Editors |
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v | |
Contributors |
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vii | |
Preface and Acknowledgements |
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xxv | |
Part I Fundamental Freedoms and Tax Law |
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1 | (66) |
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Chapter 1 The CJEU and the Internal Market Concept in Direct Taxation |
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3 | (48) |
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3 | (2) |
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1.02 Benchmark: Establishing an Internal Market |
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5 | (12) |
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A Internal Market Is of Essential Importance |
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5 | (1) |
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B Establishing the Internal Market Requires Tax Neutrality |
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6 | (4) |
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C Ability-to-Pay Principle |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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1 Origin-Based Taxation of Income and Personal and Family Circumstances |
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13 | (1) |
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2 Origin-Based Taxation of Employment Income |
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15 | (1) |
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3 Origin-Based Taxation of Business Income |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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1.03 The Role of the CJEU in Relation to the Internal Market |
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17 | (5) |
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1.04 Personal and Family Circumstances: The Schumacker Doctrine |
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22 | (7) |
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A Discrimination of Non-residents and Personal and Family Circumstances |
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22 | (2) |
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B Criteria to Establish the Obligation of the State of Activity to Take into Account Personal and Family Circumstances |
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24 | (3) |
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C How to Take Personal and Family Circumstances into Account |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (1) |
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1.05 Tax Treaty Override: Pre- and Post-Lisbon |
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29 | (4) |
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1.06 Exit/Final Settlement Taxes: From De Lasteyrie to Commission v Portugal 2016 |
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33 | (15) |
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33 | (1) |
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B The De Lasteyrie and N Cases: Wide Application of the Internal Market Concept |
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34 | (1) |
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C The National Grid Indus Case: Ambivalent Application of the Internal Market Concept |
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35 | (1) |
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1 Option to Defer Payment Until Realization |
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36 | (1) |
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2 Permitting the Condition of a Bank Guarantee |
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37 | (1) |
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3 Not Taking into Account Currency Rate Losses After Emigration in State of Departure |
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38 | (1) |
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4 Obligation to Provide a Step-Up in Basis by the Host State |
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40 | (1) |
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D Commission v Denmark, DMC, Verder LabTec, and Commission v Portugal 2016: More Ambivalent Application of the Internal Market Concept |
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40 | (1) |
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1 Deferral of Payment Until Realization Is Required No Longer Required |
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40 | (1) |
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2 Zigzag Course with Respect to a Bank Guarantee Requirement |
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42 | (1) |
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3 Inconsistencies in Respect of Capital Losses After Emigration |
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45 | (3) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Equality and Non-discrimination in European Tax Law |
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51 | (16) |
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51 | (1) |
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2.02 Non-discrimination Clauses in Tax Treaties |
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52 | (4) |
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2.03 Non-discrimination Clauses in the TFEU and Principles of Equality in the EU's Charter of Fundamental Rights |
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56 | (2) |
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2.04 Most-Favoured Nation Treatment |
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58 | (8) |
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66 | (1) |
Part II State Aid and Tax Law |
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67 | (68) |
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Chapter 3 A Proposed Framework to Review Tax Rulings under State-Aid Rules |
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69 | (12) |
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Pierpaolo Rossi-Maccanico |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (2) |
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3.03 Targeting Individual Rulings: Procedural Implications |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (4) |
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78 | (3) |
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Chapter 4 Fiscal Aid: Recent Trends and Relationship to Fundamental Freedoms |
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81 | (10) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (7) |
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A When Must Fundamental Freedom Compatibility Be Checked in a State-Aid Investigation? |
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81 | (2) |
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B Which Measures Must Be Checked? |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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1 On the Relationship Between State Aid and Freedom of Trade |
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84 | (1) |
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2 On the Relationship Between State Aid and Discriminatory Taxation |
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84 | (1) |
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D The Question of Defining the Material Standard |
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84 | (1) |
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E The Criterion of Material Selectivity |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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1 The Admissibility of the State-Aid Question |
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86 | (1) |
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2 Should the Same Material Standards Apply? |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Discretionary Power of Tax Authorities as a State Aid Problem |
