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E-raamat: Engineering Tools for Environmental Risk Management: 2. Environmental Toxicology

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Edited by (Budapest University of Technology, Budapest, Hungary), Edited by (Cyclodextrin Research and Development Ltd, Budapest, Hungary), Edited by (Berlin, Germany)
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Engineering Tools for Environmental Risk Management: 2. Environmental ToxicologySuurem pilt
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Chemical substances, physical agents and built structures exhibit various types of hazard due to their inherent toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, reprotoxic and sensitizing character or damaging to the immune and hormone system. The first steps in managing an environment contaminated by chemical substances are characterization of hazards and quantification of their risks. Chemical models — using only analytical data — are still the most widely used applications for assessing potential adverse effects and the fate and behavior of chemicals in the environment. Chemical models rely on the assumption that the adverse effect is proportional to the concentration, which in most cases is incorrect. In this volume, other models such as biological and ecological or regression models are discussed in detail and compared.

Environmental risk management has two subsections: risk assessment and risk reduction. Environmental risk, to a large extent, arises from the adverse effects of chemicals and contaminated land; that is why measuring and testing these effects plays a key role in risk management.

"Environmental Toxicology" deals with direct measurement of adverse effects of pure chemicals or environmental samples. This book has therefore been created specifically for engineers and gives a general overview of environmental toxicology. It provides an overview of hundreds of standardized and non-standardized, generic and site-specific, conventional and innovative, animal and alternative test methods, and demonstrates how to apply these results to the regulation and management of environmental risk. In addition to human, aquatic and terrestrial methods for measuring toxicity, new trends in environmental analytics and the integration and complementary use of chemical analyses and the testing of effects are described.

Bioavailability and accessibility as key parameters are detailed and the interactive and dynamic characterization of contaminants in soil is introduced. Emphasis is placed on the evaluation and interpretation of environmental fate and adverse effect data as well as the simulation of environmental processes and effects in microcosms and mesocosms.

Preface xvii
List of abbreviations xix
About the editors xxix
Chapter 1 Environmental toxicology-A general overview
K. Gruiz
1 Introduction, basic definitions
1(22)
1.1 Toxicology and its role
3(6)
1.2 Regulatory toxicology for chemical substances and contaminated land
9(3)
1.3 Future of environmental toxicology
12(4)
1.3.1 Molecular technologies
13(2)
1.3.2 Cell-based technologies
15(1)
1.3.3 Computational toxicology
15(1)
1.4 What environment means in the context of toxicology
16(1)
1.5 Environmental toxicology versus human toxicology
17(1)
1.6 Animal studies
18(2)
1.7 In vitro contra in vivo: alternative test methods
20(3)
1.8 Evidence-based toxicology
23(1)
2 Adverse effects to be measured by environmental toxicology
23(13)
2.1 Hazardous effects of chemical substances
24(1)
2.2 Toxic effects of chemical substances
25(6)
2.3 Carcinogenic effects
31(1)
2.4 Mutagenic effects
32(1)
2.5 Reprotoxicity
32(1)
2.6 Persistent and very persistent substances
33(1)
2.7 Bioaccumulative and very bioaccumulative substances
33(1)
2.8 Emerging pollutants
34(2)
3 Interaction of a chemical substance with living organisms
36(35)
3.1 Dose-response relationship
39(3)
3.2 Test end points: the results of the environmental toxicity test
42(2)
3.3 Classification of environmental toxicological tests
44(7)
3.3.1 Test type according to the aim of the test
44(1)
3.3.2 Test organisms
45(3)
3.3.3 Test design
48(1)
3.3.4 Most commonly measured end points
49(1)
3.3.5 Environmental compartments and phases to test
50(1)
3.3.6 Aims of environmental toxicity tests
51(1)
3.4 Environmental toxicology in relation to hazard and risk assessment
51(9)
3.4.1 Testing hazard or risk?
51(2)
