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E-raamat: Environmental Movements of India: Chipko, Narmada Bachao Andolan, Navdanya

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1. The book can serve as a supplementary textbook at the undergraduate levels (both Bachelor’s and Associate’s) for courses in the area of Environmental Studies in Philosophy and in other academic disciplines such as Geography, History and Anthropology. The book can also be used as a supplementary text for courses included in Peace & Justice Studies, Conflict Resolution and Globalization Studies. 2. The book informs and educates a variety of readers (general and specialists) about the environmental movements of India, considering the fact that there are very few books available on the environmental movements of India. The focus of my book on the nonviolent and women’s perspectives of the environmental movements of India represents a unique approach to environmental activism. 3. The book will address the current issues of sustainability, globalization, environmental justice and human rights through a discussion of the origin and development of the Chipko, Save the Narmada River and Navdanya movements in the context of the complexly constituted Indian society. In her detailed retelling of three iconic movements in India, Professor Emerita Krishna Mallick, PhD, gives hope to grassroots activists working toward environmental justice. Each movement deals with a different crisis and affected population: Chipko, famed for tree-hugging women in the Himalayan forest; Narmada, for villagers displaced by a massive dam; and Navdanya, for hundreds of thousands of farmers whose livelihoods were lost to a compact made by the Indian government and neoliberal purveyors of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Relentlessly researched, Environmental Movements of India: Chipko, Narmada Bachao Andolan, Navdanya presents these movements in a framework that explores Hindu Vedic wisdom, as well as Development Ethics, Global Environment Ethics, Feminist Care Ethics, and the Capability Approach. At a moment when the climate threatens populations who live closest to nature – and depend upon its fodder for heat, its water for life, and its seeds for food – Mallick shows how nonviolent action can give poor people an effective voice.

Arvustused

"Highlighting key environmental movements and persons, including Chipko, Medha Patkar, and Vandana Shiva, Krishna Mallick examines both traditional Hindu ethics and eco-feminism, noting linkages and affinities. Excellent for courses on religions and ecology, as well as Hinduism." - Christopher Key Chapple, Doshi Professor of Indic and Comparative Theology at Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles

"Krishna Mallicks book is a welcome addition to a growing list of books on Indian environmental movements inspired by Hindu and Jain traditions and the three case-studies in this book are connected with case-studies of Bishnois, Swadhyayis, and Bhils, and others." - Pankaj Jain, Professor and Head, Indic Studies, FLAME University, Pune, India

''...it is a well researched contribution to the feld of environmental studies, religion, environmental movements of India, and others.'' - Abhinav Anand, Journal of Dharma Studies , July, 2024

"Mallicks focus is on movements that demonstrate that poor and marginalized communities can generate the power to achieve both economic and environmental objectives. In these movements, she finds the key principles of environmental justice, intergenerational equality, and respect for nature. It is an engaging book that will stimulate rich discussion among graduate and undergraduate students." George Alfred James, Journal of Dharma Studies, issue 6(3), 2023

