| Part I Introduction-Epigenetics |
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1 | (10) |
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1 Epigenetics: Moving Forward |
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3 | (8) |
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1.1 Why This Enormously Increased Interest? |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2 Looking Forward to New Avenues of Epigenetics |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (4) |
| Part II General Aspects/Methodologies |
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11 | (142) |
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2 Structural Biology of Epigenetic Targets: Exploiting Complexity |
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13 | (32) |
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13 | (1) |
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2.2 DNA Methylases: The DNMT3A-DNMT3L-H3 and DNMT1-USP7 Complexes |
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14 | (2) |
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2.3 Histone Arginine Methyltransferases: The PRMT5-MEP50 Complex |
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16 | (1) |
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2.4 Histone Lysine Methyltransferases: The MLL3-RBBP5-ASH2L and the PRC2 Complexes |
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17 | (4) |
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2.5 Histone Lysine Ubiquitinylases: The PRC1 Complex |
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21 | (1) |
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2.6 Histone Lysine Deubiquitinylases: The SAGA Deubiquitination Module |
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22 | (2) |
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2.7 Histone Acetyltransferases: The MSL1 and NUA4 Complexes |
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24 | (2) |
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2.8 Histone Deacetylases: HDAC1-MTA1 and HDAC3-SMRT Complexes and HDAC6 |
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26 | (2) |
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2.9 Histone Variants and Histone Chaperones: A Complex and Modular Interplay |
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28 | (3) |
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2.10 ATP-Dependent Remodelers: CHD1, ISWI, SNF2, and the SNF2-Nucleosome Complex |
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31 | (4) |
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2.11 Epigenetic Readers: Histone Crotonylation Readers and the 53BP1-Nucleosome (H2AK15Ub-H4K20me2) Complex |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (7) |
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3 Computer-based Lead Identification for Epigenetic Targets |
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45 | (34) |
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45 | (1) |
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3.2 Computer-based Methods in Drug Discovery |
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46 | (3) |
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3.2.1 Pharmacophore-based Methods |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Binding Free Energy Calculation |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (9) |
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3.3.1 Zinc-Dependent HDACs |
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49 | (5) |
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54 | (4) |
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3.4 Histone Methyltransferases |
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58 | (3) |
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61 | (5) |
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62 | (2) |
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3.5.2 Jumonji Histone Demethylases |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (12) |
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4 Mass Spectrometry and Chemical Biology in Epigenetics Drug Discovery |
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79 | (28) |
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4.1 Introduction: Mass Spectrometry Technology Used in Epigenetic Drug Discovery |
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79 | (6) |
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4.1.1 Mass Spectrometry Workflows for the Analysis of Proteins |
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80 | (3) |
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4.1.2 Mass Spectrometry Imaging |
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83 | (2) |
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4.2 Target Identification and Selectivity Profiling: Chemoproteomics |
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85 | (4) |
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4.2.1 Histone Deacetylase and Acetyltransferase Chemoproteomics |
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87 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Bromodomain Chemoproteomics |
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88 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Demethylase Chemoproteomics |
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88 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Methyltransferase Chemoproteomics |
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89 | (1) |
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4.3 Characterization of Epigenetic Drug Target Complexes and Reader Complexes Contributing to Drug's Mode of Action |
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89 | (2) |
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4.3.1 Immunoaffinity Purification of Native Protein Complexes |
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89 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Immunoaffinity Purification with Antibodies Against Epitope Tags |
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90 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Affinity Enrichment Using Histone Tail Peptides as Bait |
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91 | (1) |
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4.4 Elucidation of a Drug's Mode of Action: Analysis of Histone Posttranslational Modifications by MS-Based Proteomics |
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91 | (6) |
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4.4.1 Histone Modification MS Workflows |
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92 | (3) |
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4.4.2 Application of Histone MS Workflows to Characterize Epigenetic Drugs |
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95 | (2) |
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4.5 Challenges and New Trends |
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97 | (2) |
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4.5.1 Challenges and Trends in MS Analysis of Histone PTMs |
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97 | (1) |
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4.5.2 High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry-Based Compound Profiling in Epigenetic Drug Discovery |
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98 | (1) |
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4.5.3 Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Drug Action |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (8) |
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5 Peptide Microarrays for Epigenetic Targets |
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107 | (26) |