3.4.2 Standardized or customized test methods?
53(2)
3.4.3 Testing or modeling? - QSAR and environmental toxicology
55(5)
3.5 Statistical evaluation of ecotoxicological tests
60(3)
3.5.1 Evaluation of acute toxicity tests
60(2)
3.5.2 Data analysis for chronic toxicity tests
62(1)
3.5.3 Data analysis of multispecies toxicity tests
62(1)
3.6 Standardization and international acceptance of newly developed toxicity tests
63(8)
Chapter 2 Fate and behavior of chemical substances in the environment 71(54)
K. Gruiz
M. Molnar
Zs. M. Nagy
Cs. Hajdu
1 Introduction
71(3)
2 Interaction of the contaminants with environmental phases
74(10)
2.1 Transport and partitioning
75(6)
2.1.1 Partitioning between air and water
75(1)
2.1.2 Partitioning between solid and water
76(1)
2.1.3 Transport models
77(4)
2.2 Chemical interactions between chemical substances and the environment
81(3)
2.2.1 Photolysis
81(1)
2.2.2 Hydrolysis
82(1)
2.2.3 Chemical oxidation and reduction
83(1)
3 Interactions of chemical substances - with the biota
84(30)
3.1 Biodegradation and biotransformation
84(18)
3.1.1 Classification of environmental fate of chemicals for regulatory purposes
84(2)
3.1.2 Biodegradation - definitions
86(1)
3.1.3 Biodegradation - the process
87(1)
3.1.4 QSAR for biodegradation
88(2)
3.1.5 Aims of testing biodegradation
90(1)
3.1.6 Measurement end points for characterizing biodegradation
91(2)
3.1.7 Standardized biodegradability test methods for chemical substances
93(1)
3.1.8 Measuring biodegradation in soil
94(1)
3.1.9 Soil respiration, biodegradative activity of the soil - problem-specific applications
95(7)
3.2 Bioaccumulation
102(11)
3.2.1 Definitions
102(2)
3.2.2 Bioaccumulative potential of chemicals
104(2)
3.2.3 QSAR for bioaccumulation
106(1)
3.2.4 Testing bioaccumulation
107(2)
3.2.5 Standardized tests for measuring bioaccumulation
109(3)
3.2.6 Field determination of bioaccumulation
112(1)
3.3 Bioleaching
113(1)
4 Availability of contaminants for environmental actors
114(3)
5 Utilizing fate properties of chemicals to reduce their risk in the environment
117(8)
5.1 Environmental transport and fate processes change contaminant risk
117(8)
Chapter 3 Human toxicology 125(46)
K. Gruiz
1 Introduction
125(7)
1.1 Adverse effects of chemicals on humans
127(3)
1.2 Testing the adverse effects of chemicals on humans
130(2)
2 Test organisms for human toxicology purposes
132(4)
2.1 Microorganisms used in human toxicity testing
132(1)
2.2 Isolated cells, tissue cultures in human toxicology
132(1)
2.3 Lower animals in human toxicology
133(1)
2.4 Birds
133(1)
2.5 Mammals
134(1)
2.6 3R in animal testing
135(1)
3 Toxicity end points and methods
136(35)
3.1 Acute toxicity
136(2)
3.1.1 Animal tests for acute systemic toxicity
137(1)
3.1.2 Non-animal, in vitro tests for acute systemic toxicity
137(1)
3.2 Repeated-dose and organ toxicity testing
138(3)
3.2.1 Animal test methods for repeated-dose and organ toxicity
139(1)
3.2.2 Alternative methods for repeated-dose and organ toxicity testing
140(1)
3.3 Genotoxicity
141(4)
3.3.1 In vivo animal tests for assessing potential heritable genotoxicity
141(1)
3.3.2 OECD test guidelines for in vitro genotoxicity and mutagenicity testing
142(1)
3.3.3 New in vivo genotoxicity tests
142(3)
3.3.4 QSAR for genotoxicity and genotoxic carcinogenicity
145(1)
3.4 Chronic toxicity
145(1)
3.4.1 Chronic toxicity testing methods on animals
146(1)
3.5 Carcinogenicity
146(2)
3.5.1 Animal methods for carcinogenicity testing
147(1)
3.5.2 Non-animal testing of carcinogenicity
147(1)
3.6 Reproductive and developmental toxicity
148(3)
3.6.1 Animal tests for reproductive and developmental toxicity
149(1)
3.6.2 In vitro methods for reproductive and developmental toxicity
149(2)
3.7 Dermal penetration
151(1)
3.7.1 Animal testing of dermal penetration
151(1)
3.7.2 In vitro testing of dermal penetration
151(1)
3.8 Skin irritation and corrosion
152(2)
