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E-raamat: English Syntax and Argumentation

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(University College London, UK)
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English Syntax and ArgumentationSuurem pilt
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How can we go about describing the structure of sentences? What do we learn from analysing language in this way? This book examines the nuts and bolts of English syntax in an accessible way.

The book starts with a discussion of the basic concepts that underpin the study of syntax, then moves on to more complex issues. Each chapter carefully explains technical terms and uses easy-to-follow examples and hands-on exercises to illuminate key ideas.

The fifth edition has been thoroughly revised throughout, and a new chapter on information structuring has been added. From words and phrases to constituency and argumentation, the book's broad coverage and clear organisation make it essential reading for all students of English and linguistics who are encountering the study of syntax for the first time.

Arvustused

The publication of the 5th edition of English Syntax and Argumentation is a testimony to Aarts extraordinary successful tour de force of syntactic argumentation. Aarts has managed to account for many abstract syntax concepts in a way that is truly enlightening for students and instructors alike. The addition of a new chapter on information packaging, an answer key, and the lucidity of the analysis put this text in a class of its own. * Najib Jarad, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates * The newly added chapter on Information Packaging constitutes a very welcome addition to the already convincing introduction to English syntax and argumentation. All key terms are now printed in bold italics, which makes them easy to identify. Students and instructors alike appreciate the new answer key. * Daniela Schroeder, University of Hamburg, Germany *

