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E-raamat: Environmental Nanotechnology for Water Purification

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  • ISBN-13: 9781119641339
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Environmental Nanotechnology for Water PurificationSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Jun-2020
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Scrivener
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119641339
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Dyes, pigments and metals are extensively used in food, paper, carpet, rubber, plastics, cosmetics, and textile industries, in order to color and finish products. As a result, they generate a considerable amount of coloured wastewater rich in organic, inorganic, and mineral substances which are continuously polluting the water bodies and affecting human and aquatic life. Besides these industries, urban and agricultural activities also generate effluents high in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). In recent years, considerable research work has been done in this area and is underway to eliminate heavy metals particularly mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), selenium and cadmium (Cd) and synthetic dyes from polluted waters which have high toxicity and carcinogenicity.

Currently a number of methods are in operation to decontaminate the polluted waters. Among several purification technologies, use of nanoparticles/composites have gained much attention as efficient purification technology due to its many advantages such as simple synthesis, special chemical and physical properties, unique photocatalytic activity and beneficial antimicrobial properties and high efficiency. The book Environmental Nanotechnology for Water Purification comprehensively covers and provides new insights on all nanoparticles, composites and advanced methods employed in water purification.

Preface xiii
1 Environmental Toxicity of Nanoparticles
1(32)
Mohammad Shahadat
Momina
Yasmin
Suzylawati Ismail
S. Wazed Ali
Shaikh Ziauddin Ahammad
1.1 Introduction
2(21)
1.1.1 Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Wastewater Bodies
3(1)
1.1.2 The Effect of Nanoparticles Toxicity on Human Health
4(7)
1.1.2.1 Entry of Nanoparticles into Environment
11(2)
1.1.2.2 Exposure of Nanomaterials
13(1)
1.1.2.3 Consumption of Nanoparticles Through Inhalation and Injection
14(2)
1.1.2.4 Penetration of NPs Through Skin
16(1)
1.1.3 In Vitro Toxicity of Nanoparticles
17(4)
1.1.4 Methods for Assessment of Nanoparticles Toxicity
21(1)
1.1.4.1 Proliferation Assays
21(1)
1.1.4.2 Necrosis Assay
22(1)
1.1.4.3 Apoptosis Assay
22(1)
1.1.4.4 Oxidative Stress Assay
23(1)
1.2 A Critical Evaluation of Challenges and Conclusions
23(10)
Acknowledgement
24(1)
References
24(9)
2 Conventional and Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment
33(24)
S. Bairagi
S. Wazed Ali
2.1 Introduction
34(1)
2.2 Water Filtration by Various Technologies
35(1)
2.3 Conventional Technologies
36(5)
2.3.1 Sedimentation
36(1)
2.3.2 Flocculation
37(1)
2.3.3 Adsorption
38(1)
2.3.4 Filtration
39(1)
2.3.5 Coagulation
40(1)
2.4 Advanced Technologies
41(12)
2.4.1 Water Filtration Using Nanofibrous Membrane
41(1)
2.4.1.1 Removal of Heavy Metal from the Wastewater
42(3)
2.4.1.2 Removal of Microorganisms from Water
45(4)
2.4.1.3 Removal of Dye from Water
49(4)
2.5 Conclusion
53(4)
References
54(3)
3 Nanocarbons-Mediated Water Purification: An Application Towards Wastewater Treatment
57(44)
Vinchurkar
Prasen
Shah
Sejal
3.1 Introduction
58(2)
3.2 Importance of Various Nanocarbons in Water Purification
60(2)
3.3 Various Methods of Nanocarbon-Mediated Purifications of Water
62(21)
3.3.1 Nanocarbon Adsorption (Carbon-Based Nanoadsorbents)
62(9)
3.3.2 Graphene Sieves and CNTs' Membranes Membrane Process
71(4)
3.3.2.1 CNTs Membranes and Membrane Process
75(2)
3.3.3 Carbon Nanofiber Membranes
77(5)
