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E-raamat: Environmental Issues in the Mediterranean: Processes and Perspectives from the Past and Present: Processes and Perspectives from the Past and Present

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The Mediterranean has been subject to changing human settlement and land use patterns for millennia, and has a history of human exploitation in an inherently unstable landscape. Environmental Issues in the Mediterranean reviews both physical and social aspects of this region, in relation to its environment.
Ideal for students who are studying a range of environmental issues, but want to see them linked within one regional context. The book begins with an introduction to the Mediterranean region, its history, physical and human geography and its environmental problems. It then goes on to examine:
* The Dynamic Environment - climate variables and fluctuations, vegetation, the hydrological cycle of the basin and its watershed, processes of erosion, fire and the Mediterranean Sea
*The Human Impact on the Environment - prehistoric and historic land use, traditional agriculture, rural and urban settlement and use of mineral resources
* The Mediterranean Environment Under Increasing Pressure - the present human landscape, changes in agriculture in the 20th century, the impact of depopulation, pollution, water resources, desertification and potential climatic change.
It then concludes with a discussion of the region's on-going environmental issues of water resources, land degradation, agricultural intensification and tourism, and considers how these can be approached using management techniques and national and regional policies.

Arvustused

'...this book covers a very wide range of material relating to environmental issues in the Mediterranean countries.' '...this is a work of massive and often authoritative scholarship...[ and] will providea benchmark for years to come.' -both Chris Hunt (Holocene 14)