3.8.1 Animal testing of skin irritation and corrosion
152(1)
3.8.2 Alternative, non-animal test methods for skin irritation and corrosion
152(2)
3.9 Skin sensitization
154(1)
3.9.1 Skin sensitization: animal tests for regulatory requirements
154(1)
3.9.2 Non-animal alternative methods
154(1)
3.10 Eye irritation and corrosion
155(1)
3.10.1 Animal testing of eye irritation and corrosion on rabbits
155(1)
3.10.2 Non-animal alternative methods for evaluating eye irritation and corrosion
156(1)
3.11 Toxicokinetics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism
156(3)
3.11.1 Testing of toxicokinetics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism on animals
158(1)
3.11.2 In vitro dermal testing
159(1)
3.12 Neurotoxicity
159(2)
3.12.1 Animal testing of neurotoxicity
160(1)
3.12.2 In vitro models for neurotoxicology studies and testing
160(1)
3.13 Endocrine toxicity and disruption
161(3)
3.13.1 Animal tests for screening endocrine disruption
161(1)
3.13.2 Validated non-animal alternatives for endocrine disruptor activity
161(1)
3.13.3 The US EPA endocrine disruptor screening program
162(2)
3.14 Phototoxicity
164(7)
Chapter 4 Aquatic toxicology 171(58)
K. Gruiz
M. Molnar
1 Introduction to aquatic toxicology
171(3)
2 Human and ecosystem exposure to aquatic hazards
174(6)
3 Some commonly used aquatic test organisms for testing adverse effects
180(14)
3.1 Microorganisms: bacteria, algae and protozoa
180(4)
3.2 Fresh-water macroplants
184(1)
3.3 Fresh-water invertebrates
185(5)
3.4 Aquatic vertebrates
190(2)
3.5 Sediment-dwelling organisms
192(2)
4 Measuring adverse effects of chemical substances on the aquatic ecosystem
194(2)
5 Some commonly used aquatic test methods
196(7)
5.1 OECD guidelines for testing chemicals in aquatic environment: water, sediment, wastewater
196(2)
5.2 Water-testing methods standardized by the International Organization for Standardization
198(1)
5.2.1 Standardized bacterial tests for toxicity testing of water and waste-water
199(1)
5.2.2 Standardized algal and plant tests for waters
199(2)
5.2.3 Invertebrates using standard methods for testing water
201(1)
5.2.4 Standardized fish tests for water and waste-water
201(1)
5.2.5 Ecological assessment of surface waters
201(2)
6 Non-animal testing of aquatic toxicity
203(1)
7 Testing sediment
203(5)
8 Sewage and sewage sludge tests
208(1)
9 Testing waste using an 'Ecotox' test battery
209(3)
10 Non-standardized bioassays and other innovative test methods
212(5)
11 Multispecies and microcosm test methods for aquatic toxicity
217(3)
12 Description of Tetrahymena pyriformis bioassay
220(9)
12.1 Experimental
221(1)
12.2 Evaluation and interpretation of the results
222(7)
Chapter 5 Terrestrial toxicology 229(82)
K. Gruiz
M. Molnar
V. Feigl
Cs. Hajdu
Zs. M. Nagy
0. Klebercz
I. Fekete-Kertesz
E. Ujaczki
M. Tolner
1 Introduction
229(8)
2 Terrestrial test organisms
237(17)
2.1 Soil-living bacteria and fungi as test organisms
238(4)
2.2 Terrestrial plants for soil toxicity testing
242(4)
2.3 Soil fauna members as test organisms
246(8)
3 Measuring terrestrial toxicity: end points and methods
254(6)
3.1 Soil biodiversity
255(3)
3.2 Evolutionary convergence phenomenon
258(1)
3.3 Terrestrial bioassays for testing chemical substances and contaminated soil
259(1)
4 Standardized and non-standardized test methods
260(3)
4.1 OECD standards for testing chemical substances in soil and dung with terrestrial organisms
260(1)
4.2 ISO and other standards for testing soil and sediment
260(3)
4.3 Testing waste: a terrestrial test battery for solid waste
263(1)
5 Non-standard terrestrial toxicity test methods
263(19)
5.1 Some aspects of problem-oriented and site-specific soil testing
264(8)
5.1.1 Soil community response
265(1)
5.1.2 Concepts for characterizing soil functioning and health
266(1)
5.1.3 Aims of testing whole soil response
266(1)
5.1.4 Consequences of the effect of soil matrix on the test methodology
267(4)
