| Preface |
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xix | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxv | |
| Section I: Energy Patterns And Trends |
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1 | (92) |
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Chapter 1 The Energy Imperative and Patterns of Use |
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3 | (22) |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2 Historical Perspective: Energy and Civilization |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3 Global Energy Supply and Consumption |
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6 | (7) |
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1.3.1 Explosive Growth of Energy as Developing World Begins to Catch Up |
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6 | (5) |
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1.3.2 Continuing Dependency on Oil and Fossil Fuels |
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11 | (2) |
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1.4 U.S. Energy Supply and Consumption |
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13 | (8) |
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1.4.1 U.S. Energy Independence? Production Up, Consumption Flat, Imports Down |
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14 | (4) |
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1.4.2 U.S. Energy Cleaner, More Efficient, More Independent Since 2007, but a Long Way to Go |
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18 | (3) |
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21 | (4) |
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1.5.1 Sustainable Energy: Improve Efficiency, Reduce Carbon, Replace Oil |
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22 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Energy Sources and Sustainability |
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25 | (34) |
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2.1 Criteria for Sustainable Energy |
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26 | (1) |
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2.2 Resource Limits of Fossil Fuels |
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27 | (10) |
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2.2.1 Peak Oil Debate Revisited: Will the Peak Be Driven by Production or Consumption? |
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27 | (6) |
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2.2.2 Natural Gas: Shale Gas Technology Extends Future Supplies but for How Long? |
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33 | (4) |
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2.2.3 Coal More Plentiful but Constrained by Environmental Impacts |
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37 | (1) |
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2.3 Environmental Limits of Fossil Fuels |
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37 | (10) |
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2.3.1 Climate Change and Energy |
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37 | (7) |
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2.3.2 Local and Regional Air Pollution |
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44 | (1) |
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2.3.3 Fuel Extraction, Transport, and Other Impacts |
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45 | (2) |
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2.4 Nuclear Power: Once Great Hope, Now in Decline |
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47 | (3) |
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2.5 The Transition to Clean Energy Is Happening: Efficiency and Renewables |
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50 | (7) |
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2.5.1 Energy Efficiency Is Making a Difference with More on the Way |
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50 | (3) |
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2.5.2 Renewable Energy Growing Fast but Still Small Contribution |
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53 | (4) |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (34) |
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3.1 The Complexities of Our Changing Energy System |
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60 | (1) |
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3.2 Planning and Visioning the Future |
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60 | (6) |
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3.2.1 Projections and Forecasts |
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61 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Technology Roadmaps |
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62 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Needs Assessment and Solution Wedges |
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63 | (2) |
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3.2.4 Developing Scenarios |
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65 | (1) |
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3.3 Officialdom's Vision of Our Energy Future: U.S. EIA and IEA Outlooks |
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66 | (6) |
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3.3.1 U.S. EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2017: BAU |
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66 | (5) |
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3.3.2 U.S. EIA International Energy Outlook |
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71 | (1) |
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3.3.3 IEA World Energy Outlook 2016 Central Case |
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72 | (1) |
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3.4 Future Energy Scenarios: Different Assumptions, Different Pathways, Different Futures |
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72 | (5) |
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3.4.1 IENs WEO: Visions of Desired Future Conditions |
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74 | (1) |
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3.4.2 IPCC/UNFCCC Future Scenarios |
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75 | (2) |
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3.5 Possible Energy Futures: Roadmaps to Sustainable Energy |
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77 | (8) |
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3.5.1 Amory Lovins's Reinventing Fire |
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77 | (1) |
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3.5.2 NREL Renewable Futures Study: 80% Renewable U.S. Electricity by 2050 |
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78 | (1) |
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3.5.3 Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in the U.S. |
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79 | (1) |
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3.5.4 The 100% Solution Project: Wind, Water, and Sun Can Do It All |
