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E-raamat: Essentials of Hydraulics

(Colorado State University)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-May-2022
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108900522
  • Formaat - PDF+DRM
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-May-2022
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108900522

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A textbook on hydraulics and hydraulic engineering. Includes numerous worked examples, case studies, and end-of-chapter exercises. Recommended reading and web-directed activities expand the content and direct students to the broader field. For intermediate to advanced undergraduate and graduate students in civil and environmental engineering.

Written for a one-semester course in hydraulics, this concise textbook is rooted in the fundamental principles of fluid mechanics and aims to promote sound hydraulic engineering practice. Basic methods are presented to underline the theory and engineering applications, and examples and problems build in complexity as students work their way through the textbook. Abundant worked examples and calculations, real-world case studies, and revision exercises, as well as precisely crafted end-of-chapter exercises ensure students learn exactly what they need in order to consolidate their knowledge and progress in their career. Students learn to solve pipe networks, optimize pumping systems, design pumps and turbines, solve differential equations for gradually-varied flow and unsteady flow, and gain knowledge of hydraulic structures like spillways, gates, valves, and culverts. An essential textbook for intermediate to advanced undergraduate and graduate students in civil and environmental engineering.

Arvustused

'I was lucky to be Pierre's PhD student at Colorado State University many years ago. I took several courses from him and was deeply influenced by his teaching style and methods. I am more than happy to see the publication of his Essentials of Hydraulics so that the rest of the world of civil engineering students have a chance to learn from this great teacher and scholar.' Junke Guo, University of Nebraska-Lincoln 'Essential of Hydraulics by Professor P.Y. Julien is an excellent and well-needed addition to the literature on hydraulic engineering. The textbook encompasses all subject areas of hydraulics with clarity, and provides an in-depth understanding of the theoretical aspects by using detailed step-by-step worked examples. In addition, the plethora of exercises and problems provide a solid pedagogical tool for mastering the material. The textbook is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students, but also for engineers practicing in the general area of hydraulics. Based on my thirty years of academic experience in hydraulic engineering, I fully appreciate and unequivocally endorse this textbook.' Panagiotis (Pete) D. Scarlatos, Florida Atlantic University 'This handily focused and lucidly written textbook presents the indispensable information needed for a course on civil engineering hydraulics. The textbook's author writes from his extensive experience teaching hydraulics, and draws on his considerable insights into the practical hydraulics issues often faced by civil engineers.' Robert Ettema, Colorado State University 'An excellent reference for a course in hydraulics covering fundamental principles in pipe flow, pumps, and open channel flow. With the numerous examples, this textbook will support learning very effectively in an undergraduate course or serve as review of hydraulics for a graduate course with exposure to more advanced topics.' Paola Passalacqua, University of Texas at Austin 'This is an excellent textbook for learning and teaching the fundamentals of hydraulics and their applications in the fields of civil and environmental engineering. The topics covered in the book are comprehensive. The examples of numerical calculation help undergraduate and graduate students better understand the fundamental concepts, and the problems are well designed with different levels of challenge and importance.' Ming Ye, Florida State University

