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E-raamat: Equality in law between Men and Women in the European Community: Netherlands

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Equality in law between men and women in the European Community is an integral part of the EC's social policy and crucial to its economic and social cohesion. This encyclopaedia analyzes the legal framework for equal opportunities in the Netherlands which now exists in the Community due to the adoption of EC Directives on equal treatment, equal pay and social security, and to the work of the European Court of Justice in this area. It looks at how the EC Directives have been implemented and interpreted in each Member State, and at the other legislative and constitutional provisions affecting the principle of equality. All the principal legal provisions are reproduced or translated. Extracts from or digests of national case law are also included. Each volume in the series is structured so that Member States's provisions on equality can be directly compared.
Foreword xi
Notice to the reader xv
Abbreviations xvii
Table of legislation etc xix
Table of cases xxv
COMMENTARY ON EQUALITY LAW
1. GENERAL
3(8)
1.1 Introduction
3(2)
1.1.1 Introduction to national legal system
3(1)
1.1.2 Economic and social context
4(1)
1.2 Sources
5(6)
1.2.1 International standards
5(2)
1.2.1.1 Human rights
5(2)
1.2.1.2 Treaties on special questions
7(1)
1.2.2 European Community law
7(1)
1.2.2.1 Direct effect of Community law
7(1)
1.2.2.2 Retrospective implementation
8(1)
1.2.3 Constitutional law
8(1)
1.2.4 Legislation
9(3)
1.2.4.1 Prior legislation
9(1)
1.2.4.2 Present legislation
9(2)
2. BASIC CONCEPTS
11(14)
2.1 Equality and discrimination
11(1)
2.2 Direct discrimination
12(13)
2.2.1 Definition
12(2)
2.2.1.1 Reason
12(1)
2.2.1.2 Detriment
13(1)
2.2.1.3 Comparator
13(1)
2.2.2 Extended definition
14(3)
2.2.2.1 Marital status
15(1)
2.2.2.2 Family status
15(1)
2.2.2.3 Pregnancy
15(1)
2.2.2.4 Sexual harassment
15(1)
2.2.2.5 Physical attributes
16(1)
2.2.2.6 Dress codes
16(1)
2.2.2.7 Military service
16(1)
2.3 Indirect discrimination
17(5)
2.3.1 Definition
17(1)
2.3.2 Suspect criteria
17(4)
2.3.3 Disproportionate impact
21(1)
2.3.4 Objective justification
22(1)
2.4 Victimization
22(3)
3. EQUAL PAY
25(10)
3.1 Principle
25(1)
3.2 Exceptions
25(1)
3.3 Personal scope
25(2)
3.3.1 Employees
25(1)
3.3.2 Independent contractors
26(1)
3.3.3 Home workers
26(1)
3.3.4 Public sector
26(1)
3.3.5 Domestic employees
26(1)
3.3.6 Non-employed population
26(1)
3.4 Activities covered
27(1)
3.5 Definition of remuneration
27(1)
3.5.1 Article 119 of the EEC Treaty
27(1)
3.5.2 Fringe benefits
27(1)
3.5.3 Contributions by employer
27(1)
3.5.4 Contributions by employee
27(1)
3.5.5 Post-contribution benefits
28(1)
3.5.6 Pensions
28(1)
3.5.7 Collective agreements
28(1)
3.6 Comparator
28(1)
3.6.1 Same establishment
28(1)
3.6.2 Contemporaneous employment
28(1)
3.6.3 Hypothetical male
29(1)
3.6.4 Different establishment
29(1)
3.6.5 Cross-industry comparisons
29(1)
3.7 Woman does same work as man
29(1)
3.8 Equal value
29(2)
3.8.1 Job evaluation
29(1)
3.8.2 Job classification
29(2)
3.8.2.1/2 Factors/Weighting