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80 | (5) |
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3.6 Show Me the Money! Energy Market Forces and Investment Scenarios |
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85 | (5) |
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3.6.1 Energy Investment and Divestment |
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85 | (2) |
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3.6.2 Citigroup Forecast: Energy Darwinism II |
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87 | (1) |
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3.6.3 BNEF Energy Outlook |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (3) |
| Section II: Energy Fundamentals |
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93 | (78) |
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Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Energy Science |
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95 | (38) |
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95 | (1) |
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4.2 Basics of Energy Science |
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96 | (3) |
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4.2.1 Introduction to the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (1) |
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4.2.3 The Distinction between Energy and Power |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (5) |
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4.3.1 Potential and Kinetic Energy |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (4) |
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104 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Internal Energy, Thermal Capacitance |
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105 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Solids, Liquids, and Gases |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (5) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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4.5.3 The Concept of an Electrical Circuit |
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110 | (1) |
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4.5.4 Electrical Power and Energy |
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111 | (1) |
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4.5.5 RMS Values of Currents and Voltages |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (6) |
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4.6.1 Atoms and Molecules |
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114 | (1) |
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4.6.2 Stoichiometry: Mass Balance in Chemical Reactions |
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115 | (1) |
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4.6.3 Enthalpy: The Energy Side of Chemical Reactions |
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116 | (3) |
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119 | (6) |
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4.7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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4.7.3 The Greenhouse Effect |
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121 | (1) |
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4.7.4 Solar Energy for Living Things |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (6) |
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4.8.1 The Nature of Radioactivity |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (3) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Energy Analysis and Life-Cycle Assessment |
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133 | (38) |
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5.1 Some Principles of Life-Cycle Thinking and Sustainability Analysis |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (7) |
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5.2.1 Direct Conversion Efficiency (II) |
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138 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Energy Return on Energy Investment (EROI) |
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139 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Net Energy (NE) or Energy Balance |
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141 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Energy Payback Time (EPBT) |
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142 | (1) |
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5.3 Energy Audits, Energy Data Monitoring, and Energy Control and Management |
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143 | (5) |
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144 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Monitoring with Energy Billing Information |
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145 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Energy Data Logging |
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145 | (3) |
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5.4 Economic Analysis of Energy Systems |
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148 | (11) |
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5.4.1 Economic Value of Energy |
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148 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Life-Cycle Costing and Time Value of Money |
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148 | (5) |
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5.4.3 Economic Measures of Cost-Effectiveness |
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153 | (4) |
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5.4.4 Performing Economic Analysis with Spreadsheets |
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157 | (1) |
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5.4.5 Cost-Effectiveness and Market Penetration |
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158 | (1) |
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5.5 Environmental Analysis of Energy and Material Systems |
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159 | (8) |
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5.5.1 Air Pollutant and Carbon Emissions from Combustion of Fossil Fuels |
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160 | (2) |
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5.5.2 Emission Rates for Electricity |
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162 | (2) |
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5.5.3 Assessing Other Environmental Impacts of Energy Use |
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164 | (1) |
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5.5.4 Calculating Your Carbon Footprint |
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164 | (3) |
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167 | (4) |
| Section III: Buildings And Energy |
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171 | (114) |
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Chapter 6 Energy Efficiency for Buildings |
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173 | (42) |
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6.1 Residential and Commercial Buildings |