5.1.5 Field assessment or laboratory testing?
271(1)
5.2 Ecological assessment: field testing of habitat quality, diversity of species and abundance of indicator organisms
272(3)
5.2.1 Abundance and diversity of soil microbiota
272(1)
5.2.2 The use of carbon substrate utilization patterns for ecotoxicity testing
273(1)
5.2.3 Dung-dwelling organisms, a not yet standardized field study
273(1)
5.2.4 Effects of pollutants on earthworms in field situations: avoidance
274(1)
5.3 Non-standardized contact bioassays: description of some tests
275(7)
5.3.1 Single species bacterial contact tests
275(3)
5.3.2 Single species animal contact tests
278(1)
5.3.3 Plant tests
279(1)
5.3.4 Soil as a test organism
280(2)
6 Multispecies terrestrial tests
282(9)
6.1 Classification of multispecies soil tests
282(8)
6.1.1 Terrestrial microcosm system for measuring respiration
283(1)
6.1.2 Terrestrial microcosm for substrate-induced respiration technique (SIR)
283(1)
6.1.3 Terrestrial model ecosystems (TME)
284(1)
6.1.4 The cotton strip assay
285(1)
6.1.5 Soil litter bag
285(1)
6.1.6 Pitfall traps
286(1)
6.1.7 Bait lamina
286(1)
6.1.8 Soil in jar
287(1)
6.1.9 Soil lysimeters
288(2)
6.2 Characteristics of multispecies toxicity tests
290(1)
6.3 Evaluation and monitoring of microcosms
290(1)
7 Microcalorimetry - a sensitive method for soil toxicity testing
291(20)
7.1 Background of microcalorimetric heat production by living organisms
291(1)
7.2 Experimental setup
292(1)
7.3 Heat response of Folsomia candida to the effect of diesel oil
293(1)
7.4 Heat response of Panagrellus redivivus on contaminated soil
294(2)
7.5 Heat response of Sinapis alba to the effect of toxicants in soil
296(1)
7.6 Heat production response of Azomonas agilis to toxicants
296(3)
7.7 Evaluation and interpretation of the microcalorimetric heat production results
299(1)
7.8 Summary of microcalorimetric toxicity testing: experiences and outlook
299(2)
7.9 Acknowledgement to microcalorimetry research
301(10)
Chapter 6 Advanced methods for chemical characterization of soil pollutants 311(26)
Gy. Zaray
I. Varga
1 Introduction
311(2)
2 Analytical methods for the determination of inorganic compounds
313(10)
2.1 ICP-based analytical methods
313(5)
2.1.1 Sample preparation
313(1)
2.1.2 Inductively coupled plasma as photon and ion source
313(3)
2.1.3 Analytical figures of merit
316(2)
2.2 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
318(5)
2.2.1 Sample preparation
318(1)
2.2.2 Basic equipment and set-up for XRF analysis
319(1)
2.2.3 X-ray sources
319(1)
2.2.4 Detectors
320(2)
2.2.5 Quantification
322(1)
2.2.6 Analytical figures of merit
322(1)
2.2.7 Comparison of XRF and ICP-based analytical techniques
323(1)
3 Analytical methods for analysis of organic pollutants
323(14)
3.1 Sample pretreatment
324(1)
3.2 Extraction of analytes from soil samples
324(4)
3.2.1 Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
324(1)
3.2.2 Microwave assisted extraction (MAE)
325(1)
3.2.3 Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE)
326(1)
3.2.4 Ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE)
327(1)
3.3 Cleanup process
328(1)
3.4 Preconcentration/enrichment of analytes
328(1)
3.5 Separation and detection techniques
328(1)
3.6 Applications
329(2)
3.6.1 Pesticide analysis
329(1)
3.6.2 Veterinary pharmaceuticals
330(1)
3.6.3 Petroleum hydrocarbons
330(1)
3.7 Recent developments and future trends
331(6)
Chapter 7 Bioaccessibility and bioavailability in risk assessment 337(64)
Cs. Hajdu
K. Gruiz
1 Introduction
337(4)
2 Managing bioaccessibility and bioavailability of contaminants in the environment
341(4)
2.1 Mobility, bioaccessibility, bioavailability and risk assessment
343(1)
2.2 Risk reduction in view of mobility and bioavailability
344(1)
3 Bioavailability and bioaccessibility - definitions
345(6)
3.1 Definitions and mechanisms
346(2)
3.2 Contaminants' location and form in soil and the related accessibility and availability
348(3)
4 Assessing bioavailability of contaminants
351(3)
4.1 Bioaccessibility and bioavailability assessment methods
352(2)
5 Mathematical models for contaminant bioavailability in soil
354(1)
6 Chemical models for contaminant mobility and availability in soil
355(7)
6.1 Partition between n-octanol and water to predict accessibility of organic contaminants
355(1)
6.2 Solid phase and membrane-based extractions - chemical bioavailability models
356(2)
6.3 Liquid-phase extractions to predict accessibility of toxic metals
358(4)
7 Complex models
362(5)
7.1 Interactive laboratory tests
362(1)
7.2 Dynamic testing
363(3)
7.3 Integrated evaluation
366(1)
8 Examples of interactive testing of bioavailability in soil
367(11)
8.1 Toxic metal bioavailability in mine tailings - the chemical time bomb
368(1)
8.2 Decreased bioavailability, lower toxicity - a soil remediation tool
369(3)
8.3 Correlation of chemical analytical and bioassay results
372(2)
8.4 Bioavailability and biodegradation of organic soil contaminants
374(4)
9 Worst-case and realistic worst-case simulation
378(3)
9.1 Realistic worst-case models for dynamic testing of bioavailability
378(3)
9.2 Effect of soil sorption capacity on bioavailability
381(1)
10 Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of contaminants for humans
381(10)
10.1 Mathematical models for calculation of bioaccessibility- and bioavailability-dependent human risk
383(1)
10.2 Chemical models for estimating accessibility of contaminants for humans
384(23)
10.2.1 Human bioaccessibility of toxic metals
385(4)
10.2.2 Bioaccessibility of organic compounds in humans
389(1)
10.2.3 Chemical models combined with biological models - measuring toxic effects after digestion
390(1)
11 Conclusions
391(10)
Chapter 8 Microcosm models and technological experiments 401(44)
K. Gruiz
M. Molnar
V. Feigl
E. Vaszita
O. Klebercz
1 Introduction
401(1)
2 Aquatic microcosms for screening chemical substances and technologies
402(5)
3 Soil micro- and mesocosms for modeling environmental processes in bio- and ecotechnologies
407(9)
3.1 Testing the effects of environmental and anthropogenic interventions in a small volume
412(1)
3.2 Testing biodegradation and bioavailability
412(1)
3.3 Testing long-term pollution processes in the environment
413(1)
3.4 Testing microbial activity and plant growth in contaminated soil
413(1)
3.5 Technological pre-experiments
414(2)
4 Biodegradation and biodegradation-based remediation studies in soil microcosms
416(6)
4.1 Testing natural and enhanced biodegradation
416(2)
4.2 Integrated monitoring and evaluation of the biodegradation experiments
418(3)
4.3 Scaled-up technological micro- and mesocosms
421(1)
4.4 Summary of biodegradation testing for technological purposes
422(1)
5 Testing technologies based on contaminant stabilization
422(6)
5.1 Experiment design
423(1)
5.2 Microcosm set-up and implementation
424(1)
5.3 Monitoring of the microcosms
425(2)
5.4 Evaluation, interpretation and use of the stabilization microcosm results
427(1)
5.5 Summary and conclusions of stabilization microcosm application
427(1)
6 Testing and utilizing the complex leaching process
428(6)
6.1 Flow-through soil microcosm for studying bioleaching
430(1)
6.2 Microcosm set-up
431(1)
6.3 Monitoring the leaching microcosms
432(1)
6.4 Evaluation and interpretation of the results
432(1)
6.5 Summary and conclusions about leaching microcosm application
433(1)
7 Transport processes studied in soil columns
434(4)
7.1 Test set-up
435(1)
7.2 Monitoring the soil column microcosm
436(1)
7.3 Evaluation
437(1)
7.4 Summary
437(1)
8 Modeling secondary sodification
438(8)
8.1 Modeling sodification in microcosms
438(1)
8.2 Sodification microcosm set-up
439(1)
8.3 Technological microcosms for reducing risk of sodification
440(1)
8.4 Evaluation and interpretation of results
440(1)
8.5 Summary of sodification modeling
440(5)
Chapter 9 Data evaluation and interpretation in environmental toxicology 445(100)
K. Gruiz
Cs. Hajdu
T. Meggyes
1 Introduction
446(5)
2 Inhibition rate
451(2)
3 Concentration/dose-response relationship
453(3)
4 Evaluation of the response based on the growth curves of cultured organisms
456(2)
5 Evaluation of the effect of contaminants on heat production: A special case
458(2)
6 Evaluation of biodegradation of chemicals in water and soil
460(4)
6.1 Monitoring the depletion of the chemical substance
461(1)
6.2 Evaluation of biodegradation based on CO2 production
461(1)
6.3 Substrate induction
462(2)
7 Attenuation rate method for environmental samples
464(3)
8 Toxic equivalency of contaminated environmental samples for exploration and screening
467(17)
8.1 Toxic equivalency for organic and inorganic contaminants
469(1)
8.2 Graphical determination of equivalent toxic concentrations from measured data
470(2)
8.3 Numerical determination of the toxicity equivalent concentration
472(1)
8.4 Equivalent toxicity of contaminated water: examples and validation
473(4)
8.4.1 4CP equivalent of selected organic contaminants in water: examples
475(2)
8.4.2 Copper equivalent of cadmium-contaminated water
477(1)