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91 | (16) |
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5.01 Discretion as a Legal Phenomenon |
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91 | (2) |
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5.02 General Rules and Discretion |
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93 | (6) |
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5.03 Individual Decisions and Discretion |
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99 | (5) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 State-Aid Policy and the Fight Against Harmful Tax Competition in the Internal Market: Tax Policy in Disguise? |
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107 | (28) |
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107 | (1) |
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6.02 Act I: The 1997 Monti Package Communication and the State-Aid Business Tax Notice |
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108 | (7) |
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6.03 Act II: State-Aid Enforcement Following the Adoption the 1997 Code of Conduct and of the State-Aid Business Tax Notice |
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115 | (4) |
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6.04 Act III: From Harmful Tax Competition to Aggressive Tax Planning - State-Aid Policy and Rulings in the BEPS Era |
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119 | (7) |
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A The Stage: The ECJ Gibraltar Case and the Media Leaks |
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119 | (3) |
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B The Commission's 'New' Approach: An Overview of Ongoing Cases |
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122 | (2) |
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C The Incorporation of the 'New' Approach in the 2016 Commission Communication on the Notion of Aid |
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124 | (2) |
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6.05 A Critical Appraisal of the Commission's Recent Approach |
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126 | (7) |
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6.06 Conclusion: Safeguarding a European Common Interest or the Commission's Attempt to Save Member States from Their Own Tax Ambitions |
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133 | (2) |
Part III Fundamental Rights and Tax Law |
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135 | (78) |
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Chapter 7 An Enhanced Relationship Between Taxpayers and Tax Authorities: A Taxpayer Charter of Rights and the European Taxpayers' Code |
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137 | (18) |
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7.01 Basic Principles of Taxpayer Rights |
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137 | (6) |
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7.02 Basic Principles of Taxpayer Obligations |
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143 | (1) |
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7.03 Model Taxpayer Charter: Introduction |
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144 | (2) |
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7.04 Tax Authorities-Taxpayer Relations in the Model Taxpayer Charter |
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146 | (3) |
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7.05 The European Taxpayers' Code |
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149 | (6) |
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Chapter 8 Taxation at the Crossroads of Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the EU |
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155 | (24) |
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155 | (1) |
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8.02 Principles and Development of Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Freedoms |
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156 | (10) |
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A The Fundamental Freedoms and Their Development in the Court's Case Law |
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156 | (2) |
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B Fundamental Rights as General Principles of EU Law |
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158 | (5) |
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C The Impact of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights |
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163 | (3) |
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8.03 Interaction Between Fundamental Freedoms and Fundamental Rights |
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166 | (6) |
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A Fundamental Freedoms as Fundamental Rights |
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166 | (2) |
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B The Relationship Between Fundamental Freedoms and Fundamental Rights |
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168 | (1) |
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1 Fundamental Rights as Justification for the Restriction of a Fundamental Freedom |
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168 | (1) |
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2 Fundamental Freedoms as a Justification for the Restriction of a Fundamental Right |
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170 | (1) |
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3 Fundamental Rights as a Limit on Justifications for Restrictions |
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170 | (2) |
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8.04 Implications for the Application of Fundamental Rights in Tax Cases |
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172 | (5) |
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172 | (2) |
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B EU Fundamental Rights in the Area of Direct Taxation: Do the Fundamental Freedoms Always Trigger Fundamental Rights? |
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174 | (3) |
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177 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 Cross-Border Exchange of Tax Information and Fundamental Rights |
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179 | (34) |
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179 | (1) |
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9.02 Recent Developments in Exchange of Information |
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180 | (6) |
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A Repeal and Update of the Directives on Administrative Cooperation |
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181 | (1) |
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1 Council Directive 77/799/EEC |
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181 | (1) |
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2 Council Directive 2011/16/EU (DAC 1) |
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182 | (1) |
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3 Council Directive 2014/107/EU (DAC 2) and 2015/2376 (EU) (DAC 3) |
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184 | (1) |
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B Update of Article 26 of the OECD MC and Its Commentary |
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184 | (2) |
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9.03 Fundamental Rights and Cross-Border Exchange of Information |
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186 | (2) |
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A Implementation of EU Law and Fundamental Rights |