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173 | (2) |
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6.2 Site Energy versus Primary Energy |
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175 | (1) |
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6.3 Introduction to Heat Loss Calculations |
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176 | (7) |
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6.3.1 Basic Heat Transfer through the Building Envelope |
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176 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Heat Transfer by Conduction |
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178 | (2) |
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6.3.3 Heat Transfer by Convection |
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180 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Radiation Heat Transfer |
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181 | (1) |
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6.3.5 The Combined Convective-Radiative R-Value |
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182 | (1) |
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6.4 Heat Loss through Windows |
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183 | (4) |
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6.4.1 Single-Pane Window Analysis |
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183 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Discomfort and Condensation Problems with Cold Windows |
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183 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Improving the R-Value of Windows |
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184 | (1) |
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6.4.4 Center-of-Glass R-Values and Edge Effects |
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185 | (2) |
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6.5 Heat Loss through Walls, Ceilings, and Floors |
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187 | (5) |
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187 | (3) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (2) |
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6.6 Heat Loss Due to Infiltration |
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192 | (5) |
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6.6.1 Estimating Infiltration Rate (Blower-Door Approach) |
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193 | (1) |
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6.6.2 How Tight Is "Too Tight" for Healthful Indoor Air Quality? |
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193 | (4) |
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6.7 The Overall Heat Loss Factor |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (2) |
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6.9 Annual Cost of Heating |
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200 | (2) |
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200 | (1) |
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6.9.2 Heating and Cooling Degree-Days |
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201 | (1) |
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6.9.3 Annual Heating Load |
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202 | (1) |
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6.10 Impacts of Improving Efficiency |
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202 | (3) |
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6.11 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems |
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205 | (3) |
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6.11.1 Forced-Air Central Heating Systems |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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6.11.3 Compressive Air Conditioners |
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206 | (2) |
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208 | (5) |
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6.12.1 Geothermal Heat Pumps |
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211 | (1) |
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6.12.2 Ductless Mini-Split Heat Pumps |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Solar Energy for Buildings: Approaching Zero Net Energy |
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215 | (34) |
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215 | (6) |
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7.1.1 Solar Angles to Help Us Design Overhangs |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (2) |
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218 | (1) |
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7.1.4 Shadow Diagrams for Architectural Modeling |
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218 | (3) |
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7.2 Energy-Efficient Building Design Strategies |
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221 | (2) |
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7.2.1 The Importance of Building Orientation |
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221 | (1) |
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7.2.2 South-Facing Windows for Solar Gains |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (9) |
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7.3.1 Avoiding Cooling Loads |
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223 | (3) |
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7.3.2 Better Windows to Reduce Cooling and Lighting Loads |
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226 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Simple Cooling Calculations |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (2) |
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7.4 Passive Solar Heating |
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232 | (7) |
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7.4.1 A "Sun-Tempered" House |
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234 | (1) |
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7.4.2 The Importance of Thermal Mass |
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234 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Types of Passive Solar Heating Systems |
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235 | (1) |
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7.4.4 Estimating Solar Performance |
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236 | (3) |
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7.5 Domestic Water Heating |
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239 | (7) |
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7.5.1 Heat Pump Water Heaters |
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239 | (4) |
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7.5.2 Solar Thermal Hot Water Systems |
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243 | (3) |
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7.6 Approaching Net Zero Solar Homes |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (3) |