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107 | (3) |
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5.2 Applications of Peptide Microarrays for Epigenetic Targets |
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110 | (14) |
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5.2.1 Profiling of Substrate Specificities of Histone Code Writers |
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110 | (4) |
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5.2.2 Profiling of Substrate Specificities of Histone Code Erasers |
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114 | (3) |
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5.2.3 Profiling of Binding Specificities of PTM-specific Antibodies and Histone Code Readers |
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117 | (1) |
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5.2.3.1 Profiling of Specificities of PTM-specific Antibodies |
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118 | (1) |
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5.2.3.2 Profiling of Binding Specificities of Histone Code Readers |
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119 | (2) |
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5.2.4 Peptide Microarray-based Identification of Upstream Kinases and Phosphorylation Sites for Epigenetic Targets |
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121 | (3) |
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5.3 Conclusion and Outlook |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (9) |
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133 | (20) |
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6.1 Chemical Probes Are Privileged Reagents for Biological Research |
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133 | (8) |
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6.1.1 Best Practices for the Generation and Selection of Chemical Probes |
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134 | (2) |
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6.1.2 Best Practices for Application of Chemical Probes |
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136 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Cellular Target Engagement |
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137 | (1) |
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6.1.3.1 Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) |
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138 | (1) |
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6.1.3.2 Affinity Bead-Based Proteomics |
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138 | (1) |
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6.1.3.3 Cellular Thermal Shift Assay (CETSA) |
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139 | (1) |
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6.1.3.4 Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer |
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139 | (2) |
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6.2 Epigenetic Chemical Probes |
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141 | (6) |
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6.2.1 Histone Acetylation and Bromodomain Chemical Probes |
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141 | (1) |
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6.2.1.1 CBP/p300 Bromodomain Chemical Probes |
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144 | (1) |
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6.2.1.2 Future Applications of Bromodomain Chemical Probes |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (5) |
| Part III Epigenetic Target Classes |
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153 | (324) |
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7 Inhibitors of the Zinc-Dependent Histone Deacetylases |
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155 | (30) |
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7.1 Introduction: Histone Deacetylases |
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155 | (3) |
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7.2 Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors |
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158 | (11) |
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7.2.1 Types of Inhibitors |
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158 | (2) |
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7.2.2 HDAC Inhibitors in Clinical Use and Development |
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160 | (9) |
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7.3 Targeting of HDAC Subclasses |
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169 | (8) |
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169 | (1) |
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7.3.1.1 HDAC1-3 Inhibitors |
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170 | (1) |
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7.3.1.2 HDAC Inhibitors Targeting HDAC8 |
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173 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Class IIa Inhibitors |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (6) |
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8 Sirtuins as Drug Targets |
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185 | (16) |
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185 | (1) |
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8.2 Biological Functions of Sirtuins in Physiology and Pathology |
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185 | (3) |
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188 | (4) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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8.3.1.2 Peptides and Pseudopeptides |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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8.4 Summary and Conclusions |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (8) |
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9 Selective Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Protein Methyltransferases |
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201 | (20) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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9.3 Lysine Methyltransferases (PKMTs) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (9) |
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9.4.1 Inhibitors of H3K9 Methyltransferases |
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202 | (2) |
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9.4.2 Inhibitors of H3K27 Methyltransferases |
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204 | (2) |
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9.4.3 Inhibitors of H3K4 and H3K36 Methyltransferases |
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206 | (2) |
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9.4.4 Inhibitors of H4K20 Methyltransferases |
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208 | (2) |
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9.4.5 Inhibitors of H3K79 Methyltransferases |
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210 | (1) |
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9.5 Protein Arginine Methyltransferases (PRMTs) |
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211 | (4) |
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9.5.1 Inhibitors of PRMT1 |
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211 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Inhibitors of PRMT3 |
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212 | (1) |
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9.5.3 Inhibitors of CARM1 |
