Preface |
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xix | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxiii | |
Part I Formalism Of Energy Transfers |
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3 | (6) |
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1.1 A Generic Nonlinear Equation |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (3) |
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2 Basics of Hydrodynamics |
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9 | (14) |
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2.1 Governing Equations of Incompressible Flows |
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9 | (2) |
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2.2 Vorticity and its Equation |
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11 | (1) |
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2.3 Quadratic Quantities in Hydrodynamics |
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12 | (4) |
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2.4 Conservation Laws in Hydrodynamics |
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16 | (6) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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3 Fourier Space Description of Hydrodynamics |
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23 | (20) |
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3.1 Fourier Transform and its Properties |
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23 | (4) |
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3.2 Flow Equations in Fourier Space |
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27 | (2) |
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3.3 Vorticity, Kinetic Helicity, and Enstrophy |
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29 | (12) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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4 Energy Transfers in Hydrodynamic Flows |
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43 | (36) |
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4.1 Mode-to-mode Energy Transfers in Hydrodynamics |
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44 | (8) |
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4.1.1 A physical argument |
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48 | (2) |
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4.1.2 A mathematical argument based on tensor analysis |
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50 | (2) |
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4.2 Energy Transfers in the Presence of Many Triads |
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52 | (3) |
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4.3 Energy Transfers and Equations of Motion for a Two-dimensional Flow |
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55 | (4) |
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59 | (4) |
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63 | (4) |
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4.6 Equivalence between Various Formulas of Energy Flux |
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67 | (1) |
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4.7 Shell-to-shell Energy Transfers |
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68 | (3) |
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4.8 Turbulent Energy Flux and Arrow of Time |
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71 | (1) |
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4.9 Spectral Decomposition, Energy Transfers, and Amplitude Equations |
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72 | (1) |
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4.10 Numerical Simulations Using Spectral Method |
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73 | (2) |
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4.11 Computation of Energy Transfers Using Data |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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5 Energy Spectrum and Flux of 3D Hydrodynamics |
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79 | (22) |
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5.1 Kolmogorov's Theory for 3D Hydrodynamic Turbulence in Spectral Space |
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79 | (4) |
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5.2 Insights from Kolmogorov's Theory of Turbulence |
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83 | (3) |
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5.3 Numerical Verification of Kolmogorov's Theory |
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86 | (3) |
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5.4 Limitations of Kolmogorov's Theory of Turbulence |
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89 | (2) |
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5.5 Energy Spectrum of Turbulent Flow in the Dissipative Regime |
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91 | (4) |
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5.5.1 Pao's model for the inertial-dissipation range of turbulence |
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92 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Pope's model for the inertial-dissipation range of turbulence |
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93 | (2) |
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5.6 Energy Spectrum and Flux for Laminar Flows |
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95 | (3) |
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5.7 Heisenberg's Theory of Turbulence |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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6 Enstrophy Transfers in Hydrodynamics |
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101 | (16) |
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6.1 Mode-to-mode Enstrophy Transfers in Hydrodynamics |
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101 | (7) |
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6.1.1 Derivation of mode-to-mode enstrophy transfer Sωω(k'|p|q) |
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102 | (3) |
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6.1.2 Derivation of mode-to-mode enstrophy transfer Sωu(k'|p|q) |
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105 | (3) |
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6.2 Mode-to-mode Enstrophy Transfers in 2D Hydrodynamics |
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108 | (2) |
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6.3 Enstrophy Transfers for Many Triads |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (3) |
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6.5 Shell-to-shell Enstrophy Transfer |
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114 | (1) |
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6.6 Numerical Results on Enstrophy Fluxes |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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7 Two-dimensional Turbulence |
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117 | (9) |
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7.1 Conservation Laws; Energy and Enstrophy Transfers in 2D Hydrodynamics |
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117 | (2) |
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7.2 Kraichnan's Theory for 2D Hydrodynamic Turbulence |
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119 | (1) |
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7.3 Subtleties in Energy and Enstrophy Fluxes |
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119 | (2) |
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7.4 Verification of 2D Hydrodynamic Turbulence Models Using Numerical Simulations |
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121 | (4) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (10) |
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8.1 Mode-to-mode Kinetic Helicity Transfers in Hydrodynamics |
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126 | (3) |
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8.2 Flux and Shell-to-shell Transfers of Kinetic Helicity |
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129 | (1) |
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8.3 Phenomenology of Helical Turbulence |