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Chapter 8 Whole Building to Zero Net Energy |
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249 | (36) |
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8.1 The Evolution toward Green Buildings and Communities |
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249 | (5) |
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8.2 Whole Building Energy Technologies: Electrical Appliances and Lighting |
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254 | (9) |
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8.2.1 Appliance and Equipment Efficiency: Standards Push the Market |
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254 | (4) |
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8.2.2 ENERGY STAR Appliances and Labeling |
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258 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Energy for Lighting: The LED Revolution |
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259 | (2) |
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8.2.4 Smart Buildings, Smart Homes |
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261 | (2) |
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8.2.5 Determining Building Electricity Needs |
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263 | (1) |
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8.3 Building Energy Codes and Standards: Toward Whole Building Energy |
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263 | (5) |
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8.3.1 Building Energy Code Development and Adoption |
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265 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Typical Building Energy Code Requirements |
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266 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Assessing Code Compliance and the Home Energy Rating System (HERS) |
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266 | (2) |
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8.4 Whole Building Life Cycle: Embodied Energy in Buildings |
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268 | (5) |
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8.4.1 Life-Cycle and Embodied Energy in Buildings and Materials |
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270 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Green Roofs and Other Natural Building Materials |
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271 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Tools for Embodied Energy and Life-Cycle Analysis of Buildings |
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272 | (1) |
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8.5 Green Building Ratings: Helping the Market Advance Whole Building Life Cycle |
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273 | (7) |
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8.5.1 EPA's ENERGY STAR Homes and DOE's Zero Energy Ready Homes |
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274 | (1) |
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8.5.2 USGBC's LEED Certification Program |
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275 | (1) |
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8.5.3 Passive House, PHIUS+, and DOE ZERH Standards |
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276 | (3) |
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8.5.4 EarthCraft Certification Program |
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279 | (1) |
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8.6 Zero Net Energy Buildings |
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280 | (1) |
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8.7 Toward Whole Community Energy |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (3) |
| Section IV: Sustainable Electricity |
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285 | (102) |
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Chapter 9 Centralized Electric Power Systems |
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287 | (26) |
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287 | (1) |
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9.2 Electromagnetism: The Technology behind Electric Power |
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287 | (1) |
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9.3 Creating the Modern Electric Utility: Edison, Westinghouse, and Insull |
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288 | (3) |
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9.3.1 The Important Role of Transformers |
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289 | (1) |
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9.3.2 The Battle between Edison and Westinghouse |
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290 | (1) |
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9.3.3 Insull Develops the Business Side of Utilities |
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290 | (1) |
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9.4 Electric Power Infrastructure |
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291 | (5) |
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9.4.1 The North American Power Grid |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (3) |
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9.4.3 Load Duration Curves |
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295 | (1) |
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9.5 Electric Power Generation |
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296 | (9) |
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9.5.1 Conventional Coal-Fired Steam Power Plants |
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296 | (3) |
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9.5.2 Flue Gas Emission Controls |
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299 | (1) |
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9.5.3 Combustion Turbines |
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300 | (1) |
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9.5.4 Combined-Cycle Power Plants |
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301 | (1) |
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9.5.5 Clean Coal: Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle (IGCC) Power Plants |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (2) |
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9.5.7 Hydroelectric Power |
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305 | (1) |
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9.6 Some Economics for Conventional Power Plants |
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305 | (7) |
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9.6.1 Utilities and Nonutilities |
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305 | (1) |
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9.6.2 Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) |
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306 | (2) |
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9.6.3 Potential Impact of Carbon Costs and Other Externalities |