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213 | (1) |
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9.5.4 Inhibitors of PRMT5 |
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214 | (1) |
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9.5.5 Inhibitors of PRMT6 |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (6) |
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10 LSD (Lysine-Specific Demethylase): A Decade-Long Trip from Discovery to Clinical Trials |
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221 | (42) |
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221 | (2) |
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10.2 LSDs: Discovery and Mechanistic Features |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (4) |
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10.4 LSD Function and Dysfunction |
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229 | (3) |
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232 | (19) |
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10.5.1 Irreversible Small Molecule LSD Inhibitors from MAO Inhibitors |
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233 | (8) |
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10.5.2 Reversible Small Molecule LSD Inhibitors |
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241 | (7) |
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10.5.3 Synthetic Macromolecular LSD Inhibitors |
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248 | (3) |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (10) |
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11 JmjC-domain-Containing Histone Demethylases |
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263 | (34) |
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263 | (9) |
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11.1.1 The LSD and JmjC Histone Lysine Demethylases |
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263 | (2) |
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11.1.2 Histone Lysine Methylation and the JmjC-KDMs |
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265 | (1) |
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11.1.3 The JmjC-KDMs in Development and Disease |
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266 | (6) |
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11.2 KDM Inhibitor Development Targeting the JmjC Domain |
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272 | (12) |
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11.2.1 2-Oxoglutarate Cofactor Mimicking Inhibitors |
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273 | (1) |
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11.2.1.1 Emulation of the Chelating α-Keto Acid Moiety in 2OG |
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273 | (1) |
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11.2.1.2 Bioisosteres of the Conserved 2OG C5-Carboxylic Acid-Binding Motif |
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273 | (2) |
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11.2.2 Histone Substrate-Competitive Inhibitors |
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275 | (1) |
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11.2.2.1 Small-Molecule Inhibitors |
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276 | (1) |
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11.2.2.2 Peptide Inhibitors |
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276 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Allosteric Inhibitors |
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276 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Inhibitors Targeting KDM Subfamilies |
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277 | (1) |
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11.2.4.1 KDM4 Subfamily-Targeted Inhibitors |
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277 | (1) |
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11.2.4.2 KDM4/5 Subfamily-Targeted Inhibitors |
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279 | (1) |
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11.2.4.3 KDM5 Subfamily-Targeted Inhibitors |
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280 | (1) |
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11.2.4.4 KDM6 Subfamily-Targeted Inhibitors |
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281 | (1) |
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11.2.4.5 KDM2/7-and KDM3-Targeted Inhibitors |
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282 | (1) |
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11.2.4.6 Generic JmjC-KDM Inhibitors |
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282 | (1) |
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11.2.5 Selectivity and Potency of JmjC-KDM Inhibition in Cells |
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283 | (1) |
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11.3 KDM Inhibitors Targeting the Reader Domains |
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284 | (2) |
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11.3.1 Plant Homeodomain Fingers (PHD Fingers) |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (1) |
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11.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (10) |
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12 Histone Acetyltransferases: Targets and Inhibitors |
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297 | (50) |
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297 | (1) |
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12.2 Acetyltransferase Enzymes and Families |
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298 | (1) |
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12.3 The GNAT Superfamily |
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299 | (5) |
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12.3.1 KAT2A/GCN5 and KAT2B/PCAF |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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12.4 KAT3A/CBP and KAT3B/p300 Family |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (3) |
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306 | (1) |
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12.5.2 KAT6A/MOZ, KAT6B/MORF, and KAT7/HBO1 |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (3) |
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312 | (21) |
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12.7.1 Bisubstrate Inhibitors |
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313 | (2) |
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12.7.2 Natural Products and Synthetic Analogues and Derivatives |
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315 | (6) |
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12.7.3 Synthetic Compounds |
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321 | (7) |
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12.7.4 Compounds Targeting Protein-Protein Interaction Domains |
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328 | (5) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (13) |
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13 Bromodomains: Promising Targets for Drug Discovery |
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347 | (36) |
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347 | (1) |
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13.2 The Human Bromodomain Family |
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348 | (5) |
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13.2.1 Structural Features of the Human BRD Family |
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348 | (1) |
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13.2.1.1 The Kac Binding Site |