Muu info

This bestselling book provides students with a thorough grounding in the essentials of sentence structure and syntactic argumentation.
Preface to the First Edition xvi
Preface to the Second Edition xvii
Preface to the Third Edition xviii
Preface to the Fourth Edition xix
Preface to the Fifth Edition xx
Part I Function and Form
1 Introduction
3(5)
Key Concepts
7(1)
2 Function
8(16)
2.1 Subject and Predicate
8(6)
2.2 Predicator
14(1)
2.3 Direct Object
15(4)
2.4 Indirect Object
19(1)
2.5 Adjunct
20(1)
Key Concepts
21(1)
Exercises
22(1)
Further Reading
23(1)
3 Form: Words, Word Classes and Phrases
24(28)
3.1 The notion 'word'
24(1)
3.2 Nouns and determinatives
25(6)
3.3 Adjectives
31(2)
3.4 Verbs
33(10)
3.5 Prepositions
43(1)
3.6 Adverbs
43(2)
3.7 Conjunctions
45(2)
3.8 Interjections
47(1)
Key Concepts
47(1)
Exercises
48(2)
Further Reading
50(2)
4 More on Form: Clauses and Sentences
52(17)
4.1 Clauses and clause hierarchies
52(3)
4.2 The rank scale
55(2)
4.3 Clause types
57(4)
4.3.1 Declarative clauses
57(1)
4.3.2 Interrogative clauses
58(1)
4.3.3 Imperative clauses
59(1)
4.3.4 Exclamative clauses
60(1)
4.3.5 The pragmatics of the clause types
60(1)
4.4 More on tree diagrams
61(4)
Key Concepts
65(1)
Exercises
66(2)
Further Reading
68(1)
5 The Function-Form Interface
69(20)
5.1 Function-form relationships
69(1)
5.2 Realisations of the Subject
70(3)
5.2.1 NPs functioning as Subject
70(1)
5.2.2 PPs functioning as Subject
71(1)
5.2.3 Finite clauses functioning as Subject
71(1)
5.2.4 Nonfinite clauses functioning as Subject
71(2)
5.2.4.1 To-infinitive clauses functioning as Subject
72(1)
5.2.4.2 -ing participle clauses functioning as Subject
72(1)
5.2.4.3 Small clauses functioning as Subject
73(1)
5.3 Realisation of the Predicate and Predicator
73(1)
5.4 Realisations of the Direct Object
73(4)
5.4.1 NPs functioning as Direct Object
74(1)
5.4.2 PPs functioning as Direct Object
74(1)
5.4.3 Finite clauses functioning as Direct Object
74(1)
5.4.3.1 That-clauses functioning as Direct Object
74(1)
5.4.3.2 Finite wh-clauses functioning as Direct Object
75(1)
5.4.4 Nonfinite clauses functioning as Direct Object
75(2)
5.4.4.1 To-infinitive clauses functioning as Direct Object
75(1)
5.4.4.2 Bare infinitive clauses functioning as Direct Object
76(1)
5.4.4.3 -ing participle clauses functioning as Direct Object
76(1)
5.4.4.4 -ed participle clauses functioning as Direct Object
77(1)
5.4.4.5 Small clauses functioning as Direct Object
77(1)
5.5 Realisations of the Indirect Object
77(1)
5.5.1 NPs functioning as Indirect Object
77(1)
5.5.2 Wh-clauses functioning as Indirect Object
78(1)
5.6 Realisations of Adjuncts
78(4)
5.6.1 AdvPs functioning as Adjunct
78(1)
5.6.2 PPs functioning as Adjunct
78(1)
5.6.3 NPs functioning as Adjunct
78(1)
5.6.4 Finite clauses functioning as Adjunct
79(1)
5.6.5 Nonfinite clauses functioning as Adjunct
80(37)
5.6.5.1 To-infinitive clauses functioning as Adjunct
80(1)
5.6.5.2 Bare infinitive clauses functioning as Adjunct
80(1)
5.6.5.3 -ing participle clauses functioning as Adjunct
81(1)
5.6.5.4 -ed participle clauses functioning as Adjunct
81(1)
5.6.5.5 Small clauses functioning as Adjunct
82(1)
5.7 Motivating the analyses in this chapter
82(2)
Key Concepts
84(1)
Exercises
84(2)
Further Reading
86(3)
Part II Elaboration
6 Predicates, Arguments and Thematic Roles
89(11)
6.1 Predicates and arguments
89(3)
6.2 Thematic roles
92(2)
6.3 Grammatical functions and thematic roles
94(1)
6.4 Selectional restrictions
95(1)
6.5 Three levels of description
96(1)
Key Concepts
97(1)
Exercises
97(2)
Further Reading
99(1)
7 Cross-categorial Generalisations: X-bar Syntax
100(24)
7.1 Heads, Complements and Specifiers
100(8)
7.2 Adjuncts
108(7)
7.3 Cross-categorial generalisations
115(2)
7.4 Subcategorisation
117(3)
7.4.1 Subcategorisation versus argument/thematic structure
119(1)
Key Concepts
120(1)
Exercises
120(3)
Further Reading
123(1)
8 More on Clauses
124(12)
8.1 The I-node
124(4)
8.2 Subordinate clauses
128(5)
8.2.1 Clauses functioning as Direct Object, Subject and Adjunct
128(3)
8.2.2 Clauses functioning as Complement within phrases
131(1)
8.2.3 Clauses functioning as Adjuncts within NPs
132(1)
Key Concepts
133(1)
Exercises
133(1)
Further Reading
134(2)
9 Movement
136(25)
9.1 Verb Movement: aspectual auxiliaries
136(6)
9.2 NP-Movement: passive
142(6)
9.3 NP-Movement: Subject-to-Subject Raising
148(2)
9.4 Movement in interrogative sentences: Subject-Auxiliary Inversion
150(2)
9.5 Wh-Movement
152(4)
9.6 The structure of sentences containing one or more auxiliaries
156(2)
Key Concepts
158(1)
Exercises
158(2)
Further Reading
160(1)
10 Tense, Aspect and Mood
161(16)
10.1 Time and tense
161(4)
10.1.1 The present tense
161(2)
10.1.1.1 Uses of the present tense
162(1)
10.1.2 The past tense
163(1)
10.1.2.1 Uses of the past tense
163(1)
10.1.3 Ways of referring to future time
164(1)
10.2 Aspectuality and aspect
165(3)
10.2.1 Progressive aspect
165(1)
10.2.1.1 The progressive construction
165(1)
10.2.1.2 Uses of the progressive
166(1)
10.2.2 Perfect aspect
166(2)