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308 | (4) |
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312 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 Distributed Energy Resources |
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313 | (28) |
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10.1 Balancing the Grid with DERs |
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313 | (1) |
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10.2 Another Challenge: The "Duck Curve" |
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314 | (3) |
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10.2.1 Challenges Raised by Duck Curves |
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315 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Teaching the Duck to Fly |
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316 | (1) |
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10.3 Demand Side Management (DSM) |
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317 | (3) |
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10.3.1 Utility Decoupling |
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318 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Conventional Utility Rate Structures (before Smart Meters) |
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318 | (2) |
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10.4 Demand Response (DR) Programs |
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320 | (4) |
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10.4.1 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) |
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320 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Time-of-Use (TOU) Rates |
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320 | (2) |
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10.4.3 Critical Peak Pricing |
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322 | (2) |
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10.5 Energy Storage: Thermal |
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324 | (3) |
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10.5.1 Managing Electric Water Heaters |
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324 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Stanford Energy System Innovations (SESI) |
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325 | (1) |
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10.5.3 Thermal Energy Storage with Ice |
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326 | (1) |
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10.6 Energy Storage: Electrical |
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327 | (5) |
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10.6.1 Energy Storage Technologies |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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10.6.3 Applications of Stationary Storage |
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330 | (2) |
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10.7 Distributed Generation (DG) |
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332 | (6) |
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10.7.1 Combined-Heat-and-Power (CHP) Systems |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (3) |
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10.7.3 Renewable Energy Coupled with Storage: A Carbon-Free Future? |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (3) |
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Chapter 11 Photovoltaic Systems |
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341 | (26) |
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11.1 Some Photovoltaic History |
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341 | (1) |
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11.2 Crystalline Silicon (c-Si) Solar Cells |
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342 | (4) |
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11.2.1 Photons to Create Hole-Electron Pairs |
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342 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Band Gap Impact on Photovoltaic Efficiency |
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343 | (3) |
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11.2.3 A Complete Silicon Solar Cell |
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346 | (1) |
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11.3 Photovoltaic Fabrication |
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346 | (3) |
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11.3.1 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells (c-Si) |
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348 | (1) |
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11.3.2 Multijunction (Tandem) Cells to Increase Efficiency |
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348 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Thin-Film Photovoltaics |
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348 | (1) |
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11.4 From Cells to Modules to Arrays to Systems |
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349 | (3) |
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11.4.1 Photovoltaic Module Electrical Characteristics |
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349 | (1) |
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11.4.2 Basic System Concepts for Residential and Commercial Buildings |
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350 | (1) |
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11.4.3 Introducing Energy Storage for Buildings |
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351 | (1) |
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11.5 Estimating Solar Performance |
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352 | (3) |
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11.5.1 A Simple Peak-Watts Approach |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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11.5.3 Impacts of Dirt, Shading, and Aging |
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354 | (1) |
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11.6 Economics of Photovoltaic Systems |
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355 | (7) |
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11.6.1 Photovoltaic System Costs |
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355 | (1) |
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11.6.2 Evaluating the Economics for Residential PV Systems |
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356 | (2) |
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358 | (1) |
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11.6.4 Including Tax Credits and Tax-Deductible Interest |
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359 | (1) |
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11.6.5 Economics of Nonresidential PV Systems |
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359 | (3) |
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11.7 Off-Grid Photovoltaic Systems |
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362 | (2) |
