List of figures |
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xiii | |
List of tables |
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xix | |
List of boxes |
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xxi | |
Preface |
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xxiii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xxv | |
PART 1 Background |
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1 | (56) |
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1 The Mediterranean region in its context |
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3 | (11) |
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What and where is the Mediterranean? |
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4 | (6) |
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Current environmental problems in the Mediterranean |
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10 | (1) |
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The long history of environmental issues in the Mediterranean region |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (43) |
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14 | (1) |
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Volcanic eruptions and their effects |
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14 | (6) |
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20 | (5) |
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The plate-tectonic setting of the Mediterranean |
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25 | (22) |
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Resources of the Mediterranean lands |
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47 | (9) |
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56 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
PART 2 The dynamic environment |
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57 | (154) |
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3 The Mediterranean climate and its evolution |
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59 | (61) |
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59 | (11) |
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70 | (16) |
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Reconstruction of climatic evolution |
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86 | (31) |
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Summary of recent climatic fluctuations |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (34) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (5) |
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Controls at different spatial scales |
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125 | (6) |
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Effects of human activity |
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131 | (1) |
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Development of vegetation through time |
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131 | (18) |
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Summary of major trends since the late glacial maximum |
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149 | (3) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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5 The hydrological cycle of the Basin and its watershed |
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154 | (17) |
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Hillslope hydrology in Mediterranean environments |
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154 | (2) |
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Catchment hydrology in Mediterranean environments |
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156 | (7) |
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163 | (3) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (3) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (22) |
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171 | (1) |
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Controls on erosion by water |
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171 | (4) |
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175 | (5) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (6) |
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Catchment-scale erosion rates |
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186 | (3) |
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Controls on erosion by wind |
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189 | (3) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (10) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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Impacts on vegetation patterns |
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194 | (2) |
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Effects on soil properties |
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196 | (2) |
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Effects on hydrology and erosion |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (3) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (8) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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Effects of circulation on temperature and salinity |
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204 | (4) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
PART 3 The human impact on the environment |
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211 | (88) |
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9 Background to prehistoric and historic land use |
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213 | (17) |
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213 | (1) |
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Settlement and land use in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic |
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214 | (8) |
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Population dynamics from the Upper Palaeolithic to the nineteenth century |
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222 | (5) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (2) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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10 Traditional land-use patterns 1: agriculture |
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230 | (38) |
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230 | (1) |
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The origin, spread and intensification of agriculture |
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230 | (17) |
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Erosion and agricultural exploitation |
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247 | (10) |
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Climatic hazards and agriculture |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (8) |
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266 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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11 Traditional land-use patterns 2: rural settlement |
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268 | (9) |
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268 | (1) |
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Agropastoral systems and vertical settlement patterns |
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268 | (3) |
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Pastoralisen and soil erosion |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (2) |
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274 | (1) |
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Marginality of mountain populations |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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12 Traditional land-use patterns 3: urban settlement |
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277 | (16) |
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277 | (1) |
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Development of urban settlement patterns |
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278 | (6) |
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284 | (3) |
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Control of the water supply |
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287 | (4) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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13 Traditional land-use patterns 4: use of mineral resources |
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293 | (6) |
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293 | (1) |
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Mineral sources and their use |
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293 | (2) |
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Impacts of quarrying and minim |
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (2) |
PART 4 The Mediterranean environment under increasing pressure |
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299 | (112) |
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14 The present human landscape |
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301 | (18) |
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301 | (1) |
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Population dynamics in the twentieth century |
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302 | (4) |
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306 | (2) |
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308 | (2) |
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The development of tourism |
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310 | (2) |
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The Mediterranean and the EU |
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312 | (2) |
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The Blue Plan and its projections |
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314 | (3) |
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317 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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15 Agricultural changes in the twentieth century |
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319 | (19) |
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319 | (1) |
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Intensification, mechanization and their consequences |
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319 | (14) |
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Soil impoverishment and salinization |
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333 | (2) |
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Into the twenty-first century: potential impacts of future projections |
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335 | (2) |
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337 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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16 The impact of depopulation |
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338 | (7) |
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338 | (1) |
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Upland and 'marginal' areas |
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338 | (4) |
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Impacts of future projections |
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342 | (2) |
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344 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (9) |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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Industrial development and pollution - an example from Spain |
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346 | (2) |
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348 | (2) |
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Protecting the Mediterranean Sea |
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350 | (3) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (16) |
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354 | (1) |
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A brief overview of water management through time in Spain and Tunisia |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (6) |
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361 | (3) |
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364 | (2) |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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A case study from southern Spain |
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367 | (2) |
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369 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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19 The desertification problem |
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370 | (10) |
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Desertification: myth or reality? |
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370 | (1) |
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Mediterranean desertification |
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371 | (3) |
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The role of the European Community |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (2) |
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377 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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20 Potential climatic change and its effects |
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380 | (16) |
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380 | (1) |
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Estimating potential future climatic change |
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381 | (4) |
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Effects of predicted climatic change on the hydrological regime |
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385 | (1) |
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Effects of predicted climatic change on vegetation |
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386 | (2) |
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Effects of predicted climatic change on soils and soil erosion |
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388 | (2) |
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Impacts of potential sea-level rise in the coastal zone |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (1) |
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Effects of predicted climatic change on human health |
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392 | (1) |
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Linking potential impacts of climate change with socio-economic changes |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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21 Key issues for mitigation |
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396 | (15) |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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Complicated and complex impacts |
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397 | (1) |
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Management, scale and sustainability |
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398 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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Canons of Mediterranean environmental management |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (10) |
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410 | (1) |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
Bibliography |
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411 | (58) |
Index |
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469 | |