)
References
131(6)
Chapter 5 Management of Electronic Waste in Africa 137(29)
Margaret Bates
Oladele Osibanjo
5.1 Introduction
138(3)
5.2 Sources of E-waste
141(5)
5.2.1 Introduction
141(1)
5.2.2 Nigeria
141(3)
5.2.3 Kenya
144(1)
5.2.4 South Africa
145(1)
5.2.5 Synthesis
145(1)
5.3 Collection and Management of E-waste
146(3)
5.3.1 Collection of E-waste
146(1)
5.3.2 Management of E-waste
146(3)
5.4 Environmental and Health Impacts
149(3)
5.4.1 Overview
149(1)
5.4.2 Environmental Impacts
150(1)
5.4.3 Health Impacts
150(2)
5.5 Socio-economic Impact of E-waste Management
152(1)
5.6 Governance Issues in E-waste Management
153(2)
5.7 Effective Business Models for Sound Management of E-waste in Africa
155(6)
5.7.1 The Basel Convention Project
155(1)
5.7.2 Best of Two Worlds
156(1)
5.7.3 A Producers' Model for the Future
156(3)
5.7.4 Hinckley Recycling
159(2)
5.8 Recommendations for Environmentally Sound Management of E-waste in Africa
161(1)
References
162(4)
Chapter 6 Electronic Waste Management in the Asia Pacific Region 166(22)
Sadhan Kumar Ghosh
6.1 Introduction
167(2)
6.2 Collection Systems and Refurbishment
169(1)
6.3 E-waste Generation, Management and Governance
170(10)
6.3.1 Australia
172(1)
6.3.2 China
172(2)
6.3.3 Indonesia
174(1)
6.3.4 India
175(1)
6.3.5 The Philippines
176(1)
6.3.6 Vietnam
177(1)
6.3.7 Malaysia
177(1)
6.3.8 Japan
178(1)
6.3.9 Pakistan
179(1)
6.4 Transboundary Movement of E-waste in the Asia-Pacific
180(4)
6.4.1 A Global Issue
180(1)
6.4.2 China
181(1)
6.4.3 Indonesia
181(1)
6.4.4 Vietnam
181(1)
6.4.5 The Philippines
182(1)
6.4.6 Malaysia
182(1)
6.4.7 Australia
182(1)
6.4.8 Japan
182(1)
6.4.9 Thailand
182(1)
6.4.10 Singapore
183(1)
6.4.11 Republic of Korea
183(1)
6.4.12 India
183(1)
6.5 Summary
184(1)
References
184(4)
Chapter 7 Traceability of Electronic Waste Using Blockchain Technology 188(25)
Azadeh Dindarian
Sid Chakravarthy
7.1 Introduction
189(1)
7.2 Overview of Blockchain
190(8)
7.2.1 Principles
190(4)
7.2.2 Blockchain Use Cases
194(3)
7.2.3 Blockchain in Supply Chain Management
197(1)
7.3 Blockchain Technology and WEEE Management
198(8)
7.3.1 Legal and Regulatory Obligations
199(6)
7.3.2 New Business Models
205(1)
7.4 Future Trends and Conclusion
206(1)
Acknowledgements
207(1)
References
207(6)
Chapter 8 Electronics: A Broken Story about Production and Consumption 213(33)
Sabine Opris
8.1 Introduction
214(1)
8.1.1 Measuring Economic, Social and Environmental Impact
215(1)
8.2 Electronics Production: The Role of Companies
215(13)
8.2.1 Background
215(1)
8.2.2 Product Planning, Design and Engineering
216(4)
8.2.3 Procurement, Manufacturing and Logistics
220(3)
8.2.4 Marketing and Sales
223(2)
8.2.5 Service, Recycling and Disposal
225(3)
8.3 Electronics Consumption: The Role of Consumers
228(7)
8.3.1 Need Recognition/Inspiration
229(1)
8.3.2 Information Searches, Evaluation and Purchase
229(3)
8.3.3 Usage, Recycling and Disposal
232(3)
8.4 Discussion and Implementation
235(2)
8.4.1 Companies
235(1)
8.4.2 Consumers
236(1)
8.4.3 Policymakers
236(1)
References
237(9)
Chapter 9 The Recycling of Lithium-ion Batteries: Current and Potential Approaches 246(32)
Rod Kellner
Emma Goosey
9.1 Introduction
246(3)
9.2 Waste and Redundancy Issues of Exhausted Batteries
249(2)
9.3 EU Legislation
251(2)
9.3.1 Directives and Regulations
251(1)
9.3.2 Targets
252(1)
9.4 UK Legislation
253(5)
9.4.1 Relevant Regulations
253(2)
9.4.2 Producer Responsibility
255(1)
9.4.3 Obligations of Retailers Selling Portable Batteries
255(1)
9.4.4 Duty of Care and Waste Classification
256(1)
9.4.5 Other Relevant Legislation
257(1)
9.4.6 Safe Transportation
257(1)
9.5 Waste Battery Treatment Options
258(7)
9.5.1 Prevention
258(2)
9.5.2 Reuse/Reconfiguration
260(1)
