Foreword |
|
xi | |
Preface |
|
xiii | |
Acknowledgments |
|
xv | |
About the CFA Investment Series |
|
xvii | |
|
Chapter 1 Equity Valuation: Applications & Processes |
|
|
1 | (38) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
2 Value Definitions and Valuation Applications |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
|
2 | (3) |
|
2.2 Applications of Equity Valuation |
|
|
5 | (2) |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
3.1 Understanding the Business |
|
|
8 | (9) |
|
3.2 Forecasting Company Performance |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
3.3 Selecting the Appropriate Valuation Model |
|
|
18 | (7) |
|
3.4 Converting Forecasts to a Valuation |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
3.5 Applying the Valuation Conclusion: The Analyst's Role and Responsibilities |
|
|
26 | (2) |
|
4 Communicating Valuation Results |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
4.1 Contents of a Research Report |
|
|
28 | (2) |
|
4.2 Format of a Research Report |
|
|
30 | (2) |
|
4.3 Research Reporting Responsibilities |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
|
33 | (6) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
|
35 | (4) |
|
Chapter 2 Return Concepts |
|
|
39 | (52) |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
2.1 Holding Period Return |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
2.2 Realized and Expected (Holding Period) Return |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
|
41 | (2) |
|
2.4 Expected Return Estimates from Intrinsic Value Estimates |
|
|
43 | (2) |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
2.6 Internal Rate of Return |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
3 The Equity Risk Premium |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
|
48 | (9) |
|
3.2 Forward-Looking Estimates |
|
|
57 | (3) |
|
4 The Required Return on Equity |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
4.1 The Capital Asset Pricing Model |
|
|
60 | (8) |
|
|
68 | (7) |
|
4.3 Build-Up Method Estimates of the Required Return on Equity |
|
|
75 | (4) |
|
4.4 The Required Return on Equity: International Issues |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
5 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital |
|
|
80 | (2) |
|
6 Discount Rate Selection in Relation to Cash Flows |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
|
82 | (9) |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
|
85 | (6) |
|
Chapter 3 Introduction to Industry and Company Analysis |
|
|
91 | (56) |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
2 Uses of Industry Analysis |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
3 Approaches to Identifying Similar Companies |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
3.1 Products and/or Services Supplied |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
3.2 Business-Cycle Sensitivities |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
3.3 Statistical Similarities |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
4 Industry Classification Systems |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
4.1 Commercial Industry Classification Systems |
|
|
96 | (4) |
|
4.2 Governmental Industry Classification Systems |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
4.3 Strengths and Weaknesses of Current Systems |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
4.4 Constructing a Peer Group |
|
|
102 | (4) |
|
5 Describing and Analyzing an Industry |
|
|
106 | (3) |
|
5.1 Principles of Strategic Analysis |
|
|
109 | (20) |
|
5.2 External Influences on Industry Growth, Profitability, and Risk |
|
|
129 | (6) |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
6.1 Elements That Should be Covered in a Company Analysis |
|
|
136 | (3) |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
139 | (8) |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
143 | (4) |
|
Chapter 4 Industry and Company analysis |
|
|
147 | (84) |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
2 Financial Modeling: An Overview |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
2.1 Income Statement Modeling: Revenue |
|
|
148 | (6) |
|
2.2 Income Statement Modeling: Operating Costs |
|
|
154 | (13) |
|
2.3 Income Statement Modeling: Non-Operating Costs |
|
|
167 | (5) |
|
2.4 Income Statement Modeling: Other Items |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
2.5 Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement Modeling |
|
|
172 | (2) |
|
2.6 Scenario Analysis and Sensitivity Analysis |
|
|
174 | (2) |
|
3 The Impact of Competitive Factors on Prices and Costs |
|
|
176 | (8) |
|
4 Inflation and Deflation |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
4.1 Sales Projections with Inflation and Deflation |
|
|
184 | (6) |
|
4.2 Cost Projections with Inflation and Deflation |
|
|
190 | (2) |
|
5 Technological Developments |
|
|
192 | (11) |
|
|
203 | (6) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
7.3 Construction of Pro Forma Income Statement |
|
|
211 | (6) |
|
7.4 Construction of Pro Forma Cash Flow Statement and Balance Sheet |
|
|
217 | (6) |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
223 | (8) |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
224 | (7) |
|
Chapter 5 Discounted Dividend Valuation |