3.3.4 Nanocarbon Composite Membranes
82(1)
3.3.5 Antimicrobial Actions of Various Nanocarbons
83(1)
3.4 Regeneration or Recycling of Nanocarbons
83(1)
3.5 Safety, Toxicity, and Environmental Impact of Broad Spectrum of Nanocarbons
84(3)
3.6 Limitations and Research Needs
87(1)
3.6.1 Limitations
87(1)
3.6.2 Research Needs
87(1)
3.7 Conclusion
87(14)
References
88(13)
4 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Applications
101(22)
Khursheed Ahmad
Waseem Raza
4.1 Introduction
102(2)
4.2 Graphene-Based Composites as Photocatalysts
104(13)
4.2.1 Graphene/ZnO as Photocatalyst
104(9)
4.2.2 Graphene/TiO2 as Photocatalyst
113(4)
4.3 Conclusion
117(6)
Acknowledgments
117(1)
References
117(6)
5 Synthesis of Stable and Monodispersed Cobalt Nanoparticles and Their Application as Light-Driven Photocatalytic Agents for Dye Degradation
123(28)
Farzana Majid
Sadia Ata
Nida Sohaib
Imran Deen
Adrian Ali
Ismat Bibi
Munawar Iqbal
Arif Nazir
5.1 Introduction
124(1)
5.2 Materials and Methodology
125(4)
5.2.1 Materials
125(1)
5.2.2 Synthesis of Co Metal NPs
125(3)
5.2.3 Photocatalytic Process
128(1)
5.2.3.1 Photocatalytic Experiment
128(1)
5.2.4 Characterizations
129(1)
5.3 Results and Discussion
129(15)
5.3.1 Physiochemical Characterization of Co Metal NPs
129(1)
5.3.1.1 Ultraviolet Visible Spectrometer (UV-Vis)
129(1)
5.3.1.2 Effect of Reaction Parameters on the Optical Properties of Co NPs
130(1)
5.3.1.3 Effect of Concentration of Salt on the Optical Properties of Co NPs
131(1)
5.3.1.4 Effect of pH of Reaction Medium on the Optical Properties of Co NPs
132(1)
5.3.1.5 Effect of Reaction Temperature on the Optical Properties of Co NPs
132(1)
5.3.1.6 Effect of Reaction Heating Time on the Optical Properties of Co NPs
132(1)
5.3.2 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
132(1)
5.3.2.1 X-Ray Analysis of Co Metal NPs
132(6)
5.3.3 FTIR Analysis
138(1)
5.3.3.1 FTIR Interferogram for Co Metal NPs
138(1)
5.3.4 Photocatalytic Properties
139(1)
5.3.4.1 Photocatalysis of Methylene Blue With Co Metal NPs
139(1)
5.3.4.2 Comparison of Activity of Methylene Blue
140(1)
5.3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy
141(1)
5.3.5.1 SEM Analysis for Co Metal NPs
141(1)
5.3.6 Synthesis of Cobalt Nanoparticles and Their Applications
141(3)
5.4 Conclusion
144(7)
References
145(6)
6 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Water Decontamination and Purification
151(36)
Shams Tabrez Khan
Faizan Ahmad
Mohammad Shahadat
Wasi Ur Rehman
Abu Mustafa Khan
6.1 Introduction
152(1)
6.2 Threats to Drinking Water
153(5)
6.2.1 Suspended Solids in Water
153(1)
6.2.2 Waterborne Pathogens
153(4)
6.2.3 Chemical Pollutants in Drinking Water
157(1)
6.3 Losses Due to Impure Water
158(2)
6.4 Role of Nanomaterials in Water Purification With Special Reference to Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
160(10)
6.4.1 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles for Water Purification
162(5)
6.4.2 The Use of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle for Water Purification
167(1)
6.4.3 Silver Nanoparticles and Their Possible Role in Water Purification
168(1)
6.4.4 Iron Nanoparticles
169(1)
6.4.5 Nanocomposites With Improved Antimicrobial Activities
169(1)
6.5 Types of Nanomaterials
170(1)
6.5.1 Nanofilters
170(1)
6.5.2 Nanoadsorbents
171(1)
6.5.3 Nanofiber-Based Membranes
171(1)
6.6 Commercially Available Products for Water Purification
171(3)
6.7 Challenges
174(3)
6.7.1 Health or Toxicity Concerns
174(2)
6.7.2 Economic Viability
176(1)
6.7.3 Operational Concerns
176(1)
6.7.4 Legal Constraints and Regulations
177(1)
6.8 Conclusion
177(10)
Acknowledgements
178(1)
References
178(9)
7 Recent Advances in Metal Oxide/Sulphide-Based Heterostructure Photocatalysts for Water Splitting and Environmental Remediation
187(30)
Umar Farooq
Ashiq Hussain Pandit
Ruby Phul
7.1 Introduction
188(1)
7.2 Synthesis of Heterostructures
189(3)
7.2.1 Hydrothermal Method
190(1)
7.2.2 Co-Precipitation Method
191(1)