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186 | (1) |
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B Procedural Autonomy of Member States in Direct Taxation Matters |
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187 | (1) |
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9.04 The CJEU Decision in Sabou |
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188 | (7) |
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188 | (1) |
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1 Domestic Law Provisions and Local Procedures Initiated |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (2) |
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B The Consequences of the Sabou Decision |
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192 | (1) |
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1 Absence of Procedural Rights Derived from the Original DAC |
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192 | (1) |
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2 No Minimum Content of the Information Transferred |
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193 | (2) |
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9.05 Review of Other Fundamental Rights in Exchange of Information Procedures |
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195 | (16) |
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A The Principle of Good Administration |
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195 | (1) |
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1 Review of the Request and Standards of Review |
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196 | (1) |
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2 Remedies Following Unsatisfactory Review |
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198 | (1) |
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3 Right to Access Documents and Files |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (2) |
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C Right to an Effective Remedy and Fair Trial |
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204 | (4) |
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D Equality Before the Law and Non-discrimination |
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208 | (1) |
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E Respect for Private and Family Life |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (2) |
Part IV EU Tax Law and External Relations |
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213 | (42) |
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Chapter 10 The Influence of EU Tax Law on the EU Member States' External Relations |
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215 | (16) |
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215 | (1) |
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10.02 Negative Integration in the Field of Corporate Taxation |
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216 | (4) |
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A The CJEU Has Competence to Interpret EU Free Movement Provisions Vis-A-Vis Non-EU Member States |
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216 | (2) |
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B Are There Limits to the CJEU's Competence in the Member States' Relations with Non-EU Member States? |
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218 | (2) |
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10.03 'European Openness' and Positive Integration |
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220 | (9) |
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A The Union's Power to Act |
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220 | (1) |
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B Internal Competence and Non-EU Member States in the Field of Corporate Taxation |
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221 | (4) |
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C Express External Competences and Non-EU Member States in the Field of Corporate Taxation |
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225 | (2) |
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D Implied External Exclusive Competence and Non-EU Member States in the Field of Corporate Taxation |
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227 | (2) |
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229 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 An EU Policy for the Future of International Tax Law |
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231 | (24) |
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231 | (2) |
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11.02 The International Dimension of the EU VAT Policy |
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233 | (5) |
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11.03 The European Financial Transaction Tax and the International Principles of Tax Law |
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238 | (1) |
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11.04 The International Dimension of EU Income Tax Policy |
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239 | (14) |
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239 | (2) |
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B The (Future of) EU Individual Income Tax Policy: The Elimination of Cross-Border Tax Obstacles Within the Single Market |
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241 | (2) |
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C The Two Dimensions of EU International Corporate Income Tax Policy |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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2 The 'New Deal' of EU Tax Policy: From the Single Market to the Protection of Domestic Corporate Tax Systems |
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245 | (1) |
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3 The International (or External) Dimension: The Goal of the Tax Transparency |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (2) |
Part V Continuing Harmonization in EU Tax Law |
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255 | (80) |
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Chapter 12 Does EU Tax Policy Require a New Treaty? |
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257 | (22) |
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257 | (1) |
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12.02 The Fiscal and Budgetary Requirements for the Internal Market |
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258 | (1) |
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A The Concept of the Internal Market |
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258 | (1) |
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B Abolition of Internal Borders and National Treatment for Foreigners |
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258 | (1) |
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C No Union Taxing Power, No General Harmonisation |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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E Free Competition Between Different Social and Fiscal Systems |
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259 | (1) |
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12.03 The Fiscal and Budgetary Requirements for the EMU |
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259 | (2) |
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260 | (1) |
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B A Government for the EMU with a Common Currency |
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260 | (1) |
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C Fiscal and Budgetary Requirements for the EMU |
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260 | (1) |
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12.04 The Legal and Economic Framework of the Internal Market |
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261 | (1) |