Muu info

Concise yet thorough look at hydraulics and hydraulic engineering. Includes many worked examples, case studies and end-of-chapter exercises.
Preface xv
Notation xvii
1 Hydrostatics
1(22)
1.1 Units and Water Properties
1(5)
1.1.1 Dimensions and Units
1(1)
1.1.2 Properties of Water
1(4)
1.1.3 Fluid Density
5(1)
1.2 Hydrostatic Pressure
6(5)
1.2.1 Atmospheric Pressure
6(1)
1.2.2 Hydrostatic Pressure
6(1)
1.2.3 Relative and Absolute Pressure
7(1)
1.2.4 Hydraulic Grade Line
8(1)
1.2.5 Absolute Vapor Pressure
9(1)
1.2.6 Relative Vapor Pressure
10(1)
1.3 Hydrostatic Force
11(3)
1.3.1 Area Moment of Inertia
11(1)
1.3.2 Force Magnitude on a Plate
12(1)
1.3.3 Center of Pressure
13(1)
1.4 Forces on Dams
14(9)
1.4.1 Dam Stability Concepts
14(3)
1.4.2 Gravity Dams
17(1)
1.4.3 Rock and Earth-Fill Dams
18(1)
Exercises
18(1)
Searching the Web
19(1)
Problems
20(3)
2 Flow in Pipes
23(24)
2.1 Friction Losses in Pipes
23(4)
2.1.1 Pipe Properties
23(1)
2.1.2 Energy Grade Line
24(1)
2.1.3 Friction Losses in a Pipe
25(2)
2.2 Minor Losses in Pipes
27(6)
2.2.1 Valves
28(1)
2.2.2 Pipe Couplings
29(1)
2.2.3 Minor Losses and Equivalent Length
29(3)
2.2.4 Negative Pressure and Cavitation
32(1)
2.3 Pipe Branches and Networks
33(14)
2.3.1 Continuity or Conservation of Mass
33(2)
2.3.2 Pipe Branches
35(2)
2.3.3 Pipe Networks
37(2)
2.3.4 Hazen-Williams Approach
39(1)
2.3.5 High-Pressure Valves
40(2)
Additional Resources
42(1)
Exercises
42(1)
Searching the Web
43(1)
Problems
43(4)
3 Hydrodynamics
47(18)
3.1 Hydrodynamic Force on a Plate
47(4)
3.1.1 Hydrodynamic Force on a Stationary Plate
48(1)
3.1.2 Force and Power on a Moving Plate
49(2)
3.2 Hydrodynamic Force on a Pipe Bend
51(3)
3.3 Flow Meters
54(11)
3.3.1 Venturi Meters
54(2)
3.3.2 Flow Nozzles and Orifices
56(2)
3.3.3 Pressure Gauges and Other Flow Meters
58(1)
Additional Resources
59(2)
Exercises
61(1)
Searching the Web
62(1)
Problems
62(3)
4 Pumps
65(21)
4.1 Pump Types
65(7)
4.1.1 Pump Head and Power
65(2)
4.1.2 Specific Speed of Pumps
67(2)
4.1.3 Pump Types
69(3)
4.2 Pump Performance
72(5)
4.2.1 Energy Losses
72(1)
4.2.2 Pump Performance Curves
72(2)
4.2.3 System Curve and Operating Point
74(2)
4.2.4 Pump System Optimization and Design
76(1)
4.3 Pump Cavitation
77(9)
4.3.1 Cavitation
77(1)
4.3.2 Net Positive Suction Head
78(1)
4.3.3 Pumps in Series and in Parallel
79(2)
Exercises
81(1)
Searching the Web
82(1)
Problems
82(4)
5 Turbines
86(23)
5.1 Hydropower
86(3)
5.1.1 Hydropower Production
86(1)
5.1.2 Minimizing Hydraulic Losses
87(2)
5.2 Turbine Types
89(15)
5.2.1 Turbine Classification
89(2)
5.2.2 Pelton Wheels or Impulse Turbines
91(4)
5.2.3 Francis Turbines
95(5)
5.2.4 Kaplan Turbines
100(2)
5.2.5 Bulb Turbines
102(2)
5.3 Turbine Cavitation
104(5)
Exercises
106(1)
Searching the Web
106(1)
Problems
106(3)
6 Water Hammer
109(18)
6.1 Water Compressibility
109(1)
6.2 Wave Celerity
110(4)
6.2.1 Celerity in an Infinitely Rigid Pipe
110(1)
6.2.2 Celerity in Elastic Pipes
111(2)