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348 | (1) |
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13.2.1.2 Druggability of the Human BRD Family |
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350 | (2) |
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13.2.2 Functions of Bromodomain-containing Proteins |
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352 | (1) |
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13.3 Bromodomains and Diseases |
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353 | (4) |
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354 | (2) |
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356 | (1) |
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13.4 Methods for the Identification of Bromodomain Inhibitors |
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357 | (7) |
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13.4.1 High-throughput Screening (HTS) |
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357 | (2) |
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13.4.2 Fragment-based Lead Discovery |
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359 | (1) |
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13.4.3 Structure-based Drug Design |
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359 | (3) |
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362 | (1) |
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13.4.4.1 Structure-based Virtual Screening |
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362 | (1) |
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13.4.4.2 Ligand-based Virtual Screening |
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362 | (1) |
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13.4.4.3 Pharmacophore Modeling |
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363 | (1) |
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13.4.4.4 Substructure and Similarity Search |
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363 | (1) |
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13.5 Current Bromodomain Inhibitors |
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364 | (1) |
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13.6 Multi-target Inhibitors |
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365 | (4) |
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13.6.1 Dual Kinase-Bromodomain Inhibitors |
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365 | (4) |
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13.6.2 Dual BET/HDAC Inhibitors |
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369 | (1) |
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13.7 Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) |
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369 | (2) |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (11) |
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14 Lysine Reader Proteins |
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383 | (38) |
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383 | (2) |
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14.2 The Royal Family of Epigenetic Reader Proteins |
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385 | (15) |
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385 | (5) |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (3) |
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395 | (5) |
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14.3 The PHD Finger Family of Epigenetic Reader Proteins |
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400 | (2) |
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14.4 The WD40 Repeat Domain Family |
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402 | (7) |
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14.5 Conclusion and Outlook |
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409 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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409 | (12) |
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421 | (36) |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (2) |
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15.3 Further Modifications of Cytosine Bases |
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424 | (2) |
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15.4 DNA Methyltransferases: Substrates and Structural Aspects |
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426 | (4) |
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15.5 Mechanism of Enzymatic DNA Methylation |
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430 | (1) |
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15.6 Physiological Role of DNA Methylation |
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431 | (1) |
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15.7 DNA Methylation in Disease |
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432 | (1) |
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433 | (8) |
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15.8.1 Nucleoside-mimicking DNMT Inhibitors |
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433 | (3) |
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15.8.2 Non-nucleosidic DNMT Inhibitors |
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436 | (5) |
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15.9 Therapeutic Applications of DNMT Inhibitors |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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443 | (14) |
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16 Parasite Epigenetic Targets |
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457 | (20) |
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16.1 Introduction: The Global Problem of Parasitic Diseases and the Need for New Drugs |
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457 | (1) |
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16.2 Parasite Epigenetic Mechanisms |
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458 | (7) |
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459 | (1) |
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16.2.2 Histone Posttranslational Modifications |
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460 | (2) |
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16.2.3 Histone-modifying Enzymes in Parasites |
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462 | (1) |
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16.2.4 HMEs Validated as Therapeutic Targets |
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462 | (2) |
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16.2.5 Structure-based Approaches for Defining Therapeutic Targets |
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464 | (1) |
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16.3 Development of Epi-drugs for Parasitic Diseases |
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465 | (3) |
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16.3.1 Repurposing of Existing Epi-drugs |
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466 | (1) |
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16.3.2 Candidates from Phenotypic or High-throughput Screens |
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467 | (1) |
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16.3.3 Structure-based Development of Selective Inhibitors |
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467 | (1) |
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468 | (1) |
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469 | (1) |
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469 | (8) |
| Index |
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477 | |