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11.7.1 Small Systems Paid For with Mobile Money |
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363 | (1) |
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11.7.2 Solar Home Systems |
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364 | (1) |
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364 | (3) |
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Chapter 12 Large-Scale Renewables |
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367 | (20) |
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12.1 Distributed Solar Power |
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367 | (3) |
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367 | (1) |
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12.1.2 Community Choice Aggregation |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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12.1.4 Small Grids in Remote Regions of the World |
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369 | (1) |
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12.2 Financing Utility-Scale Renewable Energy Systems |
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370 | (2) |
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372 | (10) |
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12.3.1 Historical Development of Wind Power |
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372 | (2) |
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12.3.2 An Introduction to Wind Turbine Technology |
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374 | (1) |
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12.3.3 Wind Turbine Power Curves |
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|
375 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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12.3.5 Combining Wind Statistics with Turbine Characteristics |
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377 | (1) |
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12.3.6 Wind Turbine Capacity Factors |
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378 | (2) |
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12.3.7 Offshore Wind Farms |
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380 | (1) |
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12.3.8 Environmental Impacts of Wind |
|
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380 | (2) |
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12.4 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Systems |
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382 | (2) |
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12.4.1 Historical Development |
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|
382 | (1) |
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12.4.2 The Importance of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) |
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382 | (2) |
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384 | (3) |
| Section V: Sustainable Transportation And Land Use |
|
387 | (108) |
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Chapter 13 Transportation Energy and Efficient Vehicles |
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|
389 | (40) |
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13.1 Energy Use in Transportation |
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391 | (6) |
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13.1.1 Transportation Energy Use in the U.S.: Uncertain Future? |
|
|
391 | (4) |
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13.1.2 Passenger Miles Traveled, Modes, and Energy Intensity |
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|
395 | (2) |
|
13.1.3 Overview of Transportation Energy Trends |
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|
397 | (1) |
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13.2 Transportation Vehicle Energy Efficiency |
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397 | (7) |
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13.2.1 Factors Affecting Vehicle Efficiency: Technology, Fuel Price, Policy, Consumer Choice |
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397 | (2) |
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13.2.2 Vehicle Efficiency Regulations: Major Upgrade of U.S. CAFE Standards, 2016-2025 |
|
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399 | (2) |
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13.2.3 Heavy Vehicle Efficiency: First-Time U.S. Efficiency Standards in Model Year 2016 |
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|
401 | (2) |
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13.2.4 Aircraft Energy Efficiency: International and U.S. Efforts to Reduce GHG Emissions |
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403 | (1) |
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13.3 Vehicle Air Emissions and U.S. Standards: Major Tier 3 Reductions, 2017-2025 |
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404 | (2) |
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13.4 Emerging Vehicle Technologies: Game Changers? |
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|
406 | (12) |
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13.4.1 Conventional Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles |
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406 | (2) |
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13.4.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) |
|
|
408 | (2) |
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13.4.3 Plug-In Electric Drive Vehicles (PEVs) |
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410 | (6) |
|
13.4.4 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) |
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416 | (2) |
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13.5 Vehicle Technologies, Future Fuel Consumption Reduction, and Manufacturing Cost |
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418 | (8) |
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13.5.1 Well-to-Wheels Analysis |
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420 | (1) |
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13.5.2 Argonne National Laboratory Vehicle Assessment Project |
|
|
420 | (2) |
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13.5.3 Simple Well-to-Wheels Assessment: Gas, E85, HEV, PHEV, BEV, and FCEV Cars |
|
|
422 | (4) |
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|
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426 | (3) |
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Chapter 14 Alternative Fuels, Biofuels, and Biomass Energy |
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429 | (32) |
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14.1 Alternative Transportation Fuels |
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430 | (5) |
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14.1.1 Life-Cycle Analysis of Alternative Fuels |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
14.1.2 Alternative Fueling Infrastructure |
|
|
432 | (1) |
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14.1.3 Alternative Fuel Prices |