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130 | (2) |
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8.4 Numerical Verification of Kinetic Helicity Spectrum and Flux |
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132 | (3) |
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135 | (1) |
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9 Craya-Herring and Helical Basis |
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136 | (36) |
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9.1 Craya-Herring Basis for Hydrodynamics |
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136 | (5) |
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9.2 Equations of Motion in Craya-Herring Basis |
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141 | (3) |
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9.3 Energy Transfer Functions in Craya-Herring Basis |
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144 | (3) |
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9.4 Fluxes in Craya-Herring Basis |
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147 | (10) |
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9.5 Helical Decomposition |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (5) |
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9.6.1 The helical mode u+ |
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158 | (2) |
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9.6.2 The helical mode u_ |
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160 | (1) |
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9.6.3 Mixture of u+ and u_ |
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161 | (2) |
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9.7 Equations of Motion in Helical Basis |
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163 | (2) |
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9.8 Mode-to-mode Transfer Functions in Helical Basis |
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165 | (2) |
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9.9 Fluxes and Shell-to-shell Energy Transfers in Helical Basis |
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167 | (3) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (2) |
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10 Field-theoretic Treatment of Energy Transfers |
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172 | (15) |
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10.1 Correlation Functions in Homogeneous and Isotropic Turbulence |
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172 | (3) |
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10.2 Field-theoretic Treatment of Mode-to-mode Kinetic Energy Transfers and Flux |
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175 | (6) |
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10.2.1 Computation of (u1(q,t)u1(p,t)u1(k',t) |
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175 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Computation of (u1(q,t)u1(p,t)u2(k',t) |
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176 | (3) |
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10.2.3 Computation of kinetic energy flux and shell-to-shell kinetic energy transfer |
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179 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Energy transfers for absolute equilibrium turbulence or Euler turbulence |
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180 | (1) |
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10.3 Energy and Enstrophy Transfers in 2D Hydrodynamic Turbulence |
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181 | (3) |
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10.4 Kinetic Energy and Helicity Transfers in Helical Turbulence |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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11 Energy Transfers in Anisotropic Flows |
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187 | (9) |
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11.1 Ring Spectrum for Spherical Rings |
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187 | (2) |
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11.2 Ring Spectrum for Cylindrical Rings |
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189 | (2) |
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11.3 Ring-to-ring Energy Transfers |
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191 | (1) |
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11.4 Anisotropic Energy Fluxes, and u left right arrow u uptack Energy Exchange |
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192 | (3) |
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195 | (1) |
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12 Turbulence Properties in Real Space and K41 Theory |
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196 | (19) |
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12.1 Second Order Correlation Functions |
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197 | (4) |
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12.2 Third Order Correlation and Structure Functions |
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201 | (2) |
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12.3 Kolmogorov's Theory of Turbulence: Four-fifth Law |
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203 | (3) |
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12.4 Another Derivation of Four-fifth Law-Frisch (1995) |
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206 | (1) |
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12.5 Comparison with Spectral Theory |
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207 | (2) |
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12.6 Higher Order Structure Functions of Hydrodynamic Turbulence |
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209 | (3) |
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212 | (3) |
Part II Flows With Scalars |
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13 Energy Transfers in Flows with Scalars |
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215 | (14) |
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215 | (3) |
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13.2 Mode-to-mode Scalar Energy Transfers |
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218 | (4) |
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13.2.1 A physical argument |
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220 | (1) |
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13.2.2 A mathematical argument |
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220 | (2) |
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13.3 Flux and Shell-to-shell Transfers for Scalar Turbulence |
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222 | (1) |
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13.4 Variable Scalar Energy Flux |
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223 | (2) |
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13.5 Scalar Field in Craya-Herring Basis |
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225 | (4) |
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14 Flows with a Passive Scalar |
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229 | (16) |
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229 | (1) |
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14.2 Phenomenology of Passive Scalar Turbulence |
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230 | (1) |
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14.3 Various Regimes of a Passive Scalar Flow |
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231 | (6) |
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14.3.1 Turbulent regime I: Re 1; Pe 1; Sc < or = to 1 |
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232 | (1) |
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14.3.2 Laminar regime: Re < almost = to 1; Pe < almost = to 1 |
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233 | (1) |
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14.3.3 Mixed regime I: Re 1; Pe < almost = to 1 |
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234 | (1) |
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14.3.4 Mixed regime II: Re < almost = to 1; Pe >1 |
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235 | (1) |
