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E-raamat: EU Consumer Law and Human Rights

(, British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow, Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, Faculty of Law, University of Oxford)
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Traditionally, consumer law has played an instrumental role in the EU as a tool for market integration. There are now signs in the new EU legal framework and jurisprudence that suggest this may be changing. These changes can be seen in recent court cases and, above all, the Lisbon Treaty and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The Treaty contains provisions affecting consumer law and, at the same time, it grants binding legal force to the EU Charter, which adds a fundamental rights dimension to consumer protection. This evolution, however, is still at an early stage and may be thwarted by conflicting trends. Moreover, it may generate tensions between social objectives and economic goals.

This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of these developments and examines new avenues that may be opening for consumer law, focussing on three key areas: financial services, electronic communication, and access to justice. Through a systematic analysis of relevant cases the book traces the development of a human rights dimension in consumer law and details the potential ramifications that the post-Lisbon legal framework may have on consumer protection and on related policy issues. This book concludes by providing ideas for a new legal approach to consumer law which strikes a compromise between social and economic demands.
Table of Cases
xiii
Table of Legislation
xvii
1 Introduction
1(8)
2 Consumer Law and the Market
9(36)
1 Introduction
9(1)
2 Historical Evolution of Consumer Law and Policy
10(8)
2.1 The lack of a consumer law category
11(1)
2.2 Political recognition of the consumer at the international level
12(2)
2.3 Different national models of consumer protection
14(2)
2.4 The notion of the average consumer in EU law
16(2)
3 The European Union's Competence in Consumer Law
18(13)
3.1 The Treaty of Rome
18(3)
3.2 The Single European Act
21(2)
3.3 The Treaty of Maastricht
23(3)
3.4 The Treaty of Amsterdam and the Tobacco Advertising case
26(5)
4 Consumer Policy and the Lisbon Treaty
31(12)
4.1 The full-harmonization trend
31(2)
4.2 The implications for national systems
33(4)
4.3 The citizen consumer and the Charter of Fundamental Rights
37(2)
4.4 The Lisbon Treaty
39(4)
5 Conclusions
43(2)
3 The Evolution of Consumer Protection and Human Rights
45(32)
1 Introduction
45(1)
2 The International Law Context
46(8)
2.1 Consumer protection as a new generation of human rights?
46(3)
2.2 Implicit consumer protection in human rights agreements
49(1)
2.3 The United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection
50(1)
2.4 Debates on human rights
51(2)
2.5 The impact of international law on consumer protection
53(1)
3 Consumer Protection in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
54(14)
3.1 The creation and the aim of the Charter of Fundamental Rights
54(2)
3.2 The functions of the Charter and its social dimension
56(2)
3.3 The relevant provisions in the Charter for consumer protection
58(3)
3.4 The scope and limited application of the Charter
61(2)
3.5 The difference between rights and principles
63(2)
3.6 The implications of the Charter and the Lisbon Treaty
65(3)
4 The Influence of Constitutional Rights and Principles
68(7)
4.1 Constitutional consumer law models in selected countries
68(3)
4.2 The impact of constitutional rights and principles on contracts
71(1)
4.3 The protection of health and safety
72(3)
4.4 Consumer codes
75(1)
5 Conclusions
75(2)
4 A Broader Perspective on Consumer Protection and Human Rights
77(32)
1 Introduction
77(1)
2 The Transformed Role of the Consumer
78(7)
2.1 Changes in markets and regulation
79(2)
2.2 Changes in consumers, vulnerable groups, and ethical trends
81(2)
2.3 Adapting consumer law to economic and social changes
83(2)
3 Freedom, Capabilities, Human Rights, and Procedures
85(13)
3.1 Economic efficiency, freedom, and justice
85(4)
3.2 Substantive freedoms, capability, and ethical demands
89(4)
3.3 Human rights
93(3)
3.4 Procedural rights and participation
96(2)
4 Reassessing EU Consumer Law and Fundamental Rights
98(9)
4.1 Economic and social dimensions of consumer law
99(2)
4.2 Social responsibility and sustainable behaviour
101(3)