30(1)
3.8.3 Higher value
31(1)
3.8.4 Proportionate pay
31(1)
3.9 Legitimate reason for pay differential
31(4)
3.9.1 Material difference
32(1)
3.9.2 Economic benefits/Market forces
32(1)
3.9.3 Night-work
33(1)
3.9.4 Part-time work
33(1)
3.9.5 Red circles
33(1)
3.9.6 Other reasons
33(2)
4. EQUAL TREATMENT
35(18)
4.1 Principle
35(1)
4.2 Exceptions
35(4)
4.2.1 Exclusions
35(1)
4.2.2 Sex as a determining factor
35(4)
4.2.2.1 Lists
36(1)
4.2.2.2 Genuine occupational qualification
37(1)
4.2.2.3 Authenticity
37(1)
4.2.2.4 Security
37(1)
4.2.2.5 Religion
38(1)
4.2.2.6 Decency and privacy
38(1)
4.2.2.7 Single-sex establishments
39(1)
4.3 Territorial scope
39(1)
4.4 Personal scope
39(2)
4.4.1 Employees
39(1)
4.4.2 Independent contractors
40(1)
4.4.3 Home workers
40(1)
4.4.4 Public sector
40(1)
4.4.5 Domestic employees
40(1)
4.4.6 Non-employed population
40(1)
4.5 Activities covered
41(1)
4.6 Comparator
41(1)
4.7 Hiring
42(4)
4.7.1 Recruitment methods
43(1)
4.7.2 Advertisements
43(1)
4.7.3 Job title
43(1)
4.7.4 Job description
44(1)
4.7.5 Selection arrangements
44(1)
4.7.6 Terms on which a job is offered
45(1)
4.7.7 Refusal or deliberate omission to offer a job
45(1)
4.8 Working conditions
46(1)
4.8.1 Relation to pay
46(1)
4.8.2 Education and training
47(1)
4.8.3 Access to benefits, facilities, services, promotion
47(1)
4.9 Exclusion, dismissal or other detriment
47(2)
4.10 Instructions to discriminate
49(1)
4.11 Pressure to discriminate
49(1)
4.12 Discrimination by an employee or a trade union
49(1)
4.13 Discriminatory practices
49(1)
4.14 Special treatment
49(4)
4.14.1 Protective legislation
49(2)
4.14.1.1 Pregnancy and maternity
49(1)
4.14.1.2 Parental leave and similar measures
50(1)
4.14.1.3 Difficult or unpleasant working conditions
50(1)
4.14.1.4 Health and safety
50(1)
4.14.2 Positive action
51(2)
4.14.2.1 Definition
51(1)
4.14.2.2 Areas
51(1)
4.14.2.3 Means
52(1)
4.14.2.4 Constitutional or legal problems
52(1)
5. SOCIAL SECURITY
53(1)
5.1 Definition of social security
53(8)
5.1.1 Statutory social security
53(1)
5.1.2 Occupational social security
53(1)
5.1.3 Social assistance
54(1)
5.1.4 Persons covered
54(1)
5.1.4.1 Working population
54(1)
5.1.4.2 Public or private sector
54(1)
5.1.4.3 Employees or self-employed persons
54(1)
5.1.5 Benefits covered
55(1)
5.1.5.1 Contributory
55(1)
5.1.5.2 Non-contributory
55(1)
5.1.5.3 Means-tested
55(1)
5.1.5.4 Pensions
56(1)
5.1.6 Unemployment
56(1)
5.1.7 Accidents at work
57(1)
5.2 Social security directives and other legislation
57(1)
5.2.1 Article 119 of the EEC Treaty
57(1)
5.2.2 Directive 75/117/EEC
58(1)
5.2.3 Directive 76/207/EEC
58(1)
5.2.4 Directive 79/7/EEC
58(1)
5.2.5 Directive 86/378/EEC
58(1)
5.2.6 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
58(1)
5.3 Problematic concepts
58(1)
5.3.1 Breadwinner
58(1)
5.3.2 Sole breadwinner
58(1)
5.4 Exceptions
59(1)
5.4.1 Retirement age
59(1)
5.4.2 Sex as a determining factor
59(1)
5.4.3 Pregnancy and maternity
59(1)
5.4.4 Survivors' benefits
59(1)
5.4.5 Family benefits
60(1)
5.5 Levelling up/down
60(1)
5.6 Part-time work
60(1)
6. ENFORCEMENT OF THE PRINCIPLE
61(1)
6.1 Court or tribunal procedure
61(14)
6.1.1 Acquiring the evidence