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14.3.5 Turbulent regime- II: Re 1; Pe 1; Sc 1 |
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235 | (2) |
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14.4 Numerical Simulations of Passive Scalar Turbulence |
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237 | (2) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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14.5 Third Order Structure Function for Passive Scalar Turbulence: Four-third Law |
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239 | (4) |
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14.6 Field-theoretic Treatment of Passive Scalar Turbulence |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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15 Stably Stratified Turbulence |
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245 | (17) |
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15.1 Governing Equations in Real Space |
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245 | (4) |
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15.2 Governing Equations in Fourier Space |
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249 | (2) |
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15.3 Energy Transfers and Fluxes for Stably Stratified Turbulence |
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251 | (1) |
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15.4 Various Regimes of Stably Stratified Turbulence |
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252 | (1) |
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15.5 Stably Stratified Turbulence with Moderate Buoyancy |
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253 | (8) |
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15.5.1 Bolgiano-Obukhov phenomenology |
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253 | (3) |
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15.5.2 Modified Bolgiano-Obukhov scaling |
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256 | (3) |
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15.5.3 Numerical results on moderately stratified turbulence |
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259 | (2) |
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15.6 Stably Stratified Turbulence with Strong Buoyancy |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (28) |
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262 | (3) |
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16.2 Governing Equations in Fourier Space, Energy Transfers, and Fluxes |
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265 | (3) |
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16.3 Structure of Temperature Field in Thermal Convection |
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268 | (1) |
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16.4 Phenomenology of Turbulent Thermal Convection |
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269 | (4) |
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16.5 Structure Functions of Turbulent Thermal Convection |
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273 | (2) |
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16.6 Numerical Verification of the Phenomenology of Turbulent Thermal Convection |
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275 | (5) |
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16.6.1 Kinetic energy spectrum and flux; Scalar energy flux |
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276 | (1) |
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16.6.2 Scalar energy or temperature spectrum |
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277 | (1) |
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16.6.3 Structure functions |
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278 | (1) |
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16.6.4 Shell-to-shell energy transfers |
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279 | (1) |
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16.7 Forcing, Energy Dissipation, and Drag Reduction in Turbulent Convection |
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280 | (1) |
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16.8 Anisotropy in Turbulent Thermal Convection |
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281 | (2) |
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16.9 Various Regimes of Thermal Convection |
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283 | (4) |
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16.9.1 Re 1; Pe 1; Pr almost = to 1 |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (2) |
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16.9.4 Pe 1; Pr = infinity |
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286 | (1) |
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16.10 Two-dimensional Turbulent Thermal Convection |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (2) |
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17 A More Complex Example of an Active Scalar: Binary Fluid Mixture |
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290 | (5) |
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17.1 Dynamics of a Binary Fluid Mixture |
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290 | (5) |
Part III Flows With Vectors |
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18 Energy Transfers in Flows with Vectors |
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295 | (10) |
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295 | (3) |
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18.2 Mode-to-mode Vector Energy Transfers and Energy Fluxes |
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298 | (2) |
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18.3 Variable Vector Energy Flux |
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300 | (1) |
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18.4 Vector Flow in Craya-Herring Basis |
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301 | (1) |
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18.5 Energy Transfers in Craya-Herring and Helical Basis |
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301 | (4) |
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19 Flow with a Passive Vector |
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305 | (3) |
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305 | (1) |
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19.2 Phenomenology of a Passive Vector Turbulence |
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306 | (1) |
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19.3 Various Regimes of a Passive Vector Flow |
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307 | (1) |
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20 Magnetohydrodynamics: Formalism |
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308 | (21) |
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20.1 Governing Equations in Real Space |
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308 | (4) |
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312 | (4) |
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20.3 Governing Equations in Fourier Space |
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316 | (4) |
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320 | (1) |
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20.5 MHD Equations in Craya-Herring Basis |
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321 | (4) |
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20.6 MHD Equations in Helical Basis |
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325 | (2) |
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20.7 Nondimensionalized MHD Equations |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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21 Energy Transfers in MHD |
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329 | (29) |
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21.1 Combined Energy Transfers in MHD |
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329 | (2) |
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21.2 Mode-to-mode Energy Transfers in MHD |
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331 | (5) |
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21.3 Mode-to-mode Transfers for Elsaser Variables |