6.2.3 Wave Celerity Reduction with Air
113(1)
6.3 Hydraulic Transients
114(7)
6.3.1 Sudden Valve Closure
114(2)
6.3.2 Gradual Valve Closure
116(2)
6.3.3 Valve Opening
118(2)
6.3.4 Emptying Large Tanks
120(1)
6.4 Surge Tanks
121(6)
6.4.1 Surge Tanks
121(2)
6.4.2 Pressure Reduction
123(1)
Additional Resources
123(1)
Exercises
123(2)
Searching the Web
125(1)
Problems
125(2)
7 Pipe Flow Oscillations
127(14)
7.1 Oscillations without Friction
127(3)
7.1.1 Spring-Mass Oscillations
127(1)
7.1.2 Flow Oscillations without Friction
128(2)
7.2 Oscillations for Laminar Flow
130(4)
7.2.1 Damped Spring-Mass Oscillations
130(2)
7.2.2 Damped Flow Oscillations in Capillary Tubes
132(2)
7.3 Oscillations for Turbulent Flow
134(3)
7.4 Oscillations between Reservoirs
137(4)
Additional Resources
139(1)
Exercises
140(1)
Problems
140(1)
8 Steady Uniform Flow
141(15)
8.1 Open-Channel Geometry
141(2)
8.2 Resistance to Flow
143(7)
8.3 Normal Depth
150(1)
8.4 Shear Stress
151(5)
Additional Resources
153(1)
Exercises
153(1)
Problems
154(2)
9 Rapidly Varied Flow
156(24)
9.1 Energy in Open Channels
156(7)
9.1.1 Specific Energy
156(1)
9.1.2 Critical Depth
157(3)
9.1.3 Alternate Depths
160(2)
9.1.4 Choking
162(1)
9.2 Momentum
163(7)
9.2.1 Centroid Position for Open-Channel Flow
163(3)
9.2.2 Specific Momentum
166(1)
9.2.3 Conjugate Depths
167(3)
9.3 Hydraulic Controls
170(10)
9.3.1 Small-Wave Propagation
170(2)
9.3.2 Upstream and Downstream Control
172(1)
9.3.3 Surge Propagation
172(1)
9.3.4 Standing Waves in Supercritical Flows
173(2)
9.3.5 Nonhydrostatic Flows in Curved Channels
175(2)
9.3.6 Conservation of Momentum or Energy?
177(1)
Additional Resources
178(1)
Exercises
178(1)
Problems
178(2)
10 Gradually Varied Flow
180(23)
10.1 Gradually Varied Flow Equation
180(2)
10.1.1 Gradually Varied Flow
180(1)
10.1.2 Wide Rectangular Channels
181(1)
10.2 Gradually Varied Flow Profiles
182(5)
10.2.1 Classification of Gradually Varied Flows
182(1)
10.2.2 Control Points and Hydraulic Jumps
183(2)
10.2.3 Sketching Water-Surface Profiles
185(2)
10.3 Gradually Varied Flow Calculations
187(7)
10.3.1 Standard-Step Method
187(1)
10.3.2 Direct-Step Method
188(6)
10.4 Bridge Hydraulics
194(2)
10.5 Computer Models
196(7)
Additional Resources
198(1)
Exercises
198(1)
Problems
199(4)
11 Unsteady Flow
203(13)
11.1 Floodwave Equation
203(5)
11.1.1 Continuity for Unsteady Flow
203(1)
11.1.2 Flow Resistance
204(1)
11.1.3 Momentum
205(1)
11.1.4 Flood Routing
206(2)
11.2 Floodwave Propagation
208(8)
11.2.1 Analytical Solution for Floodwave Propagation
208(2)
11.2.2 Numerical Solution for Floodwave Propagation
210(3)
Additional Resources
213(1)
Exercises
213(1)
Problems
214(2)
12 Culverts
216(15)
12.1 Culvert Characteristics
216(1)
12.2 Culvert Performance Curves
217(7)
12.2.1 Barrel Control [ H < D)
218(1)
12.2.2 Inlet Control [ H > D)
219(2)
12.2.3 Outlet Control [ H > D)
221(2)
12.2.4 Submerged Outlets
223(1)
12.3 Culvert Outlet Works
224(7)
12.3.1 Downstream Erosion Control
224(1)