List of figures xiii
List of tables xix
List of boxes xxi
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgements xxv
PART 1 Background 1(56)
1 The Mediterranean region in its context
3(11)
What and where is the Mediterranean?
4(6)
Current environmental problems in the Mediterranean
10(1)
The long history of environmental issues in the Mediterranean region
11(1)
Factors of change
11(2)
Past and present
13(1)
Organization of the book
13(1)
2 The geological setting
14(43)
Introduction
14(1)
Volcanic eruptions and their effects
14(6)
Earthquakes
20(5)
The plate-tectonic setting of the Mediterranean
25(22)
Resources of the Mediterranean lands
47(9)
Summary
56(1)
Suggestions for further reading
56(1)
Topics for discussion
56(1)
PART 2 The dynamic environment 57(154)
3 The Mediterranean climate and its evolution
59(61)
Meteorology
59(11)
Climate
70(16)
Reconstruction of climatic evolution
86(31)
Summary of recent climatic fluctuations
117(1)
Summary
118(1)
Suggestions for further reading
119(1)
Topics for discussion
119(1)
4 Vegetation
120(34)
Introduction
120(1)
Mediterranean scale
120(5)
Controls at different spatial scales
125(6)
Effects of human activity
131(1)
Development of vegetation through time
131(18)
Summary of major trends since the late glacial maximum
149(3)
Suggestions for further reading
152(1)
Topics for discussion
153(1)
5 The hydrological cycle of the Basin and its watershed
154(17)
Hillslope hydrology in Mediterranean environments
154(2)
Catchment hydrology in Mediterranean environments
156(7)
Wetlands
163(3)
Groundwater
166(1)
Rivers and channels
166(3)
Suggestions for further reading
169(1)
Topics for discussion
170(1)
6 Erosion processes
171(22)
Introduction
171(1)
Controls on erosion by water
171(4)
Slope-erosion processes
175(5)
Rates of water erosion
180(1)
Mass movements
180(6)
Catchment-scale erosion rates
186(3)
Controls on erosion by wind
189(3)
Suggestions for further reading
192(1)
Topics for discussion
192(1)
7 Fire
193(10)
Introduction
193(1)
Controls on forest fires
193(1)
Impacts on vegetation patterns
194(2)
Effects on soil properties
196(2)
Effects on hydrology and erosion
198(1)
Summary
199(3)
Suggestions for further reading
202(1)
Topics for discussion
202(1)
8 The Mediterranean Sea
203(8)
Main issues
203(1)
The morphology
204(1)
Effects of circulation on temperature and salinity
204(4)
Local circulation
208(1)
The living Mediterranean
209(1)
Suggestions for further reading
210(1)
Topics for discussion
210(1)
PART 3 The human impact on the environment 211(88)
9 Background to prehistoric and historic land use
213(17)
Introduction
213(1)
Settlement and land use in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic
214(8)
Population dynamics from the Upper Palaeolithic to the nineteenth century
222(5)
General patterns
227(1)
Summary
227(2)
Suggestions for further reading
229(1)
Topics for discussion
229(1)
10 Traditional land-use patterns 1: agriculture
230(38)
Introduction
230(1)
The origin, spread and intensification of agriculture
230(17)
Erosion and agricultural exploitation
247(10)
Climatic hazards and agriculture
257(1)
Irrigation
258(8)
Summary
266(1)
Suggestions for further reading
267(1)
Topics for discussion
267(1)
11 Traditional land-use patterns 2: rural settlement
268(9)
Introduction
268(1)
Agropastoral systems and vertical settlement patterns
268(3)
Pastoralisen and soil erosion
271(1)
Fire
272(2)
Water resources
274(1)
Marginality of mountain populations
275(1)
Summary
275(1)
Suggestions for further reading
276(1)
Topics for discussion
276(1)
12 Traditional land-use patterns 3: urban settlement
277(16)
Introduction
277(1)
Development of urban settlement patterns
278(6)
Impacts on land use
284(3)
Control of the water supply
287(4)
Pollution
291(1)
Summary
291(1)
Suggestions for further reading
291(1)
Topics for discussion
292(1)
13 Traditional land-use patterns 4: use of mineral resources
293(6)
Introduction
293(1)
Mineral sources and their use
293(2)
Impacts of quarrying and minim
295(2)
Summary
297(1)
Suggestions for further reading
297(1)
Topics for discussion
297(2)
PART 4 The Mediterranean environment under increasing pressure 299(112)
14 The present human landscape
301(18)
Introduction
301(1)
Population dynamics in the twentieth century
302(4)
Urbanization
306(2)
Industrialization
308(2)
The development of tourism
310(2)
The Mediterranean and the EU
312(2)
The Blue Plan and its projections
314(3)
Summary
317(1)
Suggestions for further reading
318(1)
Topics for discussion
318(1)
15 Agricultural changes in the twentieth century
319(19)
Introduction
319(1)
Intensification, mechanization and their consequences
319(14)
Soil impoverishment and salinization
333(2)
Into the twenty-first century: potential impacts of future projections
335(2)
Summary
337(1)
Suggestions for further reading
337(1)
Topics for discussion
337(1)
16 The impact of depopulation
338(7)
Introduction
338(1)
Upland and 'marginal' areas
338(4)
Impacts of future projections
342(2)
Summary
344(1)
Suggestions for further reading
344(1)
Topics for discussion
344(1)
17 Pollution
345(9)
Introduction
345(1)
Soil pollution
345(1)
Water pollution
346(1)
Industrial development and pollution - an example from Spain
346(2)
Marine pollution
348(2)
Protecting the Mediterranean Sea
350(3)
Suggestions for further reading
353(1)
Topics for discussion
353(1)
18 Water resources
354(16)
Introduction
354(1)
A brief overview of water management through time in Spain and Tunisia
354(1)
Water budgets
355(6)
Groundwater
361(3)
Salinization
364(2)
Dry farming
366(1)
Irrigation
366(1)
Consumptive use
367(1)
A case study from southern Spain
367(2)
Summary
369(1)
Suggestions for further reading
369(1)
Topics for discussion
369(1)
19 The desertification problem
370(10)
Desertification: myth or reality?
370(1)
Mediterranean desertification
371(3)
The role of the European Community
374(1)
What can be done?
375(2)
Land care?
377(1)
Suggestions for further reading
378(1)
Topics for discussion
379(1)
20 Potential climatic change and its effects
380(16)
Introduction
380(1)
Estimating potential future climatic change
381(4)
Effects of predicted climatic change on the hydrological regime
385(1)
Effects of predicted climatic change on vegetation
386(2)
Effects of predicted climatic change on soils and soil erosion
388(2)
Impacts of potential sea-level rise in the coastal zone
390(2)
Other potential impacts
392(1)
Effects of predicted climatic change on human health
392(1)
Linking potential impacts of climate change with socio-economic changes
393(1)
Summary
394(1)
Suggestions for further reading
394(1)
Topics for discussion
395(1)
21 Key issues for mitigation
396(15)
Temporal variability
396(1)
Spatial variability
396(1)
Historical antecedents
397(1)
Complicated and complex impacts
397(1)
Management, scale and sustainability
398(1)
Water
398(1)
Agenda 21
399(1)
Canons of Mediterranean environmental management
399(1)
Frameworks for action
400(10)
The future
410(1)
Suggestions for further reading
410(1)
Topics for discussion
410(1)
Bibliography 411(58)
Index 469


John B. Thornes, John Wainwright