| List of Contributors |
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xv | |
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1 Environmental Pest Management: A Call to Shift from a Pest-Centric to a System-Centric Approach |
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1 | (18) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Modern Developments in Pest Control |
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1 | (2) |
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1.3 The Disillusionment with Integrated Pest Management |
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3 | (8) |
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1.4 A Call for Environmental Pest Management |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (6) |
| Part I General Background |
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19 | (58) |
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2 Approaches in Plant Protection: Science, Technology, Environment and Society |
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21 | (34) |
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21 | (1) |
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2.2 History of Plant Protection Approaches |
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22 | (9) |
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2.3 Integrated Pest Management: What Does it Take? |
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31 | (10) |
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2.4 Transforming Agriculture Systems for IPM |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (12) |
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3 The Economics of Alternative Pest Management Strategies: Basic Assessment |
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55 | (22) |
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55 | (1) |
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3.2 Economic Decisions at Farm Level Based on Threshold Models Assuming Use of a Given Pest Control Technique and Certainty |
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56 | (4) |
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3.3 Uncertainties and Economic Decisions at Farm Level About Pest Control: Assumes a Given Pest Control Technique and Applies the Threshold Approach |
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60 | (4) |
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3.4 Choice of Alternative Pest Control Techniques at Farm Level Assuming Certainty |
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64 | (2) |
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3.5 The Economics of the Timing of Pest Control and the Optimal Choice of Techniques Given Uncertainty |
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66 | (4) |
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3.6 A Note on Biological Pest Control |
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70 | (1) |
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3.7 Discussion of the Modelling of the Economics of Pest Management at the Farm Level |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (4) |
| Part II Impact of Pest Management Practices on the Environment |
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77 | (74) |
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4 Effects of Chemical Control on the Environment |
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79 | (26) |
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79 | (1) |
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4.2 Pesticides in Agriculture |
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79 | (4) |
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4.3 Impacts of Pesticides on the Environment |
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83 | (11) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (10) |
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5 Environmental Impacts of Arthropod Biological Control: An Ecological Perspective |
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105 | (26) |
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105 | (1) |
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5.2 The 'Invasion' Process of Establishing Non-native Biocontrol Agents |
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106 | (1) |
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5.3 Ecological Processes Underlying the Environmental Impact of Biocontrol |
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107 | (4) |
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5.4 Ecological Impact Assessment and Cost-benefit Analysis |
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111 | (1) |
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5.5 Case Study I: Biocontrol of Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) |
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112 | (3) |
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5.6 Case Study II: Biocontrol of Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) |
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115 | (4) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (11) |
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6 Effects of Transgenic Crops on the Environment |
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131 | (20) |
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6.1 Range and Scope of Transgenic Crops |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (3) |
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6.5 Tertiary Effects: Broader Spatial and Temporal Scales |
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137 | (3) |
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6.6 Quantifying Risks and Benefits of Transgenic Traits |
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140 | (3) |
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6.7 Variation Among Countries in Risk Assessment and Management |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (7) |
| Part III Influence of Unmanaged Habitats on Pest Management |
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151 | (44) |
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7 Ecosystem Services Provided by Unmanaged Habitats in Agricultural Landscapes |
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153 | (22) |
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153 | (2) |
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7.2 Global Importance of Arthropod Natural Enemies in Pest Management |
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155 | (1) |
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7.3 Importance of Multitrophic Interactions to Biological Pest Control |
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156 | (2) |
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7.4 Importance of Unmanaged Vegetation for Biological Control |
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158 | (5) |
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7.5 Landscape Use to Maximize Biological Control |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (10) |
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8 The Role of Ecosystem Disservices in Pest Management |
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175 | (20) |
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175 | (3) |
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8.2 EDS and Unmanaged Habitats |
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178 | (8) |
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8.3 Landscape Context and the EDS from Unmanaged Habitats |
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186 | (2) |
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8.4 Managing for EDS from Unmanaged Habitats |
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188 | (1) |
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8.5 Conclusions and Future Research |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (5) |
| Part IV Effects of Global Changes on Pest Management |
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195 | (54) |
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9 Effect of Climate Change on Insect Pest Management |
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197 | (28) |
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197 | (1) |
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9.2 Observed Climate Changes Influencing Agro-Ecosystems |
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198 | (1) |
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9.3 Insect Responses to Climate Change |
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198 | (4) |
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9.4 Overview of Insect Pests in Agro-Ecosystems and Climate Change |
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202 | (5) |
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9.5 How Climate Change and Insect Responses May Affect Various Ecological Processes Important for Plant Protection |
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207 | (3) |
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9.6 Climate Change and IPM Approaches |
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210 | (4) |
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9.7 Directions for Future Research |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (10) |
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10 Effects of Biological invasions on Pest Management |