10.2.2.1 The perfect construction
166(1)
10.2.2.2 Uses of the present perfect
167(1)
10.3 Modality and mood
168(4)
10.3.1 Different types of modality
168(1)
10.3.2 The core modals
169(2)
10.3.2.1 The morphosyntactic characteristics of the core modals
169(1)
10.3.2.2 Meanings expressed by the core modals
170(1)
10.3.3 Other ways of expressing modality
171(1)
Key Concepts
172(1)
Exercises
172(1)
Further Reading
173(4)
Part III Argumentation
11 Syntactic Argumentation
177(22)
11.1 The art of argumentation
177(3)
11.2 Economy of description: Linguistically Significant Generalisations and Occam's Razor
180(9)
11.2.1 Linguistically Significant Generalisations
180(2)
11.2.2 Occam's Razor
182(5)
11.2.2.1 Verb-preposition constructions
183(4)
11.2.2.2 Achieving economy in the domain of functional terminology
187(2)
11.3 Further constraints on description: elegance and independent justifications
189(5)
11.3.1 Elegance of description
189(3)
11.3.2 Independent justification
192(2)
11.4 Evaluating analyses
194(1)
Key Concepts
195(1)
Exercises
195(2)
Further Reading
197(2)
12 Constituency: Movement and Substitution
199(28)
12.1 The Movement Test
200(10)
12.1.1 Movements to the left
201(7)
12.1.1.1 Topicalisation
201(1)
12.1.1.2 VP-Preposing
202(5)
12.1.1.3 Though-Movement
207(1)
12.1.2 Movements to the right
208(2)
12.1.2.1 Heavy NP Shift (HNPS)
208(1)
12.1.2.2 Extraposition of Subject clauses
209(1)
12.1.2.3 Extraposition from NP
209(1)
12.2 Substitution
210(12)
12.2.1 Substitution of nominal projections: NP and N'
211(6)
12.2.2 Substitution of verbal projections: VP and V'
217(5)
Key Concepts
222(1)
Exercises
222(4)
Further Reading
226(1)
13 Constituency: Some Additional Tests
227(17)
13.1 The Coordination Test
227(3)
13.2 The Cleft and Pseudocleft Test
230(2)
13.3 The Insertion Test
232(1)
13.4 The Constituent Response Test
233(1)
13.5 The Somewhere Else Test
234(2)
13.6 The Meaning Test
236(1)
13.7 A case study: the naked pizza eating construction
236(4)
13.8 Some caveats regarding the tests
240(1)
Key Concepts
241(1)
Exercises
241(2)
Further Reading
243(1)
14 Predicates and Arguments Revisited
244(15)
14.1 Establishing argumenthood
244(5)
14.1.1 Meaning
245(2)
14.1.2 Dummy elements and idiom chunks
247(1)
14.1.3 Passivisation
248(1)
14.2 Two further types of verb + NP + to-infinitive construction: persuade and want
249(5)
14.2.1 Persuade
249(2)
14.2.2 Want
251(1)
14.2.3 Overview
252(2)
14.3 Concluding remarks
254(1)
Key Concepts
254(1)
Exercises
254(2)
Further Reading
256(3)
Part IV Application
15 Information Packaging
259(15)
15.1 Preposing
260(2)
15.1.1 Topicalisation
260(1)
15.1.2 Left Dislocation
261(1)
15.2 Postposing
262(2)
15.2.1 Right Dislocation
262(1)
15.2.2 Postposing of heavy constituents
262(2)
15.2.3 Extraposition
264(1)
15.3 Inversion
264(1)
15.4 Cleft constructions
265(3)
15.4.1 It-clefts
266(1)
15.4.2 Pseudoclefts
267(1)
15.5 Existential constructions
268(3)
15.5.1 Bare existentials
268(1)
15.5.2 Extended existentials
269(1)
15.5.3 The presentational construction
270(1)
15.6 The passive construction
271(2)
Key Concepts
273(1)
Exercises
273(1)
Further Reading
273(1)
16 Grammatical Indeterminacy
274(11)
16.1 Category boundaries and gradience
274(1)
16.2 Subsective gradience
275(3)
16.2.1 Nouns
275(1)
16.2.2 Adjectives
275(1)
16.2.3 Verbs
276(1)
16.2.4 Prepositions
277(1)
16.3 Intersective gradience
278(4)
16.3.1 Word classes: adjective or adverb?
278(1)
16.3.2 Word classes: verb or noun?
279(1)
16.3.3 Phrases: adjective phrase or prepositional phrase?
280(1)
16.3.4 Constructional gradience
281(1)
16.4 Concluding remarks
282(1)
Key Concepts
283(1)
Exercises
283(1)
Further Reading
284(1)
17 Case Studies
285(30)
17.1 Negated modal auxiliaries
285(4)
17.2 Noun phrase structure
289(9)
17.2.1 A lot of books
289(4)
17.2.2 A giant of a man
293(5)
17.3 Verb complementation
298(13)
17.3.1 Pattern 1: V + to-infinitive
300(4)
17.3.2 Pattern 2: V + NP + to-infinitive constructions involving allow
304(4)
17.3.3 Pattern 3: V + NP + {NP, AP, PP}
308(3)
17.4 Subordinating conjunctions and prepositions
311(2)
17.5 Concluding remarks
313(1)
Key Concepts
313(1)
Exercises
313(1)
Further Reading
314(1)
Glossary 315(12)
Reference Works: Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, Grammars and Other Publications on the English Language 327(6)
Bibliography 333(4)
Answer Key for the Exercises 337(55)
Index 392
Bas Aarts is Professor of English Linguistics and Director of the Survey of English Usage at University College London, UK. His research interest is in the field of syntax, more specifically verbal syntax. His recent publications include: Syntactic gradience (2007, OUP), Oxford modern English grammar (2011, OUP), The English verb phrase (2013, edited with J. Close, G. Leech and S. Wallis, CUP), Oxford dictionary of English Grammar (2nd edition 2014; edited with S. Chalker and E. Weiner, OUP), as well as articles in books and journals. He is a founding editor of the journal English Language and Linguistics (CUP).
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