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A Adequate Distribution of Competences |
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261 | (1) |
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B Enforcement by National Administrations and the CJEU |
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261 | (1) |
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C Veto Power as a Stumbling Block to Progress |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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12.05 The Legal and Economic Framework of the EMU with a Common Currency |
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262 | (7) |
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A Political Reality Does Not Correspond to the Distribution of Competences |
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262 | (1) |
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B Rules Common to Euro- and Non-Euro Member States |
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263 | (1) |
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1 Coordinating Economic Policies in the EU |
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263 | (1) |
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2 Multilateral Surveillance and Excessive Deficit Procedures for all Member States |
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263 | (1) |
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3 No Financial Solidarity |
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263 | (1) |
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4 Full Independence for the ECB |
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264 | (1) |
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C Rules Specific to Euro-Member States |
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264 | (1) |
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1 Economic Policy Guidelines That Are Compatible for the Whole Union |
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264 | (1) |
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2 The Protocol for the Euro-Group |
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265 | (1) |
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3 Unified International Representation of the Euro |
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265 | (1) |
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4 The European Stability Mechanism |
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265 | (1) |
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D The Economic Framework of the EMU |
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265 | (1) |
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1 Distribution of Taxing and Spending Power Between the EU and the Member States |
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265 | (1) |
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2 Economic Discrepancies in the Eurozone |
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266 | (1) |
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3 The European Stability Mechanism |
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267 | (1) |
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E Adequacy of the Legal Framework for the EMU |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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2 National Legislatures Take the Final Decision on ESM Spending |
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268 | (1) |
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3 No Structure for Decision Making in the Euro-Group |
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268 | (1) |
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4 Overlap of Competences Between the Commission and the Euro-Group |
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268 | (1) |
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5 Disconnect in Decision-Making Power Between the EU and National Legislatures |
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268 | (1) |
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6 Conclusion: The Legal Framework Is Inadequate |
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269 | (1) |
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F The EMU's Economic Framework |
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269 | (1) |
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1 ESM Capital Is Too Small to Rescue Big Member States |
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269 | (1) |
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2 No Central Organ Coordinates Economic Policy for Eurozone as a Whole |
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269 | (1) |
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12.06 Changes to Make for the Internal Market |
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269 | (1) |
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12.07 Changes to Make to the EMU |
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270 | (4) |
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270 | (1) |
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B Enhance the ESM and Create a European Treasury |
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271 | (1) |
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C Strengthen the ECB's Position |
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271 | (1) |
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D Establish a Central Policy Organ in the EMU |
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271 | (1) |
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1 A Central Policy Organ Inside the Commission? |
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271 | (1) |
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2 Should the Central Policy Organ Be Outside the Commission? |
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272 | (1) |
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E Political Accountability for the EMU's Central Policy Organ |
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272 | (1) |
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1 Accountability to National Legislatures? |
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272 | (1) |
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2 Accountability to the European Parliament? |
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273 | (1) |
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3 Additional Accountability to the Euro-Council of Ministers? |
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273 | (1) |
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12.08 The Procedure for Achieving Reform |
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274 | (3) |
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A Achieving Reform from Either Inside or Outside the Framework of the European Treaties |
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274 | (1) |
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1 Intergovernmental Cooperation Outside the Treaties |
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274 | (1) |
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2 Reform by Amending the Treaties |
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274 | (1) |
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B No Big Bang, but Gradual Reform |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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1 Fundamental Legal Reform, but Incremental Budgetary Reform |
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276 | (1) |
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2 Reform of the Treaties as a Final Choice to Leave or Stay Inside the Eurozone |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (2) |
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Chapter 13 Recent EU Initiatives in Direct and Indirect Taxation |
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279 | (26) |
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13.01 Initiatives in Direct Taxation |