Acknowledgments 11(2)
Foreword 13(2)
Frances Moore Lappe
Glossary 15(2)
Introduction 17(6)
Three Grassroots Movements That Made a Global Impact Principles of Environmental Philosophy
20(3)
(1) Environmental Justice
20(1)
(2) Intergenerational Equality
20(1)
(3) Respect for Nature
21(2)
1 Historical and Cultural Contexts in India
23(14)
1.1 `Legal' Destruction of India's Forests
24(3)
1.1.1 Acts Spark Peasant Protests
25(2)
1.2 A Cultural Leader Emerges
27(6)
1.2.1 Nonviolence and Gandhi's Truth
28(1)
1.2.2 How Chipko Followed Hinduism through Gandhi
29(1)
1.2.3 How NBA Followed Hinduism through Gandhi
30(1)
1.2.4 How Navdanya Followed Hinduism through Gandhi
31(1)
1.2.5 Ecology and Social Justice
31(2)
1.3 Conclusion
33(4)
2 Chipko (Hug the Trees) Movement
37(22)
2.1 A Physical Act of Survival
38(2)
2.1.1 Sacred Texts and Social Justice
39(1)
2.2 Preconditions and Formation of the Chipko Movement
40(4)
2.2.1 Workers Organize for Nonviolent Action
42(1)
2.2.2 Suffering by Means of Fasting and Foot March
43(1)
2.3 Laudable Leaders
44(4)
2.3.1 Women's Role in the Chipko Movement
46(2)
2.4 Critical Reception of the Chipko Movement
48(7)
2.4.1 Questions about Chipko's Popularity and Success
52(3)
2.5 Conclusion
55(4)
3 Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA): Save the Narmada
59(24)
3.1 The Common Good in a Cost-Benefit Analysis
61(3)
3.1.1 A Recursive History of Dam-Building
63(1)
3.2 Regional Tensions from the Start
64(4)
3.2.1 Amid Unrest, NGOs Align to Form NBA
65(2)
3.2.2 National and Global Ramifications
67(1)
3.3 Gender and the Narmada Case
68(5)
3.3.1 Roles for Displaced Women
71(2)
3.4 Gendered Dimensions of Neoliberal Capitalist Development
73(2)
3.5 Reasons for the Success of the NBA
75(2)
3.6 Conclusion
77(6)
4 Navdanya (Nine Seeds) Movement
83(32)
4.1 The Terrible Human Toll of GM Crops
84(3)
4.1.1 Shifting Economics
86(1)
4.2 Emergence of Anti-GM Movements
87(3)
4.2.1 KRRS: Fiery Fields of Protest
87(1)
4.2.2 Gene Campaign: Secure Food and Climate
88(1)
4.2.3 Navdanya's Holistic Approach
89(1)
4.3 Food Sovereignty
90(3)
4.3.1 Biodiverse Organic Farming
92(1)
4.4 Biodiversity and Climate Change
93(3)
4.4.1 Entrepreneurial Renewal
95(1)
4.5 Navdanya and Social Justice
96(7)
4.5.1 Civil Disobedience
97(1)
4.5.2 Human Right to Food
98(3)
4.5.3 Protecting the Global South
101(2)
4.6 Shiva's View of Earth Democracy
103(3)
4.7 Genetically Modified Crops and the Future
106(3)
4.8 Conclusion
109(6)
5 Moral Implications of Environmental Movements
115(28)
5.1 The Mesmerizing Power of Nonviolence
115(4)
5.1.1 An Ecological Warrior
117(2)
5.1.2 Truth at All Costs
119(1)
5.2 Defining Views of Globalism
119(2)
5.2.1 Technological Prowess
120(1)
5.3 Core Values of Development Ethics
121(10)
5.3.1 Environmental Justice for All
130(1)
5.4 Ecofeminism: Ethics of Mutual Care and Connection
131(5)
5.4.1 Ecofeminist Roots in the Chipko Movement
133(2)
5.4.2 Southern Materialist Ecofeminism
135(1)
5.5 Conclusion
136(7)
6 Hindu Ethics and Ecology
143(32)
6.1 Historical Background of Hinduism
145(2)
6.2 Comparison of Hindu Dharma and Ethics in the West
147(6)
6.2.1 The Gita and Dharma
150(2)
6.2.2 The Ramayana and Dharma
152(1)
6.2.3 The Yogasutra and Dharma
153(1)
6.3 Hindu Dharma, Ecology, and Sustainability
153(8)
6.3.1 Hindu Dharma and Applications in Ecologically Sustainable Development
159(2)
6.4 Ways Hindus Connect to Nature
161(2)
6.5 Influence of Symbolic Traditions on Some Environmental Cases
163(3)
6.6 Is Hinduism Eco-Friendly?
166(2)
6.7 Influence of Hinduism and Other Literature on Gandhi
168(2)
6.8 Conclusion
170(5)
Conclusion
175(8)
The Symbiosis of Natural Resources and Local Needs Theoretical Views of the Global South
177(1)
Global Environmental Theory
177(6)
Feminist Care Ethics
178(1)
The Capabilities Approach
179(1)
Ethics of Nonviolence
179(4)
Index 183
Krishna Mallick is Professor Emerita of Philosophy at Salem State University. She has co-edited two books along with Dr. Doris Hunter: An Anthology of Nonviolence: Historical and Contemporary Voices (Greenwood Press, 2002) and Nonviolence: A Reader in the Ethics of Action (University Press of America and Gandhi Peace Foundation, 1990). She has also published several articles on environmental issues in India. Her research interests are in the interdisciplinary area of philosophy, womens studies, peace studies, and environmental studies.