61(1)
6.1.1.1 Prescribed forms
61(1)
6.1.1.2 Obligation to furnish all relevant evidence
61(1)
6.1.1.3 Annual information to works councils
61(1)
6.1.1.4 Information to trade unions for bargaining
62(1)
6.1.2 Burden of proof
62(1)
6.1.3 Costs
63(1)
6.1.4 Legal aid
63(1)
6.1.5 Remedies
64(2)
6.1.5.1 Nullity
64(1)
6.1.5.2 Termination of discriminatory conduct
64(1)
6.1.5.3 Declaration
64(1)
6.1.5.4 Compensation
64(1)
6.1.5.5 Recommendation
65(1)
6.1.5.6 Positive enforceable order
65(1)
6.1.5.7 Positive action plan
65(1)
6.1.5.8 Correction
66(1)
6.1.6 Class actions
66(1)
6.1.7 Exclusion of judicial redress
66(1)
6.1.8 Time limits
66(1)
6.2 Courts and tribunals
67(1)
6.2.1 Special court or tribunal
67(2)
6.2.1.1 Equality officer
68(1)
6.2.1.2 Arbitration court
68(1)
6.2.1.3 Equal opportunities agency
68(1)
6.2.1.4 Regionaal Directeur voor de Arbeidsvoorziening (Regional Labour Exchange Director)
69(1)
6.2.2 Specialized training for judges
69(1)
6.2.3 Specialization within the system
69(1)
6.3 Enforcement agency
69(1)
6.3.1 Type
69(1)
6.3.1.1 Labour inspectorate
69(1)
6.3.1.2 Equal opportunities agency
70(1)
6.3.2 Functions
70(1)
6.3.2.1 Advice
70(1)
6.3.2.2 Research
71(1)
6.3.2.3 Legal aid
71(1)
6.3.3 Remedies
71(1)
6.3.3.1 Notice
71(1)
6.3.3.2 Injunction
71(1)
6.3.3.3 Compensation
71(1)
6.4 Collective agreements
72
6.4.1 Equal pay clause
72(1)
6.4.2 Automatic nullity
72(1)
6.4.3 Collective redress
72(1)
6.4.4 Agency monitoring
72(1)
6.4.5 Contract compliance
72(3)
SOURCES OF EQUALITY LAW
7. LEGISLATION
75(1)
7.1 Constitutional provisions on equality
75(1)
7.2 List of national Acts ratifying international treaties in matters of equality
75(1)
7.3 National texts containing general provisions on equality: Acts
76(15)
7.3.1 Collective Agreements Act, art. 1(3)
76(1)
7.3.2 Collective Agreements (Pronouncement of Binding and Non-binding Provisions) Act, art. 2(5)
76(1)
7.3.3 Penal Code, art. 429 quater
77(1)
7.3.4 Works Council Act, art. 28(3)
77(1)
7.3.5 Civil Code, arts 3:305a, 1639h(2) and (4)
77(1)
7.3.6 General Equal Treatment Act, arts 8, 11-22 and 35
78(4)
7.4 National texts implementing EC Directives: equal pay
82(1)
7.4.1 Equal Treatment Act, arts 7-12
82(2)
7.5 National texts implementing EC Directives: equal treatment
84(1)
7.5.1 Civil Code, art. 1637ij
84(1)
7.5.2 Equal Treatment Act, arts 1-6, 21 and 23-24
85(4)
7.5.3 Regulation on occupations for which a person's sex may constitute a determining factor
89(2)
8. CASES
91(1)
8.1 Decisions on equality in general
91(38)
8.1.1 Higher courts
91(5)
8.1.2 Courts of appeal
96(1)
8.2 Decisions on equality in pay
97(1)
8.2.1 Higher courts
97(3)
8.2.2 Courts of appeal
100(2)
8.2.3 Lower tribunals
102(2)
8.3 Decisions on equal treatment
104(1)
8.3.1 Higher courts
104(4)
8.3.2 Courts of appeal
108(7)
8.3.3 Lower tribunals
115(7)
8.4 Decisions on equality in social security
122(1)
8.4.1 Higher courts
122(3)
8.4.2 Courts of appeal
125(1)
8.4.3 Lower tribunals
126(3)
9. DOCUMENTATION
129(1)
9.1 Bibliography
129
9.1.1 Books and reports
129(1)
9.1.2 Articles and notes
129(2)
9.2 Information
131(1)
9.2.1 Useful addresses
131(2)
INDEX 133
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