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279 | (12) |
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13.02 Initiatives in Indirect Taxation |
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291 | (4) |
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13.03 Appendix: OECD-BEPS Actions and Corresponding EU Measures |
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295 | (10) |
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Chapter 14 Corporate Tax Harmonization: C(C)CTB 2.0? |
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305 | (30) |
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305 | (3) |
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14.02 From a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base Towards New Objectives in the Framework of the Initial CCCTB Proposal |
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308 | (23) |
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A The Objective of the Initial CCCTB Proposal and the Non-conclusive Discussions in Council Working Parties Thereon |
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308 | (1) |
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B Influence from the Global Level Leading to a Certain Progress on the CCCTB file |
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309 | (1) |
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1 The Influence of the OECD-BEPS Project on the Initial CCCTB Proposal |
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309 | (1) |
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2 The Revised Objectives of the Initial CCCTB Proposal: From a Common Corporate Tax Base Towards an 'Anti-BEPS Directive' |
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312 | (5) |
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C The Original ATAD Proposal: From International Aspects of the Initial CCCTB Proposal to BEPS Implementation Through EU Hard Law |
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317 | (1) |
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1 The Original ATAD Proposal: A Principle-Based Approach Instead of Full Harmonization |
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317 | (1) |
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2 The Evolution of the Provisions of the Original ATAD Proposal Before the ATAD Was Adopted in June 2016 |
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319 | (1) |
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a The Work Carried out under the Netherlands Presidency |
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319 | (1) |
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b The Difficulties Encountered and Open Issues Following the Council's Meetings in May and June 2016 |
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321 | (2) |
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3 The Evolution of the Content of the Provisions: More Clarity and Closer Alignment with OECD-BEPS Results in the ATAD |
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323 | (1) |
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a The Objectives and the Scope |
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323 | (1) |
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b Artificial Attempts to Avoid Permanent Establishment Status |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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d The General Anti-abuse Rule |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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f Controlled Foreign Company (CFC) Rule and Computation of CFC Income |
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326 | (1) |
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g Interest Limitation Rule |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (2) |
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4 The Relaunched C(C)CTB Proposal: Reopening the Discussion on the Harmonization of Direct Taxes? |
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330 | (1) |
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14.03 Implementing OECD-BEPS Recommendations in EU Hard Law: Is That the First Step Towards Harmonization in the Area of Corporate Taxation or Just Coordination? |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (3) |
Part VI EU Tax Policy and the Courts |
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335 | (50) |
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Chapter 15 Limits of Judicial Authority in Tax Policy |
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337 | (16) |
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337 | (1) |
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15.02 Traditional Scope of Judicial Review |
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338 | (5) |
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A Impact of Community Law |
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338 | (1) |
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B National Judicial Review |
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338 | (1) |
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1 Equality in Its Various Aspects |
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339 | (1) |
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2 Other Constitutional Norms |
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340 | (3) |
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15.03 The Reality of Tax Systems |
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343 | (1) |
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15.04 The Evolution of Fiscal Policy in the 21st Century |
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344 | (2) |
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15.05 Conclusions on Judicial Review of Tax Policies |
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346 | (1) |
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15.06 The Question of Judicial Review with Respect to VAT |
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347 | (6) |
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Chapter 16 The Economic Effects of EU Tax Jurisprudence |
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353 | (32) |
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353 | (1) |
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16.02 The EU Constitutional Instrumental Chain |
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354 | (7) |
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A Establishing a European Internal Market |
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356 | (4) |
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B The Methodology: Centralized and Decentralized Models |
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360 | (1) |
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16.03 The Role of the Court of Justice in Direct Taxation |
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361 | (6) |
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A Applying the Non-discrimination Instrument |
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363 | (2) |
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B (Not) Applying the Constitutional Instrumental Chain |
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365 | (2) |
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16.04 Thin Capitalization Rules and the Judgment in Lankhorst-Hohorst |
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367 | (12) |
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A The Economic Effects of Lankhorst-Hohorst |
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369 | (7) |
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B Member States' Reactions to Lankhorst-Hohorst |
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376 | (3) |
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16.05 Implications of Breaking the Constitutional Instrumental Chain |
|
|
379 | (3) |
|
|
382 | (3) |
Table of CJEU Cases |
|
385 | (6) |
Index |
|
391 | |