7.2.3 Sol--Gel Method
191(1)
7.2.4 Dip-Coating
192(1)
7.2.5 Chemical-Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method
192(1)
7.3 Nanostructured Heterostructures for Water Splitting and Organic Pollutant Degradation
192(17)
7.3.1 Metal Oxide/Metal Oxide Heterostructures for Water Splitting
193(4)
7.3.2 Metal Oxide/Metal Sulphide Heterostructures for Water Splitting
197(5)
7.3.3 Photocatalytic Removal of Organic Pollutants by Metal Oxide/Sulphide-Based Heterostructures
202(7)
7.4 Conclusion
209(8)
Acknowledgement
209(1)
References
210(7)
8 Electrospun Nanofibers for Water Purification
217(42)
Ali Akbar Merati
Mahsa Kangazian Kangazi
8.1 Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers
218(1)
8.2 Nanofibers for Wastewater Treatment
218(20)
8.2.1 Nanofibers as Pressure-Driven Membrane
219(1)
8.2.1.1 Nanofibers as Microfiltration Membrane for Wastewater Treatment
220(1)
8.2.1.2 Nanofibers as Ultrafiltration Membrane for Wastewater Treatment
221(2)
8.2.1.3 Nanofibers as Nanofiltration Membrane for Wastewater Treatment
223(1)
8.2.1.4 Nanofibers as Membrane/Mid-Layer for Reverse Osmosis
224(2)
8.2.2 Nanofibers as Membranes for Membrane Distillation
226(3)
8.2.3 Nanofibers as Membrane Support Layer for Forward Osmosis
229(1)
8.2.4 Nanofibers as Electrodes for Capacitive Deionization
230(1)
8.2.5 Nanofibers as Porous Floating Membrane for Solar Steam Generation
231(1)
8.2.6 Nanofibers as Membrane or Adsorbent for Oil-Water Separation
232(2)
8.2.7 Nanofibers as Adsorbent for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions From Water/Wastewater
234(1)
8.2.8 Nanofibers as Photocatalytic Membrane for Water Treatment
235(1)
8.2.9 Nanofibers as Membrane or Adsorbent for Dye Wastewater Treatment
236(2)
8.3 Effects of Different Parameters on Resultant Nanofibrous Membranes
238(8)
8.3.1 Tunable Structural Characteristic of Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Purification of Wastewater
243(3)
8.4 Materials Selection for Nanofibrous Membranes in Water Purification
246(2)
8.5 Conclusion
248(11)
References
249(10)
9 ZnO Nanostructure for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Under Visible Light Irradiation
259(26)
Waseem Raza
Khursheed Ahmad
9.1 Introduction
260(2)
9.2 Photocatalysis
262(2)
9.3 Enhancement of Photocatalytic Performance of Dare ZnO
264(1)
9.4 Doping With Transition Metals
265(20)
9.4.1 Doping with Rare Earth (RE) Metals
269(8)
Conclusion
277(1)
References
278(7)
10 Nanocatalysts in Wet Air Oxidation
285
Anushree
Sheetal
Satish Kumar
10.1 Introduction
286(2)
10.2 Catalyst Selection Criterion
288(1)
10.3 Nanocatalysts in CWAO
289(6)
10.3.1 Mesoporous Materials
290(3)
10.3.2 Carbon Nanomaterials
293(1)
10.3.3 Nanoparticles
293(2)
10.4 Synthesis of Nanocatalysts
295(3)
10.4.1 Bare-Nanocatalysts
296(1)
10.4.2 Supported Nanocatalysts
297(1)
10.5 Ceria-Based Nanocatalysts for CWAO
298(9)
10.5.1 Synthesis and Characterization
299(1)
10.5.1.1 Synthesis
299(1)
10.5.1.2 Characterization
300(1)
10.5.2 CWAO of Industrial Wastewater
301(1)
10.5.2.1 Chlorophenolics Removal
302(3)
10.5.2.2 Reusability and Leaching Studies
305(1)
10.5.2.3 Kinetic Study
306(1)
10.6 Comparative Study of Different Ceria-Based Nanocatalysts
307(2)
10.6.1 Structural and Textural Properties
307(1)
10.6.2 Treatment Efficiency
308(1)
10.7 Role of Ceria-Based Nanocatalyst in CWAO
309(1)
10.8 Conclusion
310
References
310
Shahid-ul-Islam is currently working as a Postdoctoral Research Scientist at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. He received his PhD in Chemistry from Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), India, in 2016. His research interests include dyes and pigments, chemical processing of textiles and polymers and remediation of environmental pollutants from wastewaters. He has numerous papers and several books to his credit, of which 8 titles are with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.
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