|
|
432 | (2) |
|
14.1.4 Alternative Fuel Vehicle Market |
|
|
434 | (1) |
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14.2 Prospects and Potential for Biomass Fuels |
|
|
435 | (7) |
|
14.2.1 Current Use of Biomass Energy in the U.S. |
|
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438 | (2) |
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14.2.2 U.S. Biomass Energy Potential: The Billion-Ton Study |
|
|
440 | (2) |
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|
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442 | (7) |
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14.3.1 U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard Aims to Push Cellulosic Bioethanol |
|
|
442 | (2) |
|
14.3.2 Bioethanol Production Processes |
|
|
444 | (4) |
|
14.3.3 Net Energy and GHG Analysis of Bioethanol |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
14.4 Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel |
|
|
449 | (6) |
|
14.4.1 Biodiesel Production |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
14.4.2 Biodiesel Feedstocks and Production Technologies |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
14.4.3 Biodiesel from Microalgae |
|
|
451 | (4) |
|
14.5 Other Biomass Energy and Emerging Biotechnologies |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
14.5.1 Other Biomass Energy |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
14.5.2 Emerging Biotechnologies for Energy |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
14.6 Natural Gas and Hydrogen as Transportation Fuels |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
14.6.1 Natural Gas as a Transportation Fuel |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
14.6.2 Hydrogen as a Transportation Fuel |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (3) |
|
Chapter 15 Whole Community Energy, Mobility, and Land Use |
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|
461 | (34) |
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15.1 Community Transportation |
|
|
462 | (6) |
|
15.1.1 Global Patterns of Community Transportation |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
15.1.2 U.S. Vehicle Miles Traveled and VMT per Capita |
|
|
462 | (3) |
|
15.1.3 Public Transit Systems and Energy |
|
|
465 | (3) |
|
15.2 Shared, Electric, Autonomous Mobility: The New Age of Urban Passenger Transport |
|
|
468 | (7) |
|
15.2.1 The Changing World of Mobility |
|
|
469 | (2) |
|
15.2.2 Future Outlook for Shared, Electric, Autonomous Mobility |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
15.2.3 Implications of Shared, Electric, Autonomous Mobility |
|
|
472 | (3) |
|
15.3 Sustainable Mobility, Livable Communities, and Land Use |
|
|
475 | (10) |
|
15.3.1 The Five Ds of Transport-Efficient Land Use |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
15.3.2 Urban Density and Transportation Energy Use |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
15.3.3 Mixed-Use, Pedestrian- and Transit-Oriented Development |
|
|
477 | (2) |
|
15.3.4 Compact Development, Housing Size, Location, Transport, and Energy Use |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
15.3.5 Whole Community Energy in Green Development: LEED-ND Guidelines |
|
|
479 | (2) |
|
15.3.6 Metropolitan Land Use and Transportation |
|
|
481 | (4) |
|
15.3.7 Consumer Preferences Moving toward Urban Livable Communities |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
15.4 Beyond Mobility: Land Use, Urban Heat Island, and Solar Access |
|
|
485 | (4) |
|
15.4.1 Land Use and the Urban Heat Island |
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
15.4.2 Land Use and Solar Access |
|
|
487 | (2) |
|
15.5 Community Energy and Climate Action Planning |
|
|
489 | (4) |
|
15.5.1 NREL City-Level Energy Decision Making |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
15.5.2 ICLEI ClearPath Climate Action Process |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
15.5.3 ACEEE Local Energy Calculators |
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
|
|
493 | (2) |
| Section VI: Energy Policy And Planning |
|
495 | (114) |
|
Chapter 16 Market Transformation to Sustainable Energy |
|
|
497 | (22) |
|
16.1 Some Fundamentals of Market Transformation |
|
|
498 | (2) |
|
16.1.1 Distinguishing Technical, Sociocultural, Economic, and Market Potential |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
16.1.2 Market Failure: Transaction Costs and Externalities |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
16.1.3 Noneconomic Factors and Market Transformation |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
16.2 The Techno-Economic Solutions |
|
|
500 | (5) |
|
16.2.1 Technological Change and Diffusion of Innovation |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
16.2.2 The Price of Technology, the Experience Curve, and Learning Investments |
|
|
500 | (5) |
|
16.3 The Policy Solutions |
|
|
505 | (8) |
|
16.3.1 The Case for Market Intervention |
|
|
505 | (2) |
|
16.3.2 The Range of Market Transformation Policies and Programs |
|
|
507 | (5) |
|
16.3.3 Pitfalls of Market Transformation Programs |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
16.4 The Social Solutions |
|
|
513 | (4) |
|
16.4.1 Energy Politics: Achieving Necessary Market Transformation Policies |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
16.4.2 Consumer Values and Choice |
|
|
514 | (3) |
|
|
|
517 | (2) |
|
|
|
519 | (44) |
|
17.1 International Perspectives on Energy Policy |
|
|
519 | (21) |
|
17.1.1 International Agreements: IPCC, UNFCCC, Kyoto, and Paris |
|
|
520 | (3) |
|
17.1.2 Carbon Pricing May Be the Key to Success of the Paris Agreement |
|
|
523 | (4) |
|
17.1.3 Innovations in Developed Countries |
|
|
527 | (9) |
|
17.1.4 Progress among Developing Countries |
|
|
536 | (4) |
|
17.2 U.S. Federal Energy Policy |
|
|
540 | (18) |
|
17.2.1 Overview and Brief History |
|
|
540 | (7) |
|
17.2.2 Federal Regulations Affecting Energy Production and Consumption |
|
|
547 | (5) |
|
17.2.3 Federal Economic and Financial Energy Policies |
|
|
552 | (6) |
|
17.2.4 Federal Energy Information and Education |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
17.3 Summary and Prospects for U.S. Federal Energy Policy |
|
|
558 | (5) |
|
Chapter 18 U.S. State and Community Energy Policy and Planning |
|
|
563 | (46) |
|
|
|
564 | (24) |
|
18.1.1 Which States Are Clean Energy Policy Leaders? ACEEE and Solar Rankings |
|
|
564 | (2) |
|
18.1.2 State Energy Policies: Description and Distribution |
|
|
566 | (5) |
|
18.1.3 State Utility Regulation |
|
|
571 | (12) |
|
18.1.4 State Energy Policy Case Examples: Massachusetts, New York, California |
|
|
583 | (5) |
|
18.2 Community Energy Planning and Policy |
|
|
588 | (17) |
|
18.2.1 International Perspectives on Community Energy Plans and Policies |
|
|
588 | (3) |
|
18.2.2 North American Cities Demonstrate the Possibilities of Local Energy Planning |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
18.2.3 Which U.S. Cities Lead the Way? ACEEE City Energy Efficiency Scorecard |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
18.2.4 Community Clean Energy Initiatives |
|
|
593 | (12) |
|
|
|
605 | (4) |
| References and Further Reading |
|
609 | (14) |
| Index |
|
623 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta