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E-raamat: English Grammar: A Resource Book for Students

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(formerly at Lingnan University, Hong Kong)
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English Grammar: A Resource Book for StudentsSuurem pilt
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Routledge English Language Introductions cover core areas of language study and are one-stop resources for students.

Assuming no prior knowledge, books in the series offer an accessible overview of the subject, with activities, study questions, sample analyses, commentaries and key readings all in the same volume. The innovative and flexible 'two-dimensional' structure is built around four sections introduction, development, exploration and extension which offer self-contained stages for study. Each topic can also be read across these sections, enabling the reader to build gradually on the knowledge gained.

English Grammar:











provides a wide-ranging introduction to English grammar, drawing on a variety of international authentic texts, including newspapers, novels and academic texts, to help learners understand concepts and theories in more depth;





is written in clear, concise prose in order to present basic concepts and key terms in an accessible way to learners with little or no background in grammar instruction;





emphasises the autonomy of the learner through activities and exercises which are suited to both native speakers and learners of English alike;





includes a selection of readings from key academics in the field including Michael Halliday, Michael McCarthy, Caroline Coffin and John Sinclair.

Drawing on the strengths of the original textbook, this second edition features: new readings from Christian Jones, Daniel Waller and Thomas E. Payne; revised questions, suggestions and issues to consider; and a brand new companion website featuring interactive audio files of authentic spoken English, links to further reading and new grammar tasks.

Written by an experienced teacher and researcher, this accessible textbook is an essential resource for all students of English language and linguistics.
How to use this book xi
Contents cross-referenced xii
Figures and tables
xiv
Acknowledgements xv
Preface xvi
A INTRODUCTION
1(76)
A1 Approaches to grammar
2(5)
A1.1 The trouble with `grammar'
2(1)
A1.2 Defining grammar
3(1)
A1.3 Types of grammar
4(3)
A2 Nouns
7(7)
A2.1 Defining nouns
7(1)
A2.2 Number: singular and plural
8(1)
A2.3 The formation of plurals
9(1)
A2.4 The genitive
10(1)
A2.5 Common and proper nouns
11(1)
A2.6 Count and noncount nouns
12(2)
A3 Noun phrases and determiners
14(6)
A3.1 Noun phrases
14(3)
A3.2 Determiners
17(3)
A4 Adjectives, adverbs and prepositions
20(7)
A4.1 Adjectives
20(4)
A4.2 Adverbs
24(1)
A4.3 Prepositions
25(2)
A5 Verbs and their forms
27(6)
A5.1 Verb forms
28(2)
A5.2 Finite forms vs non-finite forms
30(1)
A5.3 The `future tense'
31(1)
A5.4 Other verb forms
31(2)
A6 Auxiliaries and the verb phrase
33(5)
A6.1 Auxiliaries
33(1)
A6.2 Verb phrase structure
33(2)
A6.3 Verb phrase combinations
35(1)
A6.4 The passive voice
36(2)
A7 Varying the verb phrase
38(7)
A7.1 Negatives and interrogatives
39(1)
A7.2 Contractions
40(2)
A7.3 Combinations of negatives and interrogatives
42(2)
A7.4 Transfer of negation
44(1)
A8 Clauses and clause elements
45(7)
A8.1 Clauses
45(1)
A8.2 Clause elements (or grammatical functions)
45(7)
A9 Types of sentence
52(6)
A9.1 The sentence
52(1)
A9.2 Types of sentence
53(2)
A9.3 Conjunctions and subordinators
55(3)
A10 Subordinate clauses
58(5)
A10.1 Finite subordinate clauses
58(2)
A 10.2 Incomplete clauses
60(3)
A11 Redesigning sentences
63(7)
A11.1 Word order in English
63(2)
A11.2 Reasons for redesigning sentences: three principles
65(1)
A11.3 Techniques for redesigning sentences
66(4)
A12 Grammar in speech and writing
70(7)
A12.1 Variety in English
70(1)
A12.2 Speech and writing
70(1)
A12.3 Basic differences: intonation and punctuation
71(1)
A12.4 Some tendencies in spoken English
71(4)
A12.5 Conclusion
75(2)
B DEVELOPMENT
77(64)
B1 Word classes
78(4)
B1.1 Classifying words
78(1)
B1.2 Open and closed word classes
78(1)
B1.3 Formal and notional approaches to defining word classes
79(1)
B1.4 Problems with word classes
80(1)
B1.5 Conclusion
81(1)
B2 Pronouns
82(5)
B2.1 Definition
82(1)
B2.2 Personal pronouns
82(1)
B2.3 Problems with personal pronouns
83(3)
B2.4 Other pronouns
86(1)
B2.5 Conclusion
86(1)
B3 Articles
87(6)
B3.1 Membership and forms
88(1)
B3.2 The concept of reference
88(1)
B3.3 The indefinite article
89(1)
B3.4 The definite article: specific uses
90(1)
B3.5 The definite article: other uses
91(1)
B3.6 Generalising with noun phrases
92(1)
B3.7 Conclusion
92(1)
B4 Types of adverb
93(5)
B4.1 Distinguishing adverb types
96(1)
B4.2 Conclusion
97(1)
B5 The meanings of tense and aspect
98(7)
B5.1 The `meanings' of the tenses
98(2)
B5.2 Aspect
100(3)
B5.3 Stative and non-stative verbs
103(1)
B5.4 Conclusion
104(1)
B6 Modal auxiliaries
105(5)
B6.1 Modality
105(1)
B6.2 Modal auxiliaries
106(1)
B6.3 Meanings of modal auxiliaries
107(1)
B6.4 Marginal and semi-modals
108(1)
B6.5 Conclusion
109(1)
B7 Multi-word verbs
110(4)
B7.1 Multi-word and single-word verbs
111(1)
B7.2 Distinguishing phrasal and prepositional verbs
111(1)
B7.3 Phrasal verbs with a personal pronoun as object
112(1)
B7.4 Phrasal-prepositional verbs
113(1)
B7.5 Conclusion
113(1)
B8 Verb patterns
114(5)
B8.1 Five patterns
114(3)
B8.2 Describing verbs
117(1)
B8.3 Conclusion
117(2)
B9 Clause types
119(8)
B9.1 Declaratives
120(1)
B9.2 Interrogatives
120(4)
B9.3 Exclamatives
124(1)
B9.4 Imperatives
124(1)
B9.5 Form and function
125(1)
B9.6 Conclusion
126(1)
B10 Relative clauses
127(5)
B10.1 Relative pronouns
127(2)
B10.2 The position and word order of relative clauses
129(1)
B10.3 The formation of relative clauses
130(1)
B10.4 Conclusion
131(1)
B11 Beyond and beneath the sentence
132(4)
B11.1 Grammar beyond the sentence
132(2)
B11.2 Grammar beneath the sentence
134(1)
B11.3 Conclusion
135(1)
B12 Reporting
136(5)
B12.1 Direct and reported speech
136(3)
B12.2 Conclusion
139(2)
C EXPLORATION
141(48)
C1 Words with multiple word-class membership
142(3)
C2 Nouns which can be both count and noncount
145(4)
C3 Usage problems with determiners
149(3)
C4 The comparison of adjectives
152(4)
C4.1 Identifying phrasal comparison
152(1)
C4.2 Examining the rules for comparison
153(3)
C5 Distinguishing-ing and -ed forms
156(4)
C5.1 Distinguishing the word class of -ing forms
156(2)
C5.2 Distinguishing the word class of -ed forms
158(2)
C6 Verbs which can be transitive and intransitive
160(4)
C7 Ergativity
164(4)
C8 Analysing clauses
168(4)
C8.1 Analysing clause patterns
168(1)
C8.2 Analysing verb patterns
169(3)
C9 Exploring texts (1)
172(3)
C10 Exploring texts (2)
175(3)
C11 Exploring texts (3): putting it all together
178(5)
C12 Analysing spoken texts
183(6)
D EXTENSION
189(78)
D1 What is grammar?
190(3)
Michael Swan
D2 Count and mass nouns
193(8)
David Lee (2001) reprinted from
Chapter 8 of Cognitive Linguistics, South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, pp. 137-145
D3 Determiners: a class apart
201(7)
Roger Berry (1998) reprinted from English Today, 14/1, pp. 27-34
D4 Prepositions and space
208(7)
David Lee (2001) reprinted from
Chapter 2 of Cognitive Linguistics, South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, pp. 137-145
D5 Expressing future time
215(3)
Thomas E. Payne (2011) reprinted from
Chapter 12 of Understanding English Grammar, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
D6 Hedging and boosting
218(7)
Ronald Carter and Michael McCarthy (2006) reprinted from Cambridge Grammar of English, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 279-284
D7 Words and phrases
225(8)
John Sinclair (1991) reprinted from
Chapter 5 of Corpus, Concordance, Collocation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 67-75
D8 Semantic roles of the subject
233(7)
Lynn M. Berk (1999) reprinted from one section of
Chapter One of English Syntax: from Word to Discourse, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 14-23
D9 Speech acts
240(6)
Ronald Carter and Michael McCarthy (2006) reprinted from Cambridge Grammar of English, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 680-684
D10 Conditionals
246(7)
Christian Jones and Daniel Waller (2011) If only it were true: the problem with the four conditionals. ELT Journal 65/1
D11 Subject, actor, theme
253(6)
Michael Halliday (2004) reprinted from An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd edition, revised by Christian Matthiessen), Arnold: London, pp. 53-57
D12 Grammar in the construction of online discussion messages
259(8)
Ann Hewings and Caroline Coffin (2004) reprinted from Applying English Grammar, Caroline Coffin, Ann Hewings and Kieran O'Halloran (eds), London: Arnold, pp. 137-143
Sources of texts used 267(2)
References 269(2)
Index of terms and concepts 271
Dr Roger Berry has taught EFL and lectured in Applied Linguistics in several countries in Europe and Asia, and has taught courses in English Grammar for more than 20 years.
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