12.3.2 Trenches and Pipe-Bearing Capacity
225(3)
Additional Resources
228(1)
Exercises
228(1)
Searching the Web
229(1)
Problems
229(2)
13 Spillways and Gates
231(20)
13.1 Spillways
231(10)
13.1.1 Morning Glory Spillways
231(1)
13.1.2 Ogee Spillways
231(3)
13.1.3 Ogee Spillways with Control Gates
234(1)
13.1.4 Flip-Bucket Spillways with Plunge Pools
235(1)
13.1.5 Energy Dissipation through Stilling Basins
236(2)
13.1.6 Stepped Spillways
238(1)
13.1.7 Baffle Chutes
239(2)
13.2 Gates and Weirs
241(10)
13.2.1 Gates
242(1)
13.2.2 Weirs
243(2)
13.2.3 Parshall Flumes
245(2)
Additional Resources
247(1)
Exercises
248(1)
Searching the Web
248(1)
Problems
248(3)
14 Hydrology
251(26)
14.1 Hydrologic Processes
251(5)
14.1.1 Hydrologic Cycle
251(1)
14.1.2 Precipitation
252(1)
14.1.3 River Basins
253(3)
14.1.4 Infiltration
256(1)
14.2 Flood Discharge
256(11)
14.2.1 Time to Equilibrium
256(2)
14.2.2 Rational Method for Small Watersheds
258(2)
14.2.3 Dynamic Watershed Modeling
260(4)
14.2.4 Flood Frequency Analysis
264(3)
14.3 Extreme Floods
267(10)
14.3.1 Risk Analysis
267(1)
14.3.2 Extreme Precipitation
268(1)
14.3.3 Extreme Floods
269(4)
Additional Resources
273(1)
Exercises
273(1)
Problems
274(3)
15 Geohydrology
277(18)
15.1 Soil Properties
277(7)
15.1.1 Soil Granulometry and Mineralogy
277(5)
15.1.2 Properties of Wet Soils
282(2)
15.2 Wet Soil Processes
284(11)
15.2.1 Capillarity
284(1)
15.2.2 Effective Stress and Quick Condition
285(1)
15.2.3 Static Liquefaction
286(2)
15.2.4 Consolidation and Subsidence
288(3)
15.2.5 Seismic Surveys
291(1)
Additional Resources
292(1)
Exercises
292(1)
Problems
292(3)
16 Groundwater
295(22)
16.1 Permeability
295(3)
16.2 Steady Groundwater Flow
298(8)
16.2.1 Steady Flow in Aquifers
299(1)
16.2.2 Seepage through Shallow Embankments
300(1)
16.2.3 Two-Dimensional Groundwater Flow
301(1)
16.2.4 Flow Nets for Deep Foundations
302(2)
16.2.5 Flow Nets for Shallow Foundations
304(2)
16.3 Unsteady Groundwater Flow
306(11)
16.3.1 Unsteady Flow in Stratified Floodplains
306(1)
16.3.2 Unsteady Flow in Pumping Wells
307(2)
16.3.3 Unsteady Flow from Tidal Fluctuations
309(3)
Additional Resources
312(1)
Exercises
312(1)
Problems
313(4)
Appendices
A Basic Cost Analysis
317(2)
B Society and Sustainability
319(4)
C Professional Engineering Obligations
323(3)
References 326(10)
Index 336
Pierre Y. Julien is Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Colorado State University. He has 40 years of experience in the fields of hydraulics, sedimentation, and river engineering. He has authored over 600 scientific contributions including two textbooks, 35 book chapters and manuals, 195 refereed articles, and over 250 conference papers and presentations. He has delivered 25 keynote addresses world-wide, taught 20 short courses, and has guided 40 Ph.D. and over 100 Masters students to graduation. His other two textbooks are Erosion and Sedimentation (Second Edition, 2010, Cambridge) and River Mechanics (Second Edition, 2018, Cambridge).