8.5 Toxicity equivalent of soil: examples and validation
477(7)
8.5.1 4CP equivalent of selected organic contaminants in soil: examples
478(2)
8.5.2 Copper equivalent of soils contaminated with cadmium and a mixture of metals
480(4)
9 Statistical evaluation of toxicity data
484(29)
9.1 Statistics in general
484(6)
9.2 Statistical evaluation and analysis in environmental toxicology
490(2)
9.3 Hypothesis testing
492(5)
9.3.1 Hypothesis testing for the determination of NOEC
493(4)
9.3.2 Reporting hypothesis testing
497(1)
9.4 Regression and regression analysis
497(7)
9.4.1 The use of regression and regression analysis in toxicology
498(2)
9.4.2 Evaluation of quantal data
500(1)
9.4.3 Choice of the models
500(1)
9.4.4 Evaluation of continuous data
501(1)
9.4.5 Choice of the models
501(2)
9.4.6 Reporting regression statistics
503(1)
9.5 A comparative study on statistical evaluation of dose-response data
504(1)
9.6 Biology-based methods
505(3)
9.6.1 Parameters
507(1)
9.7 IT tools for statistical evaluation
508(5)
10 Environmental hazard and risk assessment using toxicity data
513(20)
10.1 Extrapolation
513(2)
10.2 Hazard assessment
515(7)
10.2.1 Hazard identification
515(1)
10.2.2 Hazard quantification
516(6)
10.3 Validation of toxicity tests
522(2)
10.4 Exposure assessment
524(1)
10.5 Risk assessment
525(6)
10.6 Summary comments on risk assessment and risk management based on toxicity data
531(2)
11 Conclusions
533(12)
Subject index 545
Katalin Gruiz is Associate Professor at Budapest University of Technlogy, Budapest, Hungary. She graduated in chemical engineering at Budapest University of Technology and Economics in 1975, received her doctorate in bioengineering and her Ph.D. in environmental engineering. Her main fields of activities are: teaching, consulting, research and development of engineering tools for risk-based environmental management, development and use of innovative technologies such as special environmental toxicity assays, integrated monitoring methods, biological and ecological remediation technologies for soils and waters, both for regulatory and engineering purposes. Prof. Gruiz has published 35 papers, 25 book chapters, more than hundred conference papers, edited 6 books and a special journal edition. She has coordinated a number of Hungarian research projects and participated in European ones. Gruiz is a member of the REACH Risk Assessment Committee of the European Chemicals Agency. She is a full time associate professor at Budapest University of Technology and Economics and heads the research group of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology.









Tamás Meggyes is Research Coordinator in Berlin, Germany. He is specialising in research and book projects in environmental engineering. His work focuses on fluid mechanics, hydraulic transport of solids, jet devices, landfill engineering, groundwater remediation, tailings facilities and risk-based environmental management. He contributed to and organised several international conferences and national and European integrated research projects in Hungary, Germany, United Kingdom and USA. Tamás Meggyes was Europe editor of the Land Contamination and Reclamation journal in the UK and a reviewer of several environmental journals. He was invited by the EU as an expert evaluator to assess research applications and by Samarco Mining Company, Brazil, as a tailings management expert. In 2007, he was named Visiting Professor of Built Environment Sustainability at the University of Wolverhampton, UK. He has published 130 papers including eleven books and holds a doctors title in fluid mechanics and a Ph.D. degree in landfill engineering from Miskolc University, Hungary.









Éva Fenyvesi is senior scientist and founding member of CycloLab Cyclodextrin Research and Development Ltd, Budapest, Hungary. She graduated as a chemist and received her PhD in chemical technology at Eotvos University of Natural Sciences, Budapest. She is experienced in the preparation and application of cyclodextrin polymers, in environmental application of cyclodextrins and in gas chromatography. She participated in several national and international research projects, in the development of various environmental technologies applying cyclodextrins. She is author or co-author of over 50 scientific papers, 3 chapters in monographs, over 50 conference presentations and 14 patents. She is an editor of the Cyclodextrin News, the monthly periodical on cyclodextrins.
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