9.5.3 Recycling
260(1)
9.5.4 Application of Recycling Technologies
261(1)
9.5.5 Examples of Hydrometallurgical Approaches
262(1)
9.5.6 Global Recycling Overview
263(2)
9.5.7 Disposal
265(1)
9.6 Proposed Hydrometallurgical Approaches
265(4)
9.6.1 Pre-commercial Approaches
265(3)
9.6.2 Commercial Approaches
268(1)
9.7 Funded Projects
269(6)
9.7.1 UK Battery Funded Projects
269(2)
9.7.2 EU Battery Funded Projects
271(3)
9.7.3 Potential Impacts of EU Funding
274(1)
9.8 Conclusions
275(1)
References
276(2)
Chapter 10 Environmentally Sustainable Solvent-based Process Chemistry for Metals in Printed Circuit Boards 278(35)
Karl S. Ryder
Andrew D. Ballantyne
Emma L. Smith
Emma J.R. Palin
Andrew P. Abbott
10.1 Introduction and Overview
279(3)
10.2 DESs as Alternative Solvents for PCB Coatings
282(13)
10.2.1 Electrolytic Coatings from DES
284(1)
10.2.2 Galvanic Immersion Coatings
285(10)
10.3 DESs in PCB Assembly and Process Control
295(9)
10.3.1 Soldering
295(2)
10.3.2 Surface-mount Assembly
297(2)
10.3.3 A New Solderable Surface Finish
299(3)
10.3.4 Process Control and Analysis
302(2)
10.4 Waste Processing and Metal Recovery
304(4)
10.5 Conclusion
308(1)
Acknowledgements
309(1)
References
309(4)
Chapter 11 Plastics in Electronic Waste: Results from the PolyCE Project 313(25)
Rebecca Colley-Jones
Alessia Accili
Luca Campadello
Johanna Emmerich
11.1 Introduction
314(1)
11.2 PolyCE project: Objectives and Methodology
315(3)
11.3 PolyCE Circular Business Models
318(4)
11.3.1 Business Model Characterisation
318(1)
11.3.2 Dematerialisation Models, Opportunities and Barriers
319(3)
11.4 The WEEE Plastics Value Chain
322(3)
11.4.1 The Role of Stakeholders
322(2)
11.4.2 WEEE Recycling Processes
324(1)
11.5 Material Flow and Mass Balance: Current Situation
325(4)
11.5.1 PCR Plastic Availability
325(4)
11.6 Closing the Loop: the ReValue Model
329(2)
11.6.1 Supply and Demand
329(1)
11.6.2 Material Flow and Mass Balance Considerations
330(1)
11.7 Barriers and Challenges to Adopting the ReValue Model
331(1)
11.8 Large Scale Demonstrator Prototypes
332(2)
11.8.1 Aims and Objectives
332(1)
11.8.2 Demonstrator 1: Cooling and Freezing Appliances
333(1)
11.8.3 Demonstrator 2: Large Household Appliances
333(1)
11.8.4 Demonstrator 3: Small Household Appliances
334(1)
11.9 Summary and Conclusions
334(2)
Acknowledgements
336(1)
References
336(2)
Subject Index 338
Dr Gev Eduljee is a non-executive director at resource management consultancy Resource Futures. Previously he was Director of External Affairs at SUEZ recycling & recovery UK. He worked in hazardous waste treatment before spending 15 years in environmental consulting. He has published widely on waste management, risk assessment and public health issues. He was a member of Defras Advisory Committee on Packaging and of the Advisory Committee on Hazardous Substances.



Professor Roy Harrison OBE is listed by ISI Thomson Scientific (on ISI Web of Knowledge) as a Highly Cited Researcher in the Environmental Science/Ecology category. He has an h-index of 84 (i.e. 84 of his papers have received 84 or more citations in the literature). In 2004 he was appointed OBE for services to environmental science in the New Year Honours List and in 2017 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was profiled by the Journal of Environmental Monitoring (Vol 5, pp 39N-41N, 2003). Professor Harrisons research interests lie in the field of environment and human health. His main specialism is in air pollution, from emissions through atmospheric chemical and physical transformations to exposure and effects on human health. Much of this work is designed to inform the development of policy.
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