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225 | (24) |
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225 | (8) |
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10.2 Invasions - A Natural Process? |
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233 | (1) |
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10.3 Perception and Value of Introduced and Invasive Alien Species |
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234 | (1) |
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10.4 When to Act, and Why? |
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235 | (1) |
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10.5 How Best to Control Invasive Species? |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (9) |
| Part V Pest Control and Public Health |
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249 | (48) |
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11 Pesticides and Human Health |
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251 | (24) |
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251 | (1) |
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11.2 Human Exposure to Pesticides |
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251 | (3) |
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254 | (3) |
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11.4 Chronic Human Health Effects |
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257 | (8) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (9) |
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12 Human Health Concerns Related to the Consumption of Foods from Genetically Modified Crops |
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275 | (22) |
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Ana Maria Calderon de la Barca |
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12.1 History of GM Foods and Associated Food Safety Concerns |
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275 | (2) |
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12.2 Status and Commercial Traits Regarding Genetically Modified Organisms |
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277 | (4) |
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12.3 The Bases for Unintended Health Risks |
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281 | (1) |
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12.4 Guidelines and Approaches Used for Risk Assessment of GM Foods |
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282 | (1) |
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12.5 Recent Research on in vivo Evaluation of GM Foods Consumption |
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283 | (3) |
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12.6 Shortcomings and Research Needs in the Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Foods |
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286 | (4) |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (7) |
| Part VI Policies Related to Environmental Pest Management |
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297 | (108) |
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13 Effectiveness of Pesticide Policies: Experiences from Danish Pesticide Regulation 1986-2015 |
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299 | (26) |
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299 | (1) |
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13.2 Denmark - a Pioneer in Pesticide Policies |
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300 | (6) |
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306 | (9) |
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13.4 Comparing Denmark to the EU and Internationally |
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315 | (4) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (6) |
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14 Impacts of Exotic Biological Control Agents on Non-target Species and Biodiversity: Evidence, Policy and Implications |
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325 | (22) |
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14.1 Environmental Safety of Biological Control |
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325 | (2) |
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14.2 Legislation and Regulation of Biological Control |
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327 | (2) |
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329 | (8) |
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14.4 Postrelease Validation of Predicted Outcomes |
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337 | (2) |
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14.5 Implications of Biological Control Regulation Policy: What has it Meant for Biological Control Practice? |
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339 | (1) |
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14.6 The Future for Biological Control Regulation |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (6) |
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15 Pesticides in Food Safety versus Food Security |
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347 | (22) |
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347 | (1) |
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15.2 Use of Plant Protection Products in Farming Systems |
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348 | (5) |
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15.3 Food Security in a Changing World |
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353 | (3) |
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15.4 Food Safety and Pesticides in a Global Market |
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356 | (6) |
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15.5 Towards Sustainability |
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362 | (2) |
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364 | (1) |
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364 | (5) |
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16 External Costs of Food Production: Environmental and Human Health Costs of Pest Management |
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369 | (16) |
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16.1 Introduction: Pesticide Externalities |
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369 | (1) |
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16.2 Background: The Impact of Pesticide Use |
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370 | (3) |
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16.3 The Challenge in Estimating Externalities from Pesticide Use |
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373 | (2) |
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16.4 Externality Estimation Methods |
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375 | (1) |
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16.5 Overview of Existing Studies on Externalities of Pesticides |
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376 | (2) |
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16.6 Integrated Pest Management |
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378 | (1) |
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16.7 The Role of Information |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (4) |
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17 The Role of Pest Management in Driving Agri-environment Schemes in Switzerland |
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385 | (20) |
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385 | (1) |
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17.2 Policy Context of the Swiss Agricultural Sector |
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386 | (2) |
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17.3 Ecological Focus Areas for Biodiversity Protection |
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388 | (6) |
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17.4 Ecosystem Service Provision as a New Paradigm |
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394 | (4) |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (6) |
| Part VII Concluding Remarks, Take-Home Messages and a Call for Action |
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405 | (14) |
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18 Environmental Pest Management: The Need for Long-term Governmental Commitment |
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407 | (12) |
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18.1 The Prevalence of a Pest-centric, Bottom-up Approach to Pest Control |
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407 | (1) |
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18.2 The Main Messages Presented in this Volume |
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408 | (4) |
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18.3 The Role of Governments in Pest Management |
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412 | (2) |
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18.4 Characteristics of Top-down, Environmental Pest Management |
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414 | (2) |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (3) |
| Index |
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