4.3 Procedural rights---a catalogue for consumer law?
104(2)
4.4 Feasibility and policy implications
106(1)
5 Conclusions
107(2)
5 Consumer Protection and Financial Contracts
109(36)
1 Introduction
109(1)
2 Financial Consumer Protection and Credit Regulation
110(13)
2.1 The rise of consumer credit and EU regulation
113(3)
2.2 The 2008 Credit Agreements Directive and its focus on information
116(3)
2.3 Responsible lending
119(2)
2.4 Social justice debates
121(2)
3 Fundamental Rights, Social Principles, and Non-Discrimination
123(10)
3.1 The role of the Charter
124(2)
3.2 Constitutional principles in financial guarantor cases
126(2)
3.3 Protection of guarantors by the ECJ
128(2)
3.4 The fundamental right of non-discrimination
130(3)
4 Financial Capability and Over-Indebtedness
133(10)
4.1 Corporate responsibility and social banking
134(3)
4.2 Financial literacy and education
137(3)
4.3 The `fresh start' in consumer bankruptcy
140(3)
5 Conclusions
143(2)
6 Electronic Communication, Fundamental Rights Conflicts, and Consumer Participation
145(30)
1 Introduction
145(2)
2 Liberalization and Universal Services
147(9)
2.1 Evolution of the current legal framework
148(2)
2.2 The concept and justification of universal services
150(1)
2.3 Services of general economic interest in primary law
151(3)
2.4 Universal services in secondary law
154(2)
3 Information, Unfair Terms, and Fundamental Rights Conflicts
156(10)
3.1 Consumer empowerment through information
157(2)
3.2 Protection from unfair terms and dispute resolution
159(1)
3.3 Data protection as a human right
160(2)
3.4 Balancing fundamental rights
162(2)
3.5 The Scarlet Extended case
164(2)
4 Consumer Participation
166(7)
4.1 Participation and representation of consumer interests
167(1)
4.2 The Communications Consumer Panel and EU consultations
168(3)
4.3 Participation and the citizens' initiative after Lisbon
171(2)
5 Conclusions
173(2)
7 Consumers' Access to Justice and Procedural Rights
175(36)
1 Introduction
175(1)
2 Access to Justice as a Human Right
176(10)
2.1 Access to justice barriers
177(2)
2.2 Existing redress mechanisms in the EU
179(2)
2.3 Collective redress mechanisms in Member States
181(2)
2.4 A typology of collective redress cases
183(3)
3 Procedural Consumer Rights
186(16)
3.1 Recent developments in EU law and policy
186(4)
3.2 The principle of effectiveness and EU competences
190(2)
3.3 Developing EU collective redress procedures for consumers
192(3)
3.4 Alternative dispute resolution and fundamental rights
195(4)
3.5 The new legislation on ADR and ODR
199(3)
4 Litigation Funding
202(7)
4.1 The fundamental right to legal aid
202(3)
4.2 Contingency fees
205(1)
4.3 Conditional fee agreements and human rights limitations
206(1)
4.4 Third-party funding and legal expenses insurance
207(1)
4.5 Consumer actions and class proceedings funds
208(1)
5 Conclusions
209(2)
8 Conclusions
211(6)
Bibliography 217(20)
Index 237
Iris Benöhr is a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Oxford, Faculty of Law and Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, and a recipient of a British-Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship. Prior to this she held positions at the United Nations (Competition and Consumer Policies, Geneva), at the European Commission (Consumer Affairs, Brussels), and at an international law firm in Brussels as a qualified lawyer. She was admitted to the Zurich Bar and to the Brussels Bar, and she holds a doctoral degree in law from the European University Institute (Florence) and a law degree from the University of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. She has published in different fields of EU law and of human rights law, including consumer law, civil justice, competition law, comparative law, and constitutional law.
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