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336 | (2) |
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21.4 Miscellaneous Transfers in MHD |
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338 | (4) |
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21.4.1 Mode-to-mode magnetic helicity transfers in MHD |
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338 | (2) |
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21.4.2 Mode-to-mode kinetic helicity transfers in MHD |
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340 | (1) |
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21.4.3 Mode-to-mode transfers of EA in 2D |
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341 | (1) |
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21.5 Transfers for Many Triads and Fluxes |
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342 | (5) |
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21.6 Variable Energy Fluxes and Conserved Fluxes of MHD Turbulence |
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347 | (4) |
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21.6.1 Kinetic and magnetic energy fluxes |
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348 | (2) |
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21.6.2 Fluxes for Elsaser fields and magnetic helicity |
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350 | (1) |
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21.7 Shell-to-shell Transfers in MHD |
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351 | (2) |
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21.8 Energy Transfers in Craya-Herring Basis |
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353 | (1) |
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21.9 Energy Transfers in Helical Basis |
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354 | (2) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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22 Models of MHD Turbulence |
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358 | (28) |
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22.1 Models of MHD Turbulence |
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358 | (7) |
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22.1.1 Kraichnan and Iroshnikov's model-E(k) proportional to k-3/2 |
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358 | (1) |
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22.1.2 Dobrowonly et al.'s model |
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359 | (2) |
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22.1.3 Model based on energy fluxes |
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361 | (1) |
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22.1.4 Goldreich and Sridhar-E(kuptack) ~ k-5/3uptack |
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362 | (1) |
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22.1.5 Verma-Effective mean magnetic field and E(k) proportional to k-5/3 |
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363 | (1) |
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22.1.6 Galtier et al.-Weak turbulence and E(kuptack) proporational to k-2 |
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364 | (1) |
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22.1.7 Boldyrev et al.-Dynamic alignment yields k-3/2 spectrum |
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364 | (1) |
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22.2 Third Order Structure Function: Four-third Law |
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365 | (5) |
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22.3 Higher Order Structure Functions of MHD Turbulence |
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370 | (1) |
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22.4 Scaling of cross Helicity and Magnetic Helicity |
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370 | (3) |
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22.4.1 Scaling of cross helicity |
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371 | (1) |
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22.4.2 Scaling of magnetic helicity |
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372 | (1) |
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22.5 MHD Turbulence for Small and Large Prandtl Numbers |
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373 | (4) |
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22.5.1 Energy spectra of small Pm MHD |
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374 | (2) |
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22.5.2 Energy spectra of large Pm MHD |
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376 | (1) |
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22.6 Validation Using Solar Wind |
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377 | (3) |
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22.7 Validation Using Numerical Simulations |
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380 | (3) |
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22.8 MHD Turbulence in the Presence of a Mean Magnetic Field |
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383 | (2) |
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385 | (1) |
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23 Dynamo: Magnetic Field Generation in MHD |
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386 | (24) |
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387 | (1) |
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23.2 Anti-dynamo Theorems |
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387 | (2) |
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23.3 Energetics of a Dynamo |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (8) |
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23.4.1 Six-mode model-Verma et al. (2008) |
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389 | (2) |
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391 | (1) |
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23.4.3 A 2D3C helical dynamo model? |
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392 | (1) |
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23.4.4 A tetrahedron helical dynamo model- Stepanov and Plunian (2018) |
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393 | (4) |
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397 | (1) |
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23.5.1 Six-mode model-Verma et al. (2008) revisited |
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397 | (1) |
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23.6 Dynamo Transition and Bifurcation Analysis |
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397 | (2) |
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23.7 Energy Transfers in Turbulent Dynamos |
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399 | (8) |
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401 | (2) |
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403 | (2) |
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23.7.3 Large-scale dynamo with forcing at intermediate scale |
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405 | (2) |
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23.8 Role of Helicities in Dynamos |
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407 | (1) |
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23.9 Analogy between the Vorticity and Magnetic Fields |
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408 | (1) |
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23.10 Turbulent Drag Reduction in MHD |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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24 Phenomenology of Quasi-Static MHD Turbulence |
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410 | (10) |
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410 | (3) |
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24.2 Distribution and Spectrum of Kinetic Energy |
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413 | (5) |
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24.3 Energy Transfers in Quasi-Static MHD |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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25 Electron Magnetohydrodynamics |
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420 | (9) |