|
|
231 | (64) |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
2.1 Valuation Based on the Present Value of Future Cash Flows |
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
2.2 Streams of Expected Cash Flows |
|
|
235 | (6) |
|
3 The Dividend Discount Model |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
3.1 The Expression for a Single Holding Period |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
3.2 The Expression for Multiple Holding Periods |
|
|
242 | (2) |
|
4 The Gordon Growth Model |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
4.1 The Gordon Growth Model Equation |
|
|
245 | (7) |
|
4.2 The Links Among Dividend Growth, Earnings Growth, and Value Appreciation in the Gordon Growth Model |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
4.4 The Implied Dividend Growth Rate |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
4.5 The Present Value of Growth Opportunities |
|
|
254 | (2) |
|
4.6 Gordon Growth Model and the Price-to-Earnings Ratio |
|
|
256 | (3) |
|
4.7 Estimating a Required Return Using the Gordon Growth Model |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
4.8 The Gordon Growth Model: Concluding Remarks |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
5 Multistage Dividend Discount Models |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
5.1 Two-Stage Dividend Discount Model |
|
|
261 | (3) |
|
5.2 Valuing a Non-Dividend-Paying Company |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
265 | (2) |
|
5.4 Three-Stage Dividend Discount Models |
|
|
267 | (5) |
|
5.5 Spreadsheet (General) Modeling |
|
|
272 | (2) |
|
5.6 Estimating a Required Return Using Any DDM |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
5.7 Multistage DDM: Concluding Remarks |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
6 The Financial Determinants of Growth Rates |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
6.1 Sustainable Growth Rate |
|
|
276 | (2) |
|
6.2 Dividend Growth Rate, Retention Rate, and ROE Analysis |
|
|
278 | (3) |
|
6.3 Financial Models and Dividends |
|
|
281 | (2) |
|
|
283 | (12) |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
287 | (8) |
|
Chapter 6 Free Cash Flow Valuation |
|
|
295 | (66) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
1 Introduction to Free Cash Flows |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
2 FCFF and FCFE Valuation Approaches |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
2.1 Defining Free Cash Flow |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
2.2 Present Value of Free Cash Flow |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
2.3 Single-Stage (Constant-Growth) FCFF and FCFE Models |
|
|
299 | (2) |
|
3 Forecasting Free Cash Flow |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
3.1 Computing FCFF from Net Income |
|
|
301 | (4) |
|
3.2 Computing FCFF from the Statement of Cash Flows |
|
|
305 | (2) |
|
|
307 | (5) |
|
3.4 Computing FCFE from FCFF |
|
|
312 | (6) |
|
3.5 Finding FCFF and FCFE from EBIT or EBITDA |
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
3.6 FCFF and FCFE on a Uses-of-Free-Cash-Flow Basis |
|
|
320 | (2) |
|
3.7 Forecasting FCFF and FCFE |
|
|
322 | (5) |
|
3.8 Other Issues in Free Cash Flow Analysis |
|
|
327 | (6) |
|
4 Free Cash Flow Model Variations |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
4.1 An International Application of the Single-Stage Model |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
4.2 Sensitivity Analysis of FCFF and FCFE Valuations |
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
4.3 Two-Stage Free Cash Flow Models |
|
|
336 | (7) |
|
4.4 Three-Stage Growth Models |
|
|
343 | (2) |
|
5 Nonoperating Assets and Firm Value |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
346 | (15) |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
348 | (13) |
|
Chapter 7 Market-Based Valuation: Price and Enterprise Value Multiples |
|
|
361 | (102) |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
2 Price and Enterprise Value Multiples in Valuation |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
2.1 The Method of Comparables |
|
|
363 | (2) |
|
2.2 The Method Based on Forecasted Fundamentals |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (33) |
|
|
399 | (11) |
|
|
410 | (7) |
|
|
417 | (5) |
|
3.5 Price to Dividends and Dividend Yield |
|
|
422 | (4) |
|
4 Enterprise Value Multiples |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
4.1 Enterprise Value to EBITDA |
|
|
426 | (6) |
|
4.2 Other Enterprise Value Multiples |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
4.3 Enterprise Value to Sales |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
4.4 Price and Enterprise Value Multiples in a Comparable Analysis: Some Illustrative Data |
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
5 International Considerations When Using Multiples |
|
|
435 | (2) |
|
6 Momentum Valuation Indicators |
|
|
437 | (5) |
|
7 Valuation Indicators: Issues in Practice |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
7.1 Averaging Multiples: The Harmonic Mean |
|
|
442 | (2) |
|
7.2 Using Multiple Valuation Indicators |
|
|
444 | (5) |
|
|
449 | (14) |
|
|
452 | (2) |
|
|
454 | (9) |
|
Chapter 8 Residual Income Valuation |
|
|