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420 | (2) |
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25.2 Fourier Space Description |
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422 | (1) |
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25.3 Phenomenology of EMHD Turbulence |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (1) |
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424 | (2) |
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25.4.1 Governing equations and conservation laws |
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424 | (1) |
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25.4.2 Energy transfers in EMHD |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (3) |
Part IV Miscellaneous Flows |
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429 | (14) |
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429 | (2) |
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26.2 Properties of Linear Rotating Hydrodynamics |
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431 | (2) |
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26.2.1 Taylor-Proudman theorem |
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431 | (1) |
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26.2.2 Inertial waves in rotating flows |
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432 | (1) |
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26.3 Nonlinear Regime in Rotating Flows |
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433 | (1) |
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26.4 Phenomenology of Rotating Turbulence |
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434 | (3) |
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26.4.1 Zeman's phenomenology |
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434 | (1) |
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26.4.2 Zhou's phenomenology |
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435 | (1) |
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26.4.3 Smith and Waleffe's phenomenology |
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435 | (1) |
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26.4.4 Kuznetsov-Zakharov-Kolmogorov spectrum |
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436 | (1) |
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26.4.5 Inferences from the energy transfers in rotating turbulence |
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437 | (1) |
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26.5 Experimental and Numerical Results on Rotating Turbulence |
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437 | (5) |
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442 | (1) |
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443 | (9) |
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443 | (2) |
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27.2 Mode-to-mode Tensor Energy Transfer and Tensor Energy Flux |
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445 | (2) |
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27.3 Energy Spectrum and Flux in a Passive Tensor |
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447 | (1) |
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27.4 Flow with an Active Tensor Field: FENE-p Model |
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448 | (2) |
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27.4.1 Governing equations |
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448 | (1) |
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27.4.2 Energy spectra and fluxes in the FENE-p model |
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449 | (1) |
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27.5 Turbulent Drag Reduction in Polymeric Flows |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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28 Shell Models of Turbulence |
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452 | (9) |
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28.1 Shell Model for Hydrodynamic Turbulence |
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452 | (6) |
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452 | (2) |
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28.1.2 Energy transfers in the shell model |
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454 | (4) |
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28.2 Shell Model for Scalar, Vector, and Tensor Flows |
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458 | (2) |
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460 | (1) |
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461 | (6) |
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461 | (2) |
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29.2 Energy Transfers in Burgers Turbulence |
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463 | (1) |
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29.3 Phenomenology of Burgers Turbulence |
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464 | (2) |
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466 | (1) |
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30 Compressible Turbulence |
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467 | (14) |
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467 | (3) |
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30.2 Linear Compressible Flow; Sound Waves |
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470 | (1) |
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30.3 Nearly Incompressible Flow |
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471 | (1) |
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30.4 Fully Compressible Turbulence: Burgers Turbulence Revisited |
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472 | (1) |
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30.5 Equation of Motion of a Compressible Flow in Craya-Herring Basis |
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473 | (3) |
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30.6 Energy Transfers in Compressible Flows |
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476 | (4) |
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30.6.1 Equations for modal kinetic and internal energies |
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477 | (1) |
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30.6.2 Triadic interactions in a compressible flow? |
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478 | (1) |
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30.6.3 Energy fluxes in compressible turbulence |
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479 | (1) |
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480 | (1) |
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31 Miscellaneous Applications of Energy Transfers |
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481 | (8) |
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31.1 Variable Enstrophy Flux in 2D Turbulence with Ekman Friction |
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481 | (2) |
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31.2 Energy Transfers in Gyrokinetic Plasma Turbulence |
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483 | (1) |
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31.3 Energy Transfers in Spherical Geometry |
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484 | (4) |
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488 | (1) |
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489 | (2) |
Appendix A Power Law Physics |
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491 | (2) |
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492 | (1) |
Appendix B Wealth Distribution and Cascade in an Economy |
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493 | (4) |
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496 | (1) |
Appendix C Renormalization Group Analysis of Hydrodynamic Turbulence |
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497 | (6) |
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|
502 | (1) |
Notation |
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503 | (5) |
References |
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508 | (19) |
Subject Index |
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527 | (12) |
Color Plates |
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539 | |