463 | |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
464 | (3) |
|
2.1 The Use of Residual Income in Equity Valuation |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
2.2 Commercial Implementations |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
3 The Residual Income Model |
|
|
469 | (3) |
|
3.1 The General Residual Income Model |
|
|
472 | (5) |
|
3.2 Fundamental Determinants of Residual Income |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
3.3 Single-Stage Residual Income Valuation |
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
3.4 Multistage Residual Income Valuation |
|
|
480 | (4) |
|
4 Residual Income Valuation in Relation to Other Approaches |
|
|
484 | (3) |
|
4.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Residual Income Model |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
4.2 Broad Guidelines for Using a Residual Income Model |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
5 Accounting and International Considerations |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
5.1 Violations of the Clean Surplus Relationship |
|
|
489 | (9) |
|
5.2 Balance Sheet Adjustments for Fair Value |
|
|
498 | |
|
Chapter 7 Market-Based Valuation: Price and Enterprise Value Multiples |
|
|
361 | (102) |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
2 Price and Enterprise Value Multiples in Valuation |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
2.1 The Method of Comparables |
|
|
363 | (2) |
|
2.2 The Method Based on Forecasted Fundamentals |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (33) |
|
|
399 | (11) |
|
|
410 | (7) |
|
|
417 | (5) |
|
3.5 Price to Dividends and Dividend Yield |
|
|
422 | (4) |
|
4 Enterprise Value Multiples |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
4.1 Enterprise Value to EBITDA |
|
|
426 | (6) |
|
4.2 Other Enterprise Value Multiples |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
4.3 Enterprise Value to Sales |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
4.4 Price and Enterprise Value Multiples in a Comparable Analysis: Some Illustrative Data |
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
5 International Considerations When Using Multiples |
|
|
435 | (2) |
|
6 Momentum Valuation Indicators |
|
|
437 | (5) |
|
7 Valuation Indicators: Issues in Practice |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
7.1 Averaging Multiples: The Harmonic Mean |
|
|
442 | (2) |
|
7.2 Using Multiple Valuation Indicators |
|
|
444 | (5) |
|
|
449 | (14) |
|
|
452 | (2) |
|
|
454 | (9) |
|
Chapter 8 Residual Income Valuation |
|
|
463 | (50) |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
464 | (3) |
|
2.1 The Use of Residual Income in Equity Valuation |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
2.2 Commercial Implementations |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
3 The Residual Income Model |
|
|
469 | (3) |
|
3.1 The General Residual Income Model |
|
|
472 | (5) |
|
3.2 Fundamental Determinants of Residual Income |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
3.3 Single-Stage Residual Income Valuation |
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
3.4 Multistage Residual Income Valuation |
|
|
480 | (4) |
|
4 Residual Income Valuation in Relation to Other Approaches |
|
|
484 | (3) |
|
4.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Residual Income Model |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
4.2 Broad Guidelines for Using a Residual Income Model |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
5 Accounting and International Considerations |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
5.1 Violations of the Clean Surplus Relationship |
|
|
489 | (9) |
|
5.2 Balance Sheet Adjustments for Fair Value |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
498 | (3) |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
5.5 Other Aggressive Accounting Practices |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
5.6 International Considerations |
|
|
502 | (11) |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
|
504 | (2) |
|
|
506 | (7) |
|
Chapter 9 Private Company Valuation |
|
|
513 | (50) |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
2 The Scope of Private Company Valuation |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
2.1 Private and Public Company Valuation: Similarities and Contrasts |
|
|
514 | (2) |
|
2.2 Reasons for Performing Valuations |
|
|
516 | (2) |
|
3 Definitions (Standards) of Value |
|
|
518 | (2) |
|
4 Private Company Valuation Approaches |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
4.1 Earnings Normalization and Cash Flow Estimation Issues |
|
|
521 | (6) |
|
4.2 Income Approach Methods of Private Company Valuation |
|
|
527 | (10) |
|
4.3 Market Approach Methods of Private Company Valuation |
|
|
537 | (8) |
|
4.4 Asset-Based Approach to Private Company Valuation |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
4.5 Valuation Discounts and Premiums |
|
|
546 | (7) |
|
4.6 Business Valuation Standards and Practices |
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
|
555 | (8) |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
556 | (7) |
Glossary |
|
563 | (10) |
About the Editors and Authors |
|
573 | (4) |
About the CFA Program |
|
577 | (2